Use of Recycle Pu in Mixed-Oxide Fuel [LWRs] Vol 1 (summary) PDF
Preview Use of Recycle Pu in Mixed-Oxide Fuel [LWRs] Vol 1 (summary)
L Generic Environmental Statement on the Use of Recycle Plutonium in xide Fuel in Light Water Cooled Reactors HEALTH, SAFETY & ENVIRONMENT Summary August 1976 Office of Nuclear Material Safety and Safeguards U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission DISCLAIMER This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof. DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document. i /- Available from National Tec hn ic al Information Servi ce , Springfield Vir gin ia 221 61 Price: Printed Copy $6.75; Microfiche $2.25 governments, and from meny segments of the public concerned with various aspects of this issue. In addition to the distribution to these interested groups, many copies of the draft report were provided in response to requests from other individuals and organizations. The comments received by the AEC have been considered by the NRC in the preparation of this final statement. Volume 5 has been included in the final statement, containing both the comments and responses. ii VOLUME 1 F N L GENER C ENVIRONMENT L ST TEMENT ON THE USE OF RECYCLE PLUTONIUM IN MIXED OXIDE FUEL IN LIGHT WATER COOLED REACTORS SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................... 1.U ~UI.II.IHKY I ....................... 1.1.2 Fuel Cycle Options for Light Water Reactors 5-2 ................................ 1.1.3 Environmental Assessments in GESMO 5-3 ............................................. Of GESMO 5-4 ........................................................... >-3 .............................. obiological Hazards of Plutonium 5-6 ............. 1.2.3.1 Development and Testing of Mixed Oxide Fuels 5-7 ............................. 1.2.3.2 Mixed Oxide Fuel Fabrication 5-9 ..................................... 1.2.3.3 Reprocessinq of Fuel 5-10 . . ........................................... I 3.3 I l-dll>pUr'LdL IUII >- 1 U I 1.2.3.6 Waste Management ......................................... 5-11 ................. 1.3.1 Development of the LWR Industry.1975 through 2000 5-11 . ........................................................ 1.3.2 Reactors 5-12 ....................................... 1.3.3 Mixed Ox.ide Fuel Fabrication 5-18 .................. 1.3.4 Fuel Reprocessing ...... ................................. 1.3.5 The Supporting Uranium Cycle 5-19 1.4 Environmental Impacts Due to the Implemen a-tion of the !!raniurn . .................................. or Uranium and Plutonium Recycle Optjons 5-19 ...................... ................................. 1.4.1 Introduction 5-19 ........ 1.4.2 Effect of Recycle Options on Impac s of the LWR Fuel Cvcle 5-19 ...... 1.4.2.2 Radiological Impact on Closest Theoret cal Resident 5-23 .......................................... .................. 1.4.3 Safety 5-25 1.4.3.2 Radiological Impact of Accidents at Fuel ......................................... Cycle Facilities 5-26 ........................................... isportation 5-28 VOLUME 1 FINAL GENERIC ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT ON THE USE OF RECYCLE PLUTONIUM IN MIXED OXIDE FUEL IN LIGHT WATER COOLED REACTORS SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS(Cont'd) Pa ragrap h Title .................................................. 1.4.4 Waste Management 5-29 ............................. 1.4.5 Nonradiological Environmental Impacts 5-31 ................................................. 1.4.5.1 Land Use 5-31 .................................................... 1.4.5.2 Water 5-31 ......................................... 1.4.5.3 Heat Dissipation 5-31 .......................................... 1.4.5.4 Energy Consumed 5-32 ............... 1.4.5.5 Nonradioactive Effluents to the Atmosphere 5-32 .......................... 1.4.5.6 Plant Effluents to Water Bodies 5-33 ................................................... 1.4.5.7 Wastes 5-33 ......... 1.4.5.8 Summary of Nonradiolog cal Environmental Impacts 5-34 ................. 1.4.6 Environmental Effects per Annua Fuel Requirement 5-34 .............. .................................. 1.4.6.1 Land Use 5-40 ................. .................................. 1.4.6.2 Water 5-40 ...... .................................. 1.4.6.3 Heat Dissipation 5-40 ................. 1.4.6.4 Electricity and Fossil Fuel Requirements 5-40 ............... 1.4.6.5 Plant Effluents Released to the Atmosphere 5-40 .......................... 1.4.6.6 Plant Effluents to Water Bodies 5-41 ............................ 1.4.6.7 Radiological Dose Commitments 5-41 1.4.6.8 Overall Environmental Impact per Annual ......................................... Fuel Requirement 5-41 ............................................................... 1.5 Safeguards 5-42 ............ 1.6 Probable Adverse Environmental Effects that Cannot be Avoided 5-42 ...................................................... 1.6.1 Introduction 5-42 ........................................................... 1.6.2 Reactors 5-42 ....................................... 1.6.3 Other Fuel Cycle Facilities 5-45 ....................... 1.7 Means for Mitigating Adverse Environmental Impacts 5-46 ............ 1.7.1 Present Measures and Controls to Limit Adverse Impacts 5-46 ............ 1.7.2 Potential Measures to Further Mitigate Adverse Impacts 5-47 .................................... 1.8 Alternative Dispositions of Plutonium 5-48 ................................................... 1.8.1 Cases Evaluated 5-49 ............................................. 1.8.2 Environmental Impacts 5-49 .................................................. 1.8.3 Fuel Cycle Costs 5-51 ..................................... 1.8.4 Material and Plant Protection 5-51 1.9 Relationship Between Local Short Term Use of Man's Environment ............ and the Maintenance and Enhancement of Long Term Productivity 5-51 iv VOLUME 1 FINAL GENERIC ENVIRONMENTAL STATEMENT ON THE USE OF RECYCLE PLUTONIUM IN MIXED OXIDE FUEL IN LIGHT WATER COOLED REACTORS SUMMARY TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont'd) Paragraph Title .................. 1.10 Irreversible and Irretrievable Comnitments of Resources 5-53 ............................. 1.11 Economic Analysis and Cost-Benefit Balancing 5-54 ................................................. 1.11.1 Economic Analysis 5-54 ................................................ 1.11.2 Parametric Studies 5-56 ............ 1.11.2.1 Influence of Growth Rate in Electrical Demand 5-56 .................................. 1.11.2.2 Effect of Uranium Price 5-56 ........................ 1.11.2.3 Effect of the Price of Enrichment 5-56 ................... 1.11.2.4 Effect of Mixed Oxide Fuel Fabrication 5-57 ........... 1.11.2.5 Effect of Discount Rate on Decision to Recycle 5-57 ................ 1.11.2.6 Influences of Delays in Plutonium Recycle 5-57 ................................. 1.11.2.7 Effects of Uncertainties 5-57 .......................... 1.11.3 Environmental Impacts of Recycle Options 5-59 ............................................. 1.11.4 Cost-Benefit Analysis 5-59 ...................................................................... 2.0 FINDINGS 5-61 V VOLUME 1 SUMMARY LIST OF TABLES Table Title s-1 Summary of Material Flows in the Overall U.S. LWR Fuel Cycle in ..................................................... About the Year 2000 5-16 .............................. s-2 The Projected LWR Industry in the Year 2000 5-17 s-3 Effect of Recycle Option on Cumulative Total Body Dose Commitments ......................................... from the LWR Industry. 1975-2000 5-21 s-4 Cumulative Dose Comnitments from United States LWR ...................................................... Industry. 1975-2000 5-22 s- 5 Estimated Health Effects from U.S. LWR Industry. 1975-2000 ............... 5-24 S-6 Estimated Radiological Dose Commitments from Model Plant Accidents ....... 5-27 .. s-7 Environmental Impacts of the LWR Fuel Cycle per Annual Fuel Requirement s-35 S-8 Environmental Impact of Transportation of Fuel and Waste to and From ............................. One Light Water Cooled Nuclear Power Reactor 5-39 ........................................... s-9 Cumulative Materials Processed 5-43 .................................... s-10 The Projected LWR Industry. 1980-2000 5-44 ..................................................... s-11 LWR Fuel Cycle Cases 5-50 ............................................... s-12 Differential Present Value 5-51 ............................ S-13 Material and Service Unit Costs. 1975 Dollars 5-52 ................................... S-14 Comparison of Discounted Process Costs 5-55 ... s-75 Potential Economic Impact of Uncertainties on the Incentive to Recycle 5-58 ........................................ S-16 Comparison of Materials Processed 5-60 Vi
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