US Foreign Policy and the Multinational Force in Lebanon: Vigorous Self-Defense PDF
Preview US Foreign Policy and the Multinational Force in Lebanon: Vigorous Self-Defense
US Foreign Policy and the Multinational Force in Lebanon CorrinVarady US Foreign Policy and the Multinational Force in Lebanon Vigorous Self-Defense CorrinVarady InstituteofDigitalEducationAfrica Johannesburg,SouthAfrica ISBN978-3-319-53972-0 ISBN978-3-319-53973-7(eBook) DOI10.1007/978-3-319-53973-7 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2017939870 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s)2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher,whetherthewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsof translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodology nowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthis publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesare exemptfromtherelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthorsandtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformation in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publishernortheauthorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespectto thematerialcontainedhereinorforanyerrorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.The publisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitu- tionalaffiliations. Coverillustration:DarkenedStudio/AlamyStockPhoto Printedonacid-freepaper ThisPalgraveMacmillanimprintispublishedbySpringerNature TheregisteredcompanyisSpringerInternationalPublishingAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland A CKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would first like to acknowledge the extraordinary people of Lebanon whose resilience and positivity captivated me during my years in Beirut. Thank you to my Lebanese friends Vicken Vanlian and Samer Sakr for theirgenerosity andsupport. I would like to thank my supervisor at the London School of Economics (LSE), Associate Professor Kirsten Schulze who inspired me to make that first trip to Lebanon and who has guided me through the various iterations of this book. Thank you also goes to Professor Fawaz GergesfromtheLSEforhistimeandsupportinpublishingthisresearch. A very special thank you goes to Louisa Greene from the LSE for her encouragement, anddeepest appreciationgoes toDr.KaoukabChebaro, Claude Matar and Hrag Vosgerichian from the American University of Beirut Archives as well as Drs. Fawaz Traboulsi and Dr. Aliya Saidi from the Center for Arab and Middle Eastern Studies at the AUB for their outstanding expertiseon allthingsLebanese. IoweabigthankstoUSArchivistsRayWilson,KeithShulerandMary BurtzloffattheRonaldReagan,JimmyCarterandDwightD.Eisenhower ArchivesaswellasAmandaLeinbergerattheUnitedNationsArchivesin New York. This book is ultimately dedicated to my parents, Dr. Margaret and Dr.Miklos Varady,withoutwhom it wouldnever havebeen completed. v C ONTENTS 1 Introduction 1 2 Lebanon:ACrowded StateWithout a Nation 21 3 DiscontinuityandLegacy:US PolicyinLebanon andthe Middle East 45 4 OperationPeace for Galilee andthe Establishment ofthe MNFI 77 5 Returnof the Marines andthe MultinationalForceII 111 6 TheSoviet-Syrian Alliance andthe Battleof Soukel Gharb 143 7 TheMarine Barracks Bombing anda‘Vigorous Self-Defense’ 167 8 LeavingThrough theBack Door: The FinalDays ofthe US Intervention inLebanon 211 9 Conclusion: Lessonsfor the Future:The Use of Force ina PeacemakingIntervention 243 vii viii CONTENTS Bibliography 255 Index 271 L A IST OF BBREVIATIONS AAPSS TheAnnalsoftheAmericanAcademyofPoliticalandSocialScience AIPAC AmericanIsraelPublicAffairsCommittee APP AmericanPresidencyProject AWACS AirborneWarningandControlSystems CENTO CentralEasternTreatyOrganization CIA CentralIntelligenceAgency CLOHP CarterLibraryOralHistoryProject CMF CombinedMaritimeForces CPPG CrisisPre-PlanningGroup DDEPL DwightD.EisenhowerPresidentialLibrary DNC DemocraticNationalCommittee DNSA DigitalNationalSecurityArchive DOD DepartmentofDefence DOSA DepartmentofStateArchives DSB DepartmentofStateBulletin FCO ForeignandCommonwealthOffice FMS ForeignMilitarySupplies FOIA FreedomofInformationAct FRUS ForeignRelationsoftheUnitedStates GOL GovernmentofLebanon IDF IsraeliDefenceForce IPPRC InternationalPublicPolicyResearchCorporation IPS InstituteforPalestineStudies JCPL JimmyCarterPresidentialLibrary JCS JointChiefsofStaff ix x LISTOFABBREVIATIONS JVL JewishVirtualLibrary L’OLJ L’OrientLeJour LAF LebaneseArmedForces LAT LosAngelesTimes LOC LibraryofCongress MAPS MilitaryAssistancePrograms MARG MediterraneanAmphibiousReadyGroup MAU MarineAmphibiousUnits(UnitedStates) Memcon Memorandumofconversation METO MiddleEastTreatyOrganization MFO MultinationalForceandObserversintheSinai MNF MultinationalForceinLebanon MNFI FirstMultinationalForce(18August–10September1982) MNFII SecondMultinationalForce(20September1982–30March1984) NARA NationalArchivesandRecordAdministration NATO NorthAtlanticTreatyOrganization NER NearEastReport NPO PopularNasseriteOrganization NSA NationalSecurityAffairs NSC NationalSecurityCouncil NSDD NationalSecurityDecisionDirective NSPG NationalSecurityPlanningGroup NYT TheNewYorkTimes ONA OfficeofNationalAssessment OPEC OrganizationofthePetroleumExportingCountries PLO PalestineLiberationOrganization PPP PublicPapersofthePresidents PREM BritishPrimeMinister’sPapers PRM PresidentialReviewMemorandum RAC RemoteArchiveCaptureProgram ROE RulesofEngagement RRPL RonaldReaganPresidentialLibrary SAF SyrianArmedForces SALT StrategicArmsLimitationTalks SAM Surface-to-AirMissile SARG SyrianArabRepublicGovernment SFRC SenateForeignRelationsCommittee TARP TacticalAirborneReconnaissancePod UKNA UnitedKingdomNationalArchives UNARMS UnitedNationsArchivesandRecordsManagementSection UNIFIL UnitedNationsInterimForceinLebanon LISTOFABBREVIATIONS xi UNSC UnitedNationsSecurityCouncil USG UnitedStatesGovernment USMNF UnitedStatesMarinecontingentoftheMNFII WHCF WhiteHouseCentralFile WP TheWashingtonPost WSJ TheWallStreetJournal
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