User Modeling and Adaptation for Daily Routines: Providing Assistance to People with Special Needs PDF
Preview User Modeling and Adaptation for Daily Routines: Providing Assistance to People with Special Needs
Human-Computer Interaction Series Editors-in-chief JohnKarat IBMThomasWatsonResearchCenter(USA) JeanVanderdonckt Universite´catholiquedeLouvain(Belgium) SeriesEditorialBoard Gae¨lleCalvary,LIG-UniversityofGrenoble1,France JohnCarroll,SchoolofInformation Sciences&Technology,PennStateUniversity, U.S.A. GilbertCockton,NorthumbriaUniversity,U.K. LarryConstantine,UniversityofMadeira,Portugal,andConstantine&Lockwood Ltd,Rowley,MA,U.S.A. StevenFeiner,ColumbiaUniversity,U.S.A. PeterForbrig,Universita¨tRostock,Germany ElizabethFurtado,UniversityofFortaleza,Brazil HansGellersen,LancasterUniversity,U.K. RobertJacob,TuftsUniversity,U.S.A. HilaryJohnson,UniversityofBath,U.K. KumiyoNakakoji,UniversityofTokyo,Japan PhilippePalanque,Universite´PaulSabatier,France OscarPastor,UniversityofValencia,Spain FabioPianesi,BrunoKesslerFoundation(FBK),Italy Costin Pribeanu, National Institute for Research & Development in Informatics, Romania GerdSzwillus,Universita¨tPaderborn,Germany ManfredTscheligi,UniversityofSalzberg,Austria GerritvanderVeer,UniversityofTwente,TheNetherlands ShuminZhai,IBMAlmadenResearchCenter,U.S.A. ThomasZiegert,SAPResearchCECDarmstadt,Germany Human-Computer Interaction is a multidisciplinary field focused on human aspects of the developmentofcomputertechnology.Ascomputer-basedtechnologybecomesincreasingly pervasive-notjustindevelopedcountries,butworldwide-theneedtotakeahuman-centered approach inthe design and development of thistechnology becomes ever moreimportant. For roughly 30 years now, researchers and practitioners in computational and behavioral sciences have worked to identify theory and practice that influences the direction of these technologies, and this diverse work makes up the field of human-computer interaction. Broadly speaking it includes the study of what technology might be able to do for people and how people might interact with the technology. In this series we present work which advances the science and technology of developing systems which are both effective and satisfyingfor people inawidevariety of contexts. Thehuman-computer interactionseries will focus on theoretical perspectives (such as formal approaches drawn from a variety of behavioralsciences),practicalapproaches(suchasthetechniquesforeffectivelyintegrating user needs in system development), and social issues (such as the determinants of utility, usabilityandacceptability). Forfurthervolumes: http://www.springer.com/series/6033 Estefan´ıa Mart´ın (cid:129) Pablo A. Haya (cid:129) Rosa M. Carro Editors User Modeling and Adaptation for Daily Routines Providing Assistance to People with Special Needs 123 Editors Estefan´ıaMart´ın PabloA.Haya DepartmentofLanguages IIC-KnowledgeEngineeringInstitute andComputerSystems UniversidadAuto´nomadeMadrid UniversidadReyJuanCarlos Madrid Madrid Spain Spain RosaM.Carro DepartmentofComputerScience andEngineering UniversidadAuto´nomadeMadrid Madrid Spain ISSN1571-5035 ISBN978-1-4471-4777-0 ISBN978-1-4471-4778-7(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-1-4471-4778-7 SpringerLondonHeidelbergNewYorkDordrecht LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2013932008 ©Springer-VerlagLondon2013 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpartof thematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseofillustrations,recitation, broadcasting,reproductiononmicrofilmsorinanyotherphysicalway,andtransmissionorinformation storageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped.Exemptedfromthislegalreservationarebriefexcerptsinconnection with reviews or scholarly analysis or material supplied specifically for the purpose of being entered and executed on a computer system, for exclusive use by the purchaser of the work. Duplication of this publication or parts thereof is permitted only under the provisions of the Copyright Law of the Publisher’slocation,initscurrentversion,andpermissionforusemustalwaysbeobtainedfromSpringer. PermissionsforusemaybeobtainedthroughRightsLinkattheCopyrightClearanceCenter.Violations areliabletoprosecutionundertherespectiveCopyrightLaw. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. While the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication,neithertheauthorsnortheeditorsnorthepublishercanacceptanylegalresponsibilityfor anyerrorsoromissionsthatmaybemade.Thepublishermakesnowarranty,expressorimplied,with respecttothematerialcontainedherein. Printedonacid-freepaper SpringerispartofSpringerScience+BusinessMedia(www.springer.com) Preface Thisbookarisesfromthemotivationofbringingtoattentionhowadaptivemethods and techniques can benefit people with special needs in their everyday lives. Assistive technologies, adaptive systems and context-aware applications are three well-established research fields. There is, in fact, a vast amount of literature that coversHCI-relatedissuesineachareaseparately.However,thecontributionsinthe intersectionoftheseareashavebeenlessvisible,despitethefactthepotentialimpact ofsuchsynergiesmayhaveonimprovingdailyliving.Inthiscontext,theworkshops on “User Modeling and Adaptation for Daily Routines: Providing Assistance to People with Special and Specific Needs (UMADR)”, held at UMAP’2010 and UMAP’2011, respectively, sought to increase the visibility of these challenging works.Theinterestgeneratedbythesetwoeditionsgavetheinitialimpulseofthis book. The works presented in this book seek to reduce the obstacles encountered by individualswith specialneeds.Furthermore,theysharetwo particularcharacteris- tics:(1)theyprovideassistancebymeansofinteractivecomputersystemsthatcan be adapted or adapt themselves to their currentusers; and (2) they focus on daily liferoutinesratherthanvirtualaccessandinteraction.We expandthedefinitionof special needs in such a way that the reader can find works that impact on users traditionally considered with special needs, such as those with psychological or cognitive limitations, or elderly people, as well as people facing unusual routines suchashealthtreatments. Regardlessoftheapplication-domain,themaingoalhereistobeabletoprovide a customizable assistance to users according to their context, that is, considering their capabilities, their preferences and needs, their location, or the available resourcesanddevices(PDAs,smartphones,laptops,etc.).Clearly,modelinguser’s capabilities, situations, limitations and needs is an essential task for adapting the activitiestoeachuser.Thus,thisisalsooneofthekeytopicsofdiscussion. This bookpursuesa comprehensivereview of state-of-the-artpracticeson user modeling and adaptation for people with special needs, as well as the challenges to be addressed in order to achieve their actual deployment. Therefore, the book topicsincludeanalysis,design,implementationandevaluationofadaptivesystems v vi Preface toassistuserswithspecialneedstotakedecisionsandfulfilldailyroutineactivities, with special emphasis on major trends in: modeling user features, limitations andspecialneeds;representingdailyactivities, includingpotentialdifficultiesand decisionstobetaken;designingandbuildingadaptiveassistantsfordailyroutines; andevaluatingtheuseofthistypeofassistants. Structure ofThisBook Thefirstchapterpresentsasuccinctreviewofadaptivesystemsrelatedwithdisabled people. The reader can get an idea of the related research work in this area, extracting the main opportunities and challenges. Next, the book is structured in three parts: Models and Theories, Design, Prototyping and Implementation and Evaluation. The firstpartModelsandTheoriesfocusesonmodelingdifferentfeatures(e.g. theuser’spersonaltraits,includingtheaffectivestate;thetasktobedone;theuser’s context;etc.).Sometimes,thesefeaturesarewell-knownwhentheuserislocatedat afamiliarenvironment.However,userscandosporadicinteractionsinunforeseen situations. In this case, the adaptationof the activities is performedby combining previousinformationfromthesameuserinotherenvironmentsorbyinferringthe userneedstakingintoaccounttheknowledgeaboutpreviousinteractionsofsimilar usersinthesamesituations.Theseusers’featureswillbeconsideredtoassistthem inperformingdailyroutines,bothathomeandinoutdoorenvironments.Therefore, theintegrationandsharingofuser’smodels,aswellasderivingconclusionsabout them,arekeyfactorswhenuserscanbeindifferentenvironmentsandusedifferent devices. Thesecondpartpresentshowto“design,prototypeandimplementapplications” for people with special needs. One of the most important challenges of adaptive systemsistodefinethekeyuserfeaturestobeconsideredforadaptation,takinginto accounttheactivitytobedoneandthecontextwheretheuserwillcarryitout.The variety regarding the type and potential ranges of disabilities makes it difficult to usetheterm“averagedisableduser”.Thus,itiscomplicatedtofindwhichfeatures would be more appropriate to be taken into account for task personalization.The awareness of the user needs, their capabilities, and limitations is necessary for a correctinterfacedesign,aswellasforassistingtheuserinthetaskaccomplishment. Bearingthese factorsin mindduringsystem design leadstomoreusable systems, whoseinterfacesfitthe user needsbetter,makingthe time neededto learn howto interactwithitshorter.Ontheotherhand,currently,oneofthemostpopulartypes ofadaptivesystemsarerecommendersystems,whichtrytodeliverinformationto the users according to the interests, preferences and needs of each individual at every time. Related to the scope of this book, many current research works deal with recommendersystems that assist people with special needs in health-related Preface vii aspectsduringtheirdailylives.Inthisdirection,thelastchapterofthispartpresents a review of recommendersystems emphasizing the design and implementationof healthrecommendersystems. Adaptive applications have the potential to assist users with special needs. However, evaluating the usability of such adaptive applications tends to become very complex. The “evaluation” part of this book is focused on the evaluation of usabilityfromdifferentpointsofviewandapplications.Thereareseveralevaluation procedures and metrics oriented to non-impaired users. However, understanding the behavior of people with special needs presents its own particularities. This differenceisaccentuatedinfieldstudieswheretraditionalmetrics(timetocomplete atask,errorsmade,workload,etc.)maynotprovideusefulinformation. Following this direction, the first chapter of this part presents a discussion of the challenges of field evaluation with impaired populations, explained through the experience of a research study with cognitively impaired people receiving mobileassistancewhiletravelling.Thenextchapteriscenteredintheevaluationof recommendersystems,coveringa varietyoftriedandtestedmethodsandmetrics. Following with the topic of recommender systems for health, a case study that investigates the applicability of a suite of recommender algorithms in a recipe recommendersystemaimedtoassistindividualsinplanningtheirdailyfoodintake ispresented.Finally,aproposalforautomatedusabilityevaluationofmodel-based adaptiveuserinterfacesispresentedinthelastchapterofthisbook.Thisapproach canbe usedatanearlystage ofthedevelopments.User interactionsare simulated and evaluated by combining a user model with other user interface models from a model-based development framework, which is capable of providing different adaptation alternatives based on the user attributes and the context of use. As a result,differentdesignalternativesandadaptationvariantscanbecomparedunder equalusabilityevaluationcriteria. Audience Thisbooktargetstechnologicaland socialresearchersinterested in user modeling and adaptation for people with special needs, enterprises who want to develop personalizedtechnologicalproductsforeverybody,practitionerswhoareinterested in applyingadaptation strategies for supportingpeople with special needs in their dailylivesandHCI-orientedPh.D.studentsworkingon theareaof usermodeling andadaptationforpeoplewith specialneeds.In addition,thisbookwill be useful fortheacademiccurriculumandwillhopefullystimulatenewresearchfindingsto advance the knowledge of how to help people with special needs in their life by providingthebestadaptationtosupporttheirusualactivities. Madrid,Spain Estefan´ıaMart´ın August2012 PabloA.Haya RosaM.Carro Acknowledgements We would like to thank all the authors for their valuable and outstanding contri- butions to this book. Without their effort, this book edition would have not been possible. We wouldalsoliketothankthereviewers,whohelpedustoselectthechapters for this book, and offered insightful and detailed comments on the selected ones. Their constructivefeedbackto authorscontributedto the highquality of the book through.Thereviewersare: – RyanS.J.d.Baker,ColumbiaUniversityTeachersCollege(UnitedStates) – Jesu´sG.Boticario,UniversidadNacionalaDistancia(Spain) – ManuelFreire,UniversidadComplutensedeMadrid(Spain) – SergeGarlatti,TelecomBretagne(France) – SimeonKeates,UniversityofAbertayDundee(UnitedKingdom) – TsviKuflik,UniversityofHaifa(Israel) – AlexandrosParamythis,CyberhouseGmbh(Austria) – OlgaC.Santos,UniversidadNacionalaDistancia(Spain) – RichardSimpson,UniversityofPittsburgh(UnitedStates) – LeonUrbas,TechnischeUniversita¨tDresden(Germany) – YangWang,CarnegieMellonUniversity(UnitedStates) – MichaelV.Yudelson,CarnegieMellonUniversity(UnitedStates) – FlorianoZini,FreeUniversityofBozen-Bolzano(Italy) We wouldliketo acknowledgeto theProjectASIES(TIN2010-17344),funded bytheSpanishMinistryofScienceandInnovation,whichsupportstheparticipation oftheguesteditorsinthisbook. WearegratefultoBeverleyFord,HelenDesmondandBenBishopfromSpringer UKfortheirhelpandsupport. Finally,ourspecialthankstoourfamilyandfriends. Madrid,Spain Estefan´ıaMart´ın August2012 PabloA.Haya RosaM.Carro ix
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