Use of Force · War and Neutrality Peace Treaties (A–M)

396 Pages·1982·39.471 MB·English

by  Rudolf Bernhardt (Auth.)

EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
Rudolf Dolzer, Dr. iur., S.J.D. (Harvard)
Robert E. Hollweg, J.D. (Univ. of Michigan)
Kevin J. Madders, LL.B. (London), Barrister
Ann Rustemeyer, M.A. (Oxon.), Dip. Lib. (Univ. of N.S.W.)
EDITORIAL ASSISTANCE
FOR THIS INSTALMENT
Anne Swift, LL.B. (Wales), LL.M. (Exeter), Barrister
Anne M. Trebilcock, J.D. (Univ. of California, Berkeley)
Cynthia D. Wallace, Ph.D. (Cantab.)
Alfred M. de Zayas, J.D. (Harvard), Dr. phil. (Univ. of Göttingen)
The articles in this Encyclopedia should be cited (until publication of the final edition) according
to the following example:
H.-J. Schlochauer, Arbitration, in: Bernhardt (ed.), Encyclopedia of Public International Law
[Instalment 1 (1981) p. 13]
ENCYCLOPEDIA
OF
PUBLIC INTERNATIONAL LAW
PUBLISHED UNDER THE AUSPICES OF THE
MAX PLANCK INSTITUTE FOR COMPARATIVE
PUBLIC LAW AND INTERNATIONAL LAW
UNDER THE DIRECTION OF
RUDOLF BERNHARDT
ADVISORY BOARD
RUDOLF L.BINDSCHEDLER THOMAS BUERGENTH AL· KARL DOEHRING
JOCHEN ABR. FROWEIN · GÜNTHER JAENiCKE· HERBERT MIEHSLER
HERMANN MOSLER · FRITZ MUNCH · DANIEL P. O'CONNELL t
KARL JOSEF PARTSCH · PIERRE PESCATORE · HENRY G. SCHERMERS
ULRICH SCHEUNER t · HANS-JÜRGEN SCHLOCHAUER · MAX S0RENSEN i
HELMUT STREBEL
3
USE OF FORCE · WAR AND NEUTRALITY
PEACE TREATIES
(A-M)
1982
NORTH-HOLLAND PUBLISHING COMPANY
AMSTERDAM · NEW YORK · OXFORD
© NORTH-HOLLAND PUBLISHING COMPANY- 1982
All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval
system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic mechanical, photocopying,
recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the copyright owner.
ISBN: 0 444 86234 x
Publishers :
NORTH-HOLLAND PUBLISHING COMPANY
AMSTERDAM · NEW YORK · OXFORD
Sole distributors for the U.S.A. and Canada:
ELSEVIER NORTH-HOLLAND INC.
52 VANDERBILT AVENUE
NEW YORK, NY. 10017
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Main entry under title:
Encyclopedia of public international law.
Issued in parts.
Includes index.
1. International law—Dictionaries. I. Bern-
hardt, Rudolf, 1925- . II. Max-Planck-Institut
für Ausländisches Öffentliches Recht und
Völkerrecht (Heidelberg, Germany)
JX1226.E5 3Μ· .03 81-959
AACRÊ
PRINTED IN THE NETHERLANDS
INTRODUCTORY NOTE
The articles in the third and fourth instalments of the Encyclopedia of Public International
Law are devoted to the field of hostile inter-State relations and associated questions: the use of
force, war, neutrality and peace treaties. Here, as in other instalments, articles which relate to
several subject areas are included in the instalment to which they have their closest connection;
for example, although "economic coercion" does concern hostile inter-State relations, it is
included in instalment 8 which deals, inter alia, with international economic relations. Relevant
decisions of international courts and arbitral tribunals are contained in the second instalment.
Articles considered to have a primarily historical significance and which deal with wars and
peace treaties prior to 1900 will be contained in the seventh instalment, whose subject-matter
will include, inter alia, the history of the law of nations. The third instalment presents 93 articles
having titles beginning with letters A-M; those with initial letters N-Z appear in the fourth
instalment.
In order to enable the reader to use the Encyclopedia to the fullest extent, two types of
cross-references are used. Arrow-marked cross-references in the texts of articles refer to other
entries (e.g. The case was submitted to the —> International Court of Justice) and are generally
inserted at the first relevant point in an article. When a specific topic might be expected to be
dealt with under a certain title but is discussed either under a different heading or only in a
broader context, the title appears in the alphabetical order with a cross-reference there to the
appropriate article (e.g. INQUIRY see Fact-Finding and Inquiry).
The manuscripts for this instalment were finalized in June 1981.
LIST OF ENTRIES
Aggression (Benjamin B. Ferencz) 1
Air Warfare (Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte) 6
Alliance (Stephan Verosta) 10
Altmark, The (Hans-Joachim Schütz) 14
Amnesty Clause (Alfred M. de Zayas) 14
Angary, Right of (Rainer Lagoni) 18
Annexation (Rudolf L. Bindschedler) 19
ANZUS Pact (1951) (Willy R. Wirantaprawira) 23
Armed Conflict (Karl Josef Partsch) 25
Armed Conflict, Fundamental Rules (Karl Josef Partsch) 28
Armistice (Yoram Dinstein) 31
Arms Control (Hans-Joachim Schütz) 34
Arms, Traffic in (Jost Delbrück) 38
Asama Maru Incident (Ingo von Munch) 40
Athenia, The (Karl Zemanek) 41
Austrian State Treaty (1955) (Gerald Stourzh) 41
Biological Warfare (Elmar Rauch) 45
Blockade (Ludwig Weber) 47
Blockade, Pacific (Ludwig Weber) 51
Bombardment (Thomas Bruha) 53
Bonn and Paris Agreements on Germany (1952 and 1954) (Wilhelm A. Kewenig) 56
Booty in Land Warfare (Yoram Dinstein) 66
Booty in Sea Warfare (Walter Rabus) 68
Boundary Settlements between Germany and Her Western Neighbour States after
World War II (Hans-Dietrich Treviranus) 71
Boycott (Hans G. Kausch) 74
Brest-Litovsk, Peace of (Theodor Schieder) 78
Caroline, The (Werner Meng) 81
Casus foederis (Stephan Verosta) 82
Chemical Warfare (Michael Bothe) 83
City of Flint, The (Ingo von Munch) 85
Civil Defence (Michael Bothe) 86
X LIST OF ENTRIES
Civil War (Michael B. Akehurst) 88
Civilian Objects (Albrecht Randelzhofer) 93
Civilian Population, Protection (Alfred M. de Zayas) 96
Collective Measures (Jost Delbrück) 101
Collective Punishment (Hans-Heinrich Jescheck) 103
Collective Security (Jost Delbrück) 104
Collective Self-Defence (Jost Delbrück) 114
Combatants (Alfred M. de Zayas) 117
Conquest (Erich Kussbach) 119
Contraband (Werner Meng) 122
Contributions (Ignaz Seidl-Hohenveldern) 125
Convoy (Rolf Stödter) 128
Corfu Affair (1923) (Willy R. Wirantaprawira) 130
Crimes against Peace (Bert V.A. Röling) 132
Cuban Quarantine (Ludwig Weber) 136
Daimler Co. v. Continental Tyre and Rubber Co. (Willy R. Wirantaprawira) . . 139
Dawes Plan (Helmut Coing) 141
Days of Grace (Günter Hoog) 144
Debellatio (Karl-Ulrich Meyn) 145
Demarcation Line (Hartmut Schiedermair) 147
Demilitarization (Jost Delbrück) 150
Deserters (Karl Doehring) 152
Disarming of Belligerents by Neutrals (Ferdinand Trauttmansdorff) 155
Economic Warfare (Karl Zemanek) 158
Enemies and Enemy Subjects (Jörg Manfred Mössner) 163
Enemy Property (Ignaz Seidl-Hohenveldern) 167
Espionage (Elmar Rauch) 171
Flag of Truce (Yoram Dinstein) 173
Flags and Uniforms in War (Michael Bothe) 174
Flying Trader, The (Ulrich Beyerlin) 175
Foreign Legion (Karl Doehring) 176
General Participation Clause (Wilhelm Karl Geck) 180
Geneva Red Cross Conventions and Protocols (Anton Schlögel) 181
Germany, Occupation after World War II (Theodor Schweisfurth) 191
LIST OF ENTRIES XI
Germany-United States Peace Treaty (1921) (Ellinor von Puttkamer) 198
Graf Spee, The (Axel Berg) 200
Guerrilla Forces (Otto Kimminich) 201
Hague Peace Conferences of 1899 and 1907 (Jörg Manfred Mössner) 204
Humanitarian Intervention (Ulrich Beyerlin) 211
Humanitarian Law and Armed Conflict (Karl Josef Partsch) 215
Indiscriminate Attack (G.I.A.D. Draper) 219
International Military Force (Derek W. Bowett) 221
Internment (Kevin J. Madders) 224
Intervention (Thomas Oppermann) 233
Kellogg-Briand Pact (1928) (Cynthia D. Wallace) 236
Land Warfare (Michael Bothe) 239
Lausanne Peace Treaty (1923) (Ludwig Weber) 242
Liberation Movements (Konrad Ginther) 245
London Naval Conference of 1908/1909 (Alfred M. de Zayas) 249
Martens' Clause (Helmut Strebel) 252
Mayaguez Incident (Ulrich Beyerlin) 253
Mercenaries (Antonio Cassese) 255
Merchant Ships, Armed (Karl Zemanek) 258
Military Bases on Foreign Territory (Helmut Rumpf) 260
Military Forces Abroad (Derek W. Bowett) 266
Military Government (Jörg Manfred Mössner) 269
Military Necessity (Yoram Dinstein) 274
Military Objectives (Friedrich August Freiherr von der Heydte) 276
Military Reconnaissance (Robert E. Hollweg) 279
Militias (Robert E. Hollweg) 282
Mines (Günter Hoog) 283
Munich Agreement (1938) (Theodor Schieder) 285
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ACHR American Convention on Human Rights
AFDI Annuaire Français de Droit International
AJCL American Journal of Comparative Law
AJIL American Journal of International Law
AnnlDI Annuaire de l'Institut de Droit International
Annual Digest Annual Digest and Reports of International Public Law Cases
Australian YIL Australian Yearbook of International Law
AVR Archiv des Völkerrechts
BILC British International Law Cases (C. Parry, ed.)
BYIL British Year Book of International Law
CahDroitEur Cahiers de Droit Européen
Can YIL Canadian Yearbook of International Law
CJEC Court of Justice of the European Communities
Clunet Journal du Droit International
CMLR Common Market Law Reports
CMLRev Common Market Law Review
ColJTransL Columbia Journal of Transnational Law
COMECON Council for Mutual Economic Aid
CTS Consolidated Treaty Series (C. Parry, ed.)
DeptStateBull Department of State Bulletin
Dirlnt Diritto Internazionale
EC European Community or European Communities
ECHR European Convention on Human Rights
ECOSOC Economic and Social Council of the United Nations
ECR Reports of the Court of Justice of the European Communities (Euro-
pean Court Reports)
ECSC European Coal and Steel Community
EEC European Economic Community
EFTA European Free Trade Association
ESA European Space Agency
ETS European Treaty Series
EuR Europa-Recht
Euratom European Atomic Energy Community
Eurocontrol European Organization for the Safety of Air Navigation
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations
Fontes Fontes Iuris Gentium
GAOR General Assembly Official Records
GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade
GYIL German Yearbook of International Law
Harvard ILJ Harvard International Law Journal
IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency
IATA International Air Transport Association
IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization
ICJ International Court of Justice
ICLQ International and Comparative Law Quarterly
ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross
XIV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ICSID International Centre for Settlement of Investment Disputes
IDA International Development Association
IDI Institut de Droit International
IFC International Finance Corporation
ILA International Law Association
ILC International Law Commission
ILM International Legal Materials
ILO International Labour Organisation
ILR International Law Reports
IMCO Inter-Governmental Maritime Consultative Organization
IMF International Monetary Fund
Indian JIL Indian Journal of International Law
IntLawyer International Lawyer
IntRel International Relations
ItalYIL Italian Yearbook of International Law
JIR Jahrbuch für Internationales Recht
LNTS League of Nations Treaty Series
LoN League of Nations
Martens R Martens Recueil de Traités
Martens R2 Martens Recueil de Traités, 2me éd.
Martens NR Martens Nouveau Recueil de Traités
Martens NS Martens Nouveau Supplément au Recueil de Traités
Martens NRG Martens Nouveau Recueil Général de Traités
Martens NRG2 Martens Nouveau Recueil Général de Traités, 2me Série
Martens NRG3 Martens Nouveau Recueil Général de Traités, 3me Série
NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization
NedTIR Nederlands Tijdschrift voor Internationaal Recht
NordTIR Nordisk Tidsskrift for International Ret
OAS Organization of American States
OAU Organization of African Unity
OECD Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development
PCIJ Permanent Court of International Justice
Polish YIL Polish Yearbook of International Law
ProcASIL Proceedings of the American Society of International Law
RdC Académie de Droit International, Recueil des Cours
Res. Resolution
RevBelge Revue Belge de Droit International
RevEgypt Revue Egyptienne de Droit International
RevHellén Revue Hellénique de Droit International
RGDIP Revue Générale de Droit International Public
RIAA Reports of International Arbitral Awards
RivDirlnt Rivista di Diritto Internazionale
SAYIL South African Yearbook of International Law
SchweizJIR Schweizerisches Jahrbuch für internationales Recht
SCOR Security Council Official Records
SEATO South-East Asia Treaty Organization
Strupp-Schlochauer, Strupp-Schlochauer, Wörterbuch des Völkerrechts (2nd ed., 1960/62)
Wörterbuch
Supp. Supplement
Texas ILJ Texas International Law Journal
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS XV
UN United Nations
UN Doc. United Nations Document
UNGA United Nations General Assembly
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization
UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research
UNTS United Nations Treaty Series
UPU Universal Postal Union
UST United States Treaties and Other International Agreements
WEU Western European Union
WHO World Health Organization
WMO World Meteorological Organization
YILC Yearbook of the International Law Commission
ZaöRV Zeitschrift für ausländisches öffentliches Recht und Völkerrecht