Use of chemicals in aquaculture in Asia. Proceedings of the Meeting on the Use of Chemicals in

254 Pages·2001·13.16 MB·English

Use of Chemicals
in Aquaculture in Asia
Proceedings of the Meeting on the Use of Chemicals
in Aquaculture in Asia
20 - 22 May 1996; Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines
JR Arthur
CR Lavilla-Pitogo
RP Subasinghe
Editors

Use of Chemicals in Aquaculture in Asia

Proceedings of the Meeting on the Use of Chemicals
In Aquaculture in Asia
20-22 May 1996; Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines

JR Arthur
CR Lavilla-Pitogo
RP Subasinghe
Editors
Use of Chemicals in Aquaculture in Asia

ISBN 971-8511-49-0

Published by:
Southeast Asian Fisheries
Development Center
Aquaculture Department
Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines


Copyright 2000
Southeast Asian Fisheries
Development Center
Aquaculture Department
Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines

ALL RIGHTS RESERVED
No part of this publication may be
reproduced or transmitted in any form
or by any means, electronic or mechanical,
including photocopy, recording, or any
information storage and retrieval system,
without the permission in writing from the
publisher.

For inquiries: Training and Information Division
SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department
5021 Tigbauan, Iloilo, Philippines
Fax [phone]
E-mail [email protected] / [email protected]
AQD Website http://www.seafdec.org.ph/
FOREWORD

The use of chemicals in aquaculture systems for various purposes is widely recognized. While
aquaculturists acknowledge that some operations are reliant on chemical usage, they also realize the
potential danger associated with chemical misuse. A meeting in the use of chemicals in aquaculture in Asia
was conceived by Dr.Uwe Barg of FAO and Dr. Jurgenne Primavera of SEAFDEC Aquaculture
Department during a GESAMP working group meeting in Victoria, Canada in late 1994. A Local
Organizing Committee was created at SEAFDEC to coordinate closely with FAO on the choice of
reviewers and Asian experts to put together the papers for presentation and discussion in the meeting.

The Expert Meeting on the Use of Chemicals in Aquaculture in Asia was convened at the Aquaculture
Department of SEAFDEC last May 20 –22, 1996. More than a hundred participants and observers
composed of scientists and aquaculturists, both from the private and government sectors, from 20 countries
– Australia, Bangladesh, Cambodia, the People’s Republic of China, Denmark, India, French Polynesia,
Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, New Caledonia, Panama, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, United
Kingdom, the USA, Viet Nam, and the Philippines – attended. The meeting synthesized all information on
the use of chemicals in aquaculture Asia with emphasis on the various aquaculture systems and species to
which they were applied, and the country regulations regarding their distribution and usage. This was
achieved through the various country and area papers presented by known experts. Special review papers
covering topics on the effects of chemicals on human health and the environment, problems with drug
resistant fish pathogens, as well as their delivery through feeds and water were presented by scientists only
from Asia but also from various parts of the world. The discussions and workshops came up with
recommendations on how to mitigate the impact of chemical use on the environment and consumers.
Experts estimated that there may be no less than 50 veterinary drug products in each country that have
found their way to fish farms. The meeting was opportune because sustainability of the aquaculture
industry has been increasingly linked to the to the integrity of the environment.

We believe that the meeting was a success, its objectives having been met as documented in this volume.
However, the meeting brought a realization that mitigating the impact of chemical use could be a drawn out
and expensive process. Governments need to impose restrictions or institute policies to regulate chemical
use; the private sector needs to be educated on disease development, prevention and control, and the proper
use of chemicals; and the research-and-development sector needs to conduct more studies and find more
environment-friendly alternatives to chemicals. But we are hopeful that we have taken the first step.

The recommendations made in this volume were discussed by the Working Group on Environmental
Impacts on Coastal Aquaculture of GESAMP (IMO/FAO/UNESCO-IOC/WMO/WHO/IAEA/UN/UNEP
Joint Group of Experts on the Scientific Aspects of Marine Environment Protection) during its meeting
from 24 to 28 May 1996 also held at the SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department. The proceedings of that
meeting are contained in GESAMP Reports at Studies No. 65 entitled “Towards safe and effective use of
chemicals in coastal aquaculture” (GESAMP, 1997).

We thank our co-organizer, the Inland Water Resources and Aquaculture Service of the Food and
Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations; and our cooperators, the Network of Aquaculture
Centres in Asia and the Pacific (NACA), Japan International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences
(JIRCAS), Taiwan Fisheries Research Institute, and the Canadian International Development Agency
(CIDA) through its ASEAN Canada Fund. The effort of my predecessor, Dr. Efren Ed. Flores, in
organizing this meeting is very much appreciated.

Rolando Platon, Ph.D.
Chief
SEAFDEC Aquaculture Department

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Foreword iii

Acknowledgments vii

REVIEW PAPERS

Chemicals in Asian aquaculture: need, usage, issues and challenges 1
Rohana P. Subasinghe, Uwe Barg, and Albert Tacon

Antibacterial chemotheraphy in aquaculture:
Review of practice, associated risks and need for action 7
Valerie Inglis

Ecological effects of the use of chemicals in aquaculture 23
Donald P. Weston

Transferable drug resistance plasmids in fish-pathogenic bacteria 31
Takashi Aoki

The use of chemicals in aquafeed 35
Mali Boonyaratpalin

Human health aspects of the use of chemicals in aquaculture,
with special emphasis on food safety and regulations 55
Palarp Sinhaseni, Malinee Limpoka, Ornrat Samatiwat

Preliminary review of the legal framework governing
the use of chemicals in aquaculture in Asia 61
Annick van Houtte

COUNTRY/AREA PAPERS

The use of chemicals in carp and shrimp aquaculture in Bangladesh,
Cambodia, Lao PDR, Nepal, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Viet Nam 75
Michael Phillips

The use of chemicals in aquaculture in India 87
S.C. Pathak, S.K. Gosh and K. Palanisamy

The use of chemicals in aquaculture in Indonesia 113
Hambali Supriyadi and Akhmad Rukyani

Government regulations concerning the
use of chemicals in aquaculture in Japan 119
Mary N. Wilder
The use of chemicals in aquaculture in Malaysia and Singapore 127
Mohamed Shariff, Gopinath Nagaraj, F.H.C. Chua, Y.G. Wang

The use of chemicals in aquaculture in the People’s Republic of China 141
Jiang Yulin

The use of chemicals in aquaculture in the Philippines 155
Erlinda R. Cruz-Lacierda, Leobert de la Peña and
Susan Lumanlan-Mayo

The use of chemotherapeutic agents in shrimp hatcheries in Sri Lanka 185
P.K.M. Wijegoonawardena and P.P.G.S.N. Siriwardena

The use of chemicals in aquaculture in Taiwan, Province of China 193
I Chiu Liao, Jiin-Ju Guo and Mao-Sen Su

The use of chemicals in aquaculture in Thailand 207
Kamonporn Tonguthai

WORKSHOP SUMMARY 221

DISCUSSIONS 225

LISTS OF PARTICPANTS AND OBSERVERS 229

WORKING STAFF 235
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

AQUACHEM was funded by the Government of the Philippines through SEAFDEC Aquaculture
department, the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, and the Canadian International
Development Agency through the ASEAN-Canada Fund. Dr. Efren Ed. C. Flores, former Chief of
SEAFDEC AQD, laid down the ground-work for the smooth conduct of the meeting as well as solicited
funds to support data gathering and travel of some participants from the ASEAN countries. We thank
Milagros T. Castaños and Renelle Ivy Y. Adan of the Development Communications Unit, SEAFDEC,
who helped in the lay-out of this proceedings.