User Modeling: Proceedings of the Sixth International Conference UM97 Chia Laguna, Sardinia, Italy June 2–5 1997

447 Pages·1997·50.805 MB·English

by  A. Jameson, C. Paris, C. Tasso (eds.)

CISM COURSES AND LECTURES
Series Editors:
The Reetars of CISM
Sandar Kaliszky -Budapest
Mahir Sayir -Zurich
Wilhelm Schneider -Wien
The Secretary General of CISM
Giovanni Bianchi -Milan
Executive Editor
Carlo Tasso- Udine
The series presents lecture notes, monographs, edited works and
proceedings in the field of Mechanics, Engineering, Computer Science
and Applied Mathematics.
Purpose of the series is to make known in the international scientific
and technical community results obtained in some of the activities
organized by CISM, the International Centre for Mechanical Sciences.
INTERNATIONAL CENTRE FOR MECHANICAL SCIENCES
COURSESAND LECTURES -No. 383
USER MODELING
PROCEEDINGS OF THE
SIXTHINTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
UM97
CHIA LAGUNA, SARDINIA, ITALY
JUNE 2-5 1997
EDITED BY
A.JAMESON
UNIVERSITY OF SAARBRÜCKEN
C. PARIS
CSIRO AUSTRALIA
C.TASSO
UNIVERSITY OF UDINE
~ Springer-Verlag Wien GmbH
Le spese di stampa di questo volume sono in parte coperte da
contributi del Consiglio Nazianale delle Ricerche.
This volume contains 108 illustrations
This work is subject to copyright.
All rights are reserved,
whether the whole or part of the material is concerned
specifically those of translation, reprinting, re-use of illustrations,
broadcasting, reproduction by photocopying machine
or similar means, and storage in data banks.
ISBN 978-3-211-82906-6 ISBN 978-3-7091-2670-7 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-7091-2670-7
© 1997 by Springer-Verlag Wien
Originally published by CISM, Udine in 1997.
In order to make this volume available as economically and as
rapidly as possible the authors' typescripts have been
reproduced in their original forms. This method unfortunately
has its typographical limitations but it is hoped that they in no
way distract the reader.
ISSN 1091-2789 User Modeling Inc.
Preface
User modeling researchers Iook for ways of enabling interactive software systems to adapt to
their users-by constructing, maintaining, and exploiting user models, which are representations
of properlies of individual users. User modeling has been found to enhance the effectiveness
and/or usability of software systems in a wide variety of situations.
Techniques for user modeling have been developed and evaluated by researchers in a number
of fields, including artificial intelligence, education, psychology, linguistics, human-computer
interaction, and information science. The biennial series of International Conferences on User
Modeling provides a forum in which academic and industrial researchers from all of these fields
can exchange their complementary insights on user modeling issues. The published proceedings
of these conferences represent a major source of information about developments in this area.
This volume contains the papers that were presented at the SixthInternational Conference on
User Modeling, UM97, which was was held at Chia Laguna, Sardinia, from June 2nd through
5th, 1997.1
For the main technical program, 96 submissions were received from 18 countries in five
continents. The reviewing of a submission was done by at least two members of the UM97
program committee. Where necessary, discussion among reviewers and/or additional reviews
were arranged. Because of the !arge number of manuscripts that received favorable reviews, the
selection criteria were stringent. Several presentations were accepted conditionally and reviewed
a second time. Ultimately, 28 submissions were accepted for presentation as full papers.
This volume also includes summaries of the following contributions to UM97:
- the fifteen poster presentations, which served as a basis for the discussion of ongoing research;
- the two invited talks, by Eric Horvitz and Constantine Stephanidis, which highlighted im-
portant recent paradigms in user modeling; and
- the six presentations at the doctoral consortium, at which PhD students received feedback on
their research from experienced colleagues.
All of the contributing authors participated in an editing procedure for the final manuscripts
that was designed to maximize the clarity and stylistic consistency of this volume within the
given time constraints.
A Iook at the Table of Contents will show that these contributions represent many different
approaches to user modeling research, including some novel types of application. The papers
and the poster summaries are organized in sections of the book according to the nature of the
user modeling application that they address. The Reader's Guide points to some of the further
relationships among these contributions.
1 The two preceding conferences in this series, UM94 and UM96, were held in Hyannis, Massachusetts,
in August 1994, and Kailua-Kona, Hawaii, in January 1996, respectively. Furtherinformation about the
earlier conferences and their proceedings volumes can be found on the World Wide Web site of User
Modeling, Inc.: http: I /um. org.
Three quite different approaches to user modeling are represented by the papers that were
selected by the program committee as recipients of Kluwer Academic Publishers' Distinguished
Paper award:
- lnspectable User Models for lust-In-Time Workplace Training, by Jason A. Collins, Jim E.
Greer, Vive S. Kumar, Gordon I. McCalla, Paul Meagher, and Ray Tkatch;
- On-Line Student Modelingfor Coached Problem Solving Using Bayesian Networks by Cris
tina Conati, Abigail S. Gertner, Kurt VanLehn, and Marek J. Druzdzel; and
- Levels of Expertise and User-Adapted Formats of Instructional Presentations: A Cognitive
Load Approach, by Slava Kalyuga, Paul Chandler, and John Sweller.
In addition to the contributions that are represented in this volume, UM97 featured two
tutorials:
- User Modeling in Information Retrieval, presented by Niebolas J. Belkin; and
- Student Modeling: Cognitive Psychology Meets Eduction, presented by Albert T. Corbett.
Another major part of UM97 were the six workshops, whose separate proceedings can be
accessed via the Web site of User Modeling, Inc.:
- Adaptive Systemsand User Modeling on the World Wide Web, organized by Peter Brusilovsky,
Josef Fink, and Judy Kay;
- Advance~ in Languages for User Modeling, organized by Stefano A. Cerri and Vincenzo
Loia;
- Embedding User Models in Intelligent Applications, organized by Vadim L. Stefanuk;
- Machine Leaming for User Modeling, organized by Mathias Bauer, Wolfgang Pohl, and
GeoffWebb;
- User-Adapted Multimedia Documentation in Industry, organized by Alessandro Mura, Pietro
Carratu, and Loredana De Dominicis; and
- User Models in the Real World, organized by Judy Kay and Gerhard Fischer.
We trust that, because of all of the efforts mentioned above and in the Acknowledgements
that follow, the present volume willlong remain a valuable resource for those who are interested
in user modeling. We wish you an enjoyable and profitable reading experience.
A. Jameson
C. Paris
C. Tasso
Acknowledgements
The success of the Sixth International Conference on User Modeling depended on a large
number of people who deserve our warmest thanks. In particular, we would like to thank the
members of the program committee for their considerable effort in reviewing the submissions
and selecting the invited speakers and the winners of the Distinguished Paper award.
Niebolas J. Belkin Eric Horvitz Robert J. Mislevy
Beatrice Cahour Judy Kay Riichiro Mizoguchi
Sandra Carberry Alfred Kobsa Edie M. Rasmussen
Albert Corbett Diane Litman John Self
Fiorella de Rosis Pattie Maes Julita Vassileva
Oren Etzioni Uwe Malinowski Wolfgang Wahlster
Gerhard Fischer Gordon McCalla GeoffWebb
Helen M. Gigley Michael McTear Ingrid Zukerman
Brad Goodman Alessandro Micarelli
We would also like to thank the following extemal reviewers, who provided additional
expertise in the reviewing of the submissions:
David Albrecht Mitsuru Ikeda Michael Pieper
James Ambach Philippe Laredo Alexander Repenning
Patrick Boy lan Henry Lieberman Jörg Schreck
Stefano A. Cerri Stefanie Lindstaedt Filippo Sciarrone
Berardina Nadja De Carolis Weiru Liu Giuseppe Sindoni
Hal Eden Alexandros Moukas Gerry Stahl
Tsukasa Hirashima Jonathan Ostwald Riccardo Torlone
Jun Hong Corrina Perrone
Submissions to the doctoral consortium were reviewed by the following committee chaired
by Berardina Nadja De Carolis and Fiorella de Rosis:
Beatrice Cahour Frank Linton Cecile Paris
Eric Horvitz Diane Litman Linda Strachan
Judy Kay Uwe Malinowski Julita Vassileva
Alfred Kobsa Susanne van Mulken Ingrid Zukerman
Significant contributions to the conference were likewise made by the workshop organizers:
Mathias Bauer Josef Fink Alessandro Mura
Peter Brusilovsky Gerhard Fischer Wolfgang Pohl
Pietro Carratu Judy Kay Vadim L. Stefanuk
Stefano A. Cerri Vincenzo Loia GeoffWebb
Loredana De Dominicis
In addition, we extend our thanks to:
- Alessandro Micarelli for managing the local organization;
- Riccardo Scateni for maintaining the mirror Web site in Sardinia;
- Christoph G. Thomas for coordinating the workshops;
- Giorgio Brajnik for organizing the system demonstrations;
- the members of the AI Lab at the University of Saarbrücken for supporting the editing
process;
- Niebolas J. Belkin and Albert T. Corbett for preparing tutorials; and
- Eric Horvitz and Constantine Stephanidis for presenting invited talks.
UM97 was organized jointly by the Department of Mathematics and Computer Science of the
University of Udine, the Department of Scientific Disciplines of the University of Rome 3, the
Department of Inforrnatics of the University of Bari, and CRS4 (Center for Advanced Studies,
Research and Development in Sardinia), under the auspices ofUser Modeling, lnc.
Generous supportwas provided by AI*IA, the ltalian Association for Artificial Intelligence;
CISM, the International Centre for Mechanical Sciences; and Kluwer Academic Publishers, who
sponsored the Distinguished Paper award.
CONTENTS
Page
Preface
Acknowledgement
Contents
A Reader' s Guide
INFORMATION RETRIEVAL
Hypermedia Navigation .................................................................................................................................................. .3
How to Build Modeling Agents to Support Web Searchers
by P.P. Maglio and R. Barrett ................................................................................................................................. .5
Web-Browser Access Through Voice Input and
Page Interest Prediction
by M. Gori, M. Maggini and E. Martinelli ......................................................................................... 17
SATELIT-Agent: An Adaptive InterfaceBasedon Learning
Interface Agents Technology
by I. Akoulchina and J. -G. Ganascia ........................................................................................................ 21
HyperContext: A Model for Adaptive Hypertext
by C. Staff ............................................................................................................................................................................................ 33
From Discourse Plans to User-Adapted Hypermedia
by B. De Carotis and S. Pizzutilo .................................................................................................................. .37
Intermediaries and Information Filtering ..................................................................................... .41
Usersand Intermediaries in Information Retrieval:
What Are They Talking About?
by T. Saracevic, A. Spink and Mei-Mei Wu ..................................................................................... ...43
lntegrating User Modeling into Information Extraction:
The UMIE Prototype
by E. Benaki, V.A. Karkaletsis and C.D. Spyropoulos ................................................. 55
A Hybrid Architecture for User-Adapted Information Filtering
on the World Wide Web
by L. Ambrosini, V. Cirillo and A. Micarelli ....................................................................................... 59
INFORMATION PRESENTATION
Decision Support ............................................................................................................................................................................. 65
lnteractive Assessment of User Preference Models:
The Automated Travel Assistant
by G. Linden, S. Hanks and N. Lesh. .............................................................................................................. 67
ModeHing the Personality of Decision Makers for Active
Decision Support
by P. Paranagama, F. Burstein and D. Amott. ............................................................................. 79
U sing Dialectical Argumentation for User Modelling in
Decision Support Systems
by F. Gras so ..................................................................................................................................................................................... 83
Dialog Management ............................................................................................................................................................... 87
Making Sense of Users' Mouse Clicks: Abductive Reasoning and
Conversational Dialogue Modeling
by A. Stein, J.A. Gulla and U. Thiel .................................................................................................................. 89
Modeling Agents in Dialogue Systems
by P. Quaresma and J.G. Lopes ................................................................................................................... 101
Natural Language Generation ............................................................................................................ 105
Authoring and Generating Health-Education Documents That
Are Tailored to the Needs of the Individual Patient
by G. Hirst, C. DiMarco, E. Hovy and K. Parsans ........................................................ .107
Augmenting the User's Knowledge via Comparison
by M. Milosavljevic ................................................................................................................................................................ 119
INTERFACE ADAPTION
Tailoring to Abilities, Disabilities, and Preferences ..... . .. ..................... 133
Dynamic ModeHingof Keyboard Skills: Supporting Users with
Motor Disabilities
by S. Trewin and H. Pain ..................................................................................................................... .. ........ 135
User ModeHing for Error Recovery: A Spelling Checker for
Dyslexie Users
by R.I. W. Spooner and A.D.N. Edwards ............................................................................................ 147