US Department of Transportation Federal Highway Administration Research and Development ...

225 Pages·2016·12.34 MB·English

. .S.U tnemtrapeD fo noitatropsnarT
laredeF yawhgiH noitartsinimdA
hcraeseR dna tnempoleveD
knabriaF-renruT yawhgiH hcraeseR retneC
0036 nwotegroeG ekiP
,naeLcM AV 6922-10122
FOREWORD
A yek egnellahc decaf yb sreenigne gnisu eht 3991 OTHSAA ediuG for ngiseD of Pavement
serutcurtS OTHSAA( )ediuG si eht noitceles fo etairporppa ngised values rof eht edargbus lios
dna rof eht tnemevap .slairetam litnU ,won eht noitamrofni elbaliava ot pleh sreenigne esoohc
etairporppa values sah neeb .etelpmocni sihT troper stnemucod eht sisylana fo eht mreT-gnoL
tnemevaP ecnamrofreP )PPTL( atad detcudnoc ot poleved erom etelpmoc noitamrofni no siht
.tcejbus ehT cificeps senilediug dna serudecorp depoleved hguorht siht sisylana erew detneserp
ni a series fo eerht ngised stelhpmap :gnisserdda (1) eht noitceles fo etairporppa ngised values ot
eziretcarahc eht edargbus ,lios (2) noitaterpretni fo tnemevap noitcelfed ,atad dna (3)
noitaziretcarahc fo eht tnemevap .slairetam esehT stelhpmap era ngiseD telhpmaP for eht
noitanimreteD of ngiseD edargbuS iludoM in troppuS of eht 3991 OTHSAA ediuG for eht ngiseD
of Pavement serutcurtS ,)380-79-DR-AWHF( ngiseD telhpmaP for eht noitaluclackcaB of
Pavement reyaL iludoM in troppuS of eht 3991 OTHSAA ediuG for eht ngiseD of Pavement
serutcurtS ,)670-79-DR-AWHF( dna ngiseD telhpmaP for eht noitanimreteD of dereyaL Elastic
iludoM for Flexible Pavement ngiseD in troppuS of eht 3991 OTHSAA ediuG for eht ngiseD of
Pavement serutcurtS .)770-79-DR-AWHF(
noitacilppA fo eht serudecorp dna senilediug depoleved hguorht siht sisylana lliw etatilicaf dna
evorpmi noitacilppa fo eht OTHSAA ediuG elbixelf tnemevap ngised .serudecorp riehT esu lliw
:edivorp (1) devorpmi ,sngised (2) erom citsilaer setamitse fo tnemevap ,ecnamrofrep dna (3)
erom tnetsisnoc esu fo eht OTHSAA ngised .sretemarap ,eromrehtruF hguohtla eht serudecorp
era yllacificeps depoleved rof esu htiw eht 3991 OTHSAA ,ediuG rieht esu lliw give seicnega a
gel“ ”pu no noitatnemelpmi fo eht ngised serudecorp gnieb depoleved rof noisulcni ni eht 2002
OTHSAA ediuG roF ngiseD of weN dna detatilibaheR Pavement .serutcurtS
sihT troper lliw eb fo tseretni ot esoht involved ni eht tnempoleved fo wen serudecorp rof
tnemevap ngised dna lairetam ,noitaziretcarahc as llew as esoht ohw hsiw ot dnatsrednu eht
lacinhcet sisab rof eht decnerefer ngised .stelhpmap
rotceriD
eciffO fo gnireenignE hcraeseR & tnempoleveD
ECITON
sihT tnemucod si detanimessid rednu eht pihsrosnops fo eht tnemtrapeD fo noitatropsnarT ni eht
tseretni fo noitamrofni .egnahcxe ehT detinU setatS tnemnrevoG semussa on ytilibail rof sti
stnetnoc or esu .foereht sihT troper seod ton etutitsnoc a ,dradnats ,noitacificeps or .noitaluger
ehT detinU setatS tnemnrevoG seod ton esrodne stcudorp or .srerutcafunam edarT or ’srerutcafunam
seman raeppa niereh ylno esuaceb yeht era deredisnoc laitnesse ot eht evitcejbo fo siht .tnemucod
LACINHCET TROPER NOITATNEMUCOD EGAP
,I tropeR .oN .2 tnemnrevoG noisseccA .oN .3 s’tneipioeR Sol,etaC .oN
580-79-DR-AWHF
.4 eltiT and Subtitle .5 *apeR etaD
SESYLANA GNITALER TO TNEMEVAP
yrahnaJ 8991
LAIRETAM SNOITAZIRETCARAHC DNA
RIEHT STCEFFE NO TNEMEVAP
.6 gnimrofreP noitaktagrO edoC
ECNAMROFREP
.7 )@rohtuA .8 gnimrofreP noitazinagrO tropeR .oN
dloraH noV sutniuQ dna nairB htrowsgnilliK J/10-59RB
.9 gnimrofreP noitazin@rO emaN and sserddA .OI kroW tinU .oN )SIART(
tnerB tuhuaR gnireenignE .cnI B6C
0428 ,capoM etiuS 022
,nitsuA saxeT 95787 I .I tcartnoC ro tnarG .oN
92000-C-59-16HFTD
.21 SnirosnopS ycnegA emaN and sserddA .31 epyT fo tropeR and doireP derevoC
ecltfO fo gnireenignE R & D Final tropeR 59/4 - 69/8
laredeF yawhgiH noitartsinimdA
0036 nwotegroeG ekiP .41 gnirosnopS ycnegA edoC
,naeLcM AV 6922-10122 C-03PCH
.SI yratnemelppuS setoN
gnitcartnoC s’reciffO lacinhceT evitatneserpeR :)RTOC( lyrehC nellA ,rethciR .03-RNH ERB :ffats ymA
,nospmiS miT ,nitraM kraM ,tnegraS dna yrreJ .nedielaD
.61 tcartsbA
sihT troper stneserp eht sisylana detcudnoc no gnitaler tnemevap ecnamrofrep ro esnopser serusaem dna ngised
snoitaredisnoc ot cificeps tnemevap sreyal gnizilitu atad deniatnoc ni eht gnoL mreT tnemevaP ecnamrofreP
margorP lanoitaN noitamrofnI tnemeganaM .metsyS ehT laog fo siht hcraeser ytivitca saw ot ecnahne
noitatnemelpmi dna esu fo eht 3991 OTHSAA ngiseD ediuG hguorht devorpmi slairetam snoitaziretcarahc
,yllacificepS eht sucof fo siht hcraeser ytivitca saw ot yfitnedi eht secnereffid taht tsixe neewteb yrotarobal
derusaem dna detaluclackcab tneiliser ;iludom enimreted eht ytilibacilppa fo eht C ,seulav eganiard ,stneiciffeoc
dna evitaler egamad srotcaf taht era dedulcni ni eht ngiseD ;ediuG dna edivorp serudecorp ot yletauqeda
redisnoc eht lanosaes noitairav fo lairetam seitreporp sa detaler ot elbixelf tnemevap .sngised desaB no eseht
,stluser ngised stelhpmap evah neeb deraperp ni troppus fo eht OTHSAA ngiseD .ediuG esehT ngised
stelhpmap era detnemucod dna dedulcni ni rehto .stroper ehT stluser detroper ereh form eht sisab dna
dnuorgkcab rof esoht ngised .stelhpmap
.71 yeK sdroW .81 noitubirtsiD tnemetatS
tnemevaP ,ecnamrofreP ,noitaluclackcaB PPTL ataD oN .snoitcirtser sihT tnemucod si elbaliava ot eht
,esaB tneiliseR ,suludoM ,noitcelfeD OTHSAA ,ediuG cilbup hguorht eht lanoitaN lacinhceT noitamrofnl
,eganiarD edargbuS noitazilibatS ,ecivreS ,dleifgnirpS ainigriV .16122
.91 ytiruceS .fissalC fo( siht )troper .02 ytiruceS .fissalC fo( siht )egap 2 .1 rebmuN fo segaP .22 ecirP
deifissalcnU deifissalcnU 322
noitcudorpeR fo detelpmoC egaP dezirohtuA
2421-LT-SD .veR( )67/6 elimiscaF
ETAMIXORPPA SNOISREVNOC OT IS STINU ETAMIXORPPA SNOISREVNOC MORF IS STINU
lobmyS nehW uoY wonK ylpltluM yB oT dniF lobmyS lobmyS nehW uoY wonK ylpltluM yB oT dnlF lobmyS
HTGNEL HTGNEL
ni sehcni 25.4 sretemillim mm sretemillim 0.039 sehcni ni
ft teef 0.305 sretem m m sretem 3.28 teef ft
dy sdray 0.914 sretem m sretem 1.09 Sf=Y dy
im selim 1.61 sretemolik mk Ifm sretemolik 0.621 selim im
AERA AERA
*ni erauqs sehcni 645.2 erauqs sretemillim *mm mm2 erauqs sretemillim 0.0016 erauqs sehcni 2ni
v erauqs teef 0.093 erauqs sretem m2 erauqs sretem 467.bl erauqs teef w
@Y erauqs sdray 0.636 erauqs sretem m2 ;: erauqs sretem 1.195 erauqs sdray @Y
ca serca 0.405 seratceh ah ah seratceh 2.47 serca ca
Pm erauqs selim 2.59 erauqs sretemolik *mk 2mk erauqs sretemolik 0.386 erauqs selim Pm
EMULOV EMULOV
ZOR fluid secnuo 29.57 sretilillim mL mL sretilillim 0.034 fluid secnuo R zo
gal snollag 3.785 sretil L L sretil 0.264 snollag lag
ff libuc teef 0.026 cibuc sretem am cibuc sretem 35.71 cibuc teef fr
@Y cibuc sdray 0.765 cibuc sretem P-n $ cibuc sretem 1.307 llbuc sdray @Y
:ETON semuloV retaerg naht 0ool I tlahs eb nwohs ni r?.
SSAM SSAM
2bp secnuo 28.35 Qr== 9 Sn=rQ 0.035 secnuo zo
sdnuop 0.454 smargolik gk smargolik 2.202 sdnuop bl
T short snot (2006 )bl 0.907 smargagem smargagem 1.103 short snot (2000 )bl T
(or cirtem‘ ton’) ;=r, (or cirtem‘ ton’)
ERUTAREPMET )tcaxe( ERUTAREPMET )tcaxe(
OF tiehnerhaF 5(F32)/9 suicfeC C“ C“ suicleC C6.1 + 32 tiehnerhaF “F
erutarepmet or 8.1y23F( erutarepmet erutarepmet erutarepmet
NOITANIMULLI NOITANIMULLI
fC setfKractoof 10.76 xul xl xl xuI 0.0829 seldnactoof fc
II strebmaL-toof 3.426 2m/alednac nrUa 2m&c *m/alednac 0.2919 strebmaL-toof fl
ECROF dna ERUSSERP ro SSERTS ECROF dna ERUSSERP ro SSERTS
Ibf ecrofdnuop 4.45 snotwen N N snotwen 0.225 ecrofdnuop Ibf
?ri/fbl ecrofdnuop rep 6.89 slacsapolik aPk aPk slacslxfolik 0.145 ecrofdnuop rep ni/fbI
erauqs hcni erauqs hcni
IS si eht lobmys for eht lanoitanretnI metsyS of .stinU etairporppA desiveR( rebmetpeS 1993)
gnidnuor dluohs eb edam to ylpmoc htiw noftceS 4 of MTSA .063E
TABLE OF STNETNOC
egaP .oN
.1 NOITCUDORTNI ................................................................ 1
1.1 dnuorgkcaB .............................................................. 1
2.1 StudyObjectives .......................................................... 3
3.1 tropeRfoepocS ........................................................... 4
.2 PPTL ATAD ROF YDUTS SESYLANA .............................................. 5
1.2 tseuqeRataD ............................................................. 5
2.2 ataD Availability ......................................................... 11
1.2.2 TrafficData ........................................................ 11
2.2.2 Environmental ataD ................................................. 21
3.2.2 slairetaM tseT .ataD ................................................. 21
4.2.2 gnirotinoM ataD .................................................... 31
5.2.2 noitatilibaheR/ecnanetniaM ataD ....................................... 31
3.2 ataD toN in eht ataD esaB ................................................. 41
4.2 smelborP With ataD Available From eht ataD esaB ............................. 51
5.2 ataD noitazinagrO dna gnissecorP ........................................... 22
.3 NOITANIMRETED OF DEREYAL CITSALE ILUDOM - YROTAROBAL STSET .......... 42
1.3 yrotarobaL tneiliseR suludoM tseT stluseR .................................... 72
2.3 dedarG-esneD tlahpsA etercnoC Mixtures ..................................... 72
3.3 slairetaMdnuobnU ....................................................... 93
4.3 raenilnoN Elastic stnenopxE/tneiciffeoC denimreteD From lacisyhP seitreporP ........ 74
.4 NOITANIMRETED OF DEREYAL CITSALE ILUDOM - DETALUCLACKCAB
MORF NOITCELFED SNISAB .................................................... 75
1.4 noitacilppA dna esU of noitcelfeD stnemerusaeM ............................... 75
1.1.4 ataD ycnetsisnoC dna ycaruccA ........................................ 5 8
2.1.4 noitcelfeD ataD noitaterpretnI ......................................... 95
2.4 noitaluclackcaB ssecorP ................................................... 16
1.2.4 ”melborP“ noitcelfeD snisaB .......................................... 26
2.2.4 noitcudeR of noitcelfeD gnihctaM rorrE Term ............................ 87
3.2.4 suludoM soitaR ..................................................... 08
3.4 Differences neewteB yrotarobaL denimreteD dna detaluclackcaB Elastic iludoM ...... 78
1.3.4 yrotarobaL dna nI Situ snoitidnoC ..................................... 88
2.3.4 erutarepmeT tneidarG snoitaredisnoC for tlahpsA etercnoC Mixtures .......... 98
3.3.4 etatS-ssertS snoitaredisnoC for dnuobnU slairetaM ........................ 69
4.3.4 ssertS Sensitivity of Pavement erutcurtS ................................ 701
5.3.4 etapissiD Work snoitaredisnoC ....................................... 801
.5 ERUTSIOM STCEFFE DNA EGANIARD STNEICIFFEOC ............................ 511
1.5 smetsySeganiarD ...................................................... 711
1.1.5 esabbuS/esaB sreyaL ............................................... 711
2.1.5 sreyaLedargbuS ................................................... 711
2.5 ataD desU in sesylanA ................................................... 811
. . .
111
TABLE OF STNETNOC (Continued)
ew-?& .oN
3.5 erutsioM Effects no Pavement ecnamrofreP .................................. 911
4.5 OTHSAA eganiarD Coefficients ........................................... 431
1.4.5 Flexible .......................................................... 431
2.4.5 digiR ............................................................ 531
3.4.5 Evaluation of eht eganiarD Coefficients ................................ 531
5.5 noitcudeR of reyaL iludoM gniruD detarutaS snoitidnoC ........................ 631
.6 EDARGBUS NOITAZIRETCARAHC DNA NOITAZILIBATS ......................... 731
1.6 Available ataD From eht PPTL ataD esaB .................................... 731
1.6 .l sepyT dna rebmuN of stcejorP ........................................ 731
2.1.6 Traffic ataD ....................................................... 931
2.6 edargbuS noitaziretcarahC for ngiseD ....................................... 041
1.2.6 noitanimreteD of Effective tneiliseR suludoM ........................... 041
2.2.6 esU of eht egamaD .tpecnoC ......................................... 141
3.6 Effect of dezilibatS edargbuS no ecnamrofreP of Flexible Pavements .............. 341
1.3.6 IRIvs.Age ....................................................... 341
2.3.6 IRI vs. eugitaF gnikcarC ............................................. 941
4.6 Effect of dezilibatS sedargbuS no Pavement seitreporP ......................... 051
.7 LANOSAES NOITAIRAV OF TNEMEVAP SLAIRETAM ............................ 651
1.7 lanosaeS Effects no Pavement slairetaM ..................................... 851
1.1.7 ataD desU in Evaluations ............................................ 851
2.1.7 Limitations of Evaluation ........................................... 261
2.7 tlahpsA etercnoC slairetaM ............................................... 261
3.7 dnuobnU esaB dna esabbuS slairetaM ....................................... 661
4.7 slioSedargbuS ......................................................... 171
.8 FWD EMIT-NOITCELFED ATAD DNA TNEMEVAP ECNAMROFREP ................. 771
1.8 dnuorgkcaB ............................................................ 771
2.8 noitcelfeD-daoL esnopseR ataD ............................................ 771
1.2.8 noitacilppA of Impact daoL .......................................... 771
2.2.8 kaeP noitcelfeD Time ............................................... 871
3.2.8 esnopseR yrevoceR Time ............................................ 871
3.8 DissipatedWork.. ...................................................... 781
1.3.8 Pavement larutcurtS scitsiretcarahC .................................... 881
2.3.8 Pavement ecnamrofreP snosirapmoC ................................... I 88
4.8 yrammuS .............................................................. 691
.9 SNOISULCNOC DNA SNOITADNEMMOCER ..................................... 791
1.9 sgnidniF From eht ataD sesylanA .......................................... 791
1.1.9 lairetaM gnitseT dna noitaziretcarahC seussI ............................ 791
2.1.9 noitaluclackcaB of reyaL iludoM for ngiseD sesopruP ..................... 991
2.9 laitnetoP smelborP/snrecnoC With eht PPTL ataD esaB ......................... 102
SECNEREFER . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . , . . 302
iv
List of Figures
.1 ngiseD serudecorp desu no a enituor sisab yb etatS yawhgiH seicnegA
ssorca eht detinU setatS )2( . , , . . . . . , . . . . . . . , , . . , . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
.2 edargbuS sretemarap desu for flexible pavement sngised ssorca
eht detinU setatS )2( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
.3 nosirapmoC of total dna suoenatnatsni resilient suludom for dedarg-esned
tlahpsa etercnoc materials derevocer dna detset from eht SPG sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82
.4 margotsiH of eht tceridni elisnet shtgnerts derusaem ta 52 C“ 77( OF) for -esned
dedarg tlahpsa etercnoc mixtures derevocer from eht SPG sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03
.5 pihsnoitaleR neewteb tceridni elisnet htgnerts dna total resilient suludom
for tlahpsa etercnoc materials/mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . 3 1
.6 margotsiH of eht total resilient suludom of tlahpsa etercnoc materials
derusaem ta eht eerht tset serutarepmet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . 23
.7 margotsiH of s’nossioP soitar for hcae tset erutarepmet for eht
tlahpsa etercnoc mixtures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . , , . . .*............... 43
.8 trahC for eht total resilient suludom vs. erutarepmet gnisu tceridni
snoitidnocgnidaolelisnet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53
.9 lacitreV dna latnoziroh snoitamrofed derusaem gnirud daol-detaeper
tceridni elisnet gnitset ta 5 C“ 14( OF) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63
.01 lacitreV dna latnoziroh snoitamrofed derusaem gnirud daol-detaeper
tceridni elisnet gnitset ta 52 CO 77( )F“ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , , . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . 73
.11 lacitreV dna latnoziroh snoitamrofed derusaem gnirud daol-detaeper
tceridni elisnet gnitset ta 04 CO 401( )F“ . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . , . . , . . . . . , . . , . . . . . , , 83
.21 stluseR from daol-detaeper triaxial resilient suludom stset
demrofrep no dnuobnu esab materials dna edargbus soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04
,31 margotsiH of resilient suludom ta specific sserts setats for dnuobnu -esraoc
dna deniarg-enif soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
.41 margotsiH of eht *R term gnisu noitauqe 5 ot fit eht yrotarobal daol-detaeper
resilient suludom tset atad for dnuobnu materials dna soils . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
V
List of Figures (Continued)
.51 margotsiH of eht K, elastic coefficient for eht dnuobnu materials dna
sliosedargbus .,...,...,....,.............,.,................................... 44
.61 margotsiH of eht K, elastic tnenopxe for eht dnuobnu materials dna
edargbus soils .,..,...* *....,*.*.,...............,.., *.......*...........,....,. 54
.71 margotsiH of eht 3K elastic tnenopxe for eht dnuobnu materials dna
edargbus soils . . . . . . . . .,.................................................,...... 64
.81 lacipyT dezilamron noitcelfed snisab htiw wol rorre terms (i.e., eht esu
of elastic reyal yroeht is elbacilppa for gnizylana eseht )snisab , . . . . . . . , . . . . , . . . , . . , . , . , . , , 46
.91 epyT I dezilamron noitcelfed snisab , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . 46
.02 epyT II dezilamron noitcelfed snisab . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..I..... 56
2 .1 epyT III dezilamron noitcelfed snisab . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . 56
.22 Limiting suludom criteria of dnuobnu esab dna esabbus sreyal )62( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
.32 margotsiH of eht detaluclac suludom soitar neewteb tnecajda dnuobnu
edargbus/tnemevap sreyal , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
.42 nosirapmoC of tset stluser neewteb denifnocnu noisserpmoc
.)8(stsetelisnettceridnidna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . , . . . 19
.52 nosirapmoC of serutarepmet derusaem ta eht ecafrus ot esoht derusaem woleb
1-SPGehtrofecafruseht setis2dna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29
.62 lacihparG illustration of erudecorp desu ot enimreted eht htped ta hcihw eht
erutarepmet is ot eb denimreted for esu in eht yrotarobal os taht eht
derusaem dna detaluclackcab moduli era lauqe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . , . . . . , . . . , . , . , 39
.72 nosirapmoC of yrotarobal derusaem values denimreted ta eht htped-dim
erutarepmet ot eht detaluclackcab moduli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . , . 49
.82 lacihparG illustration for erudecorp desu ot enimreted eht sserts setats ot eb
desu in eht yrotarobal os taht eht derusaem dna detaluclackcab moduli era lauqe , . . . , . . , . . . . . 001
.92 lacihparG illustration of eht vertical profile of sesserts in a reyal for gnitauqe
yrotarobal derusaem ot detaluclackcab moduli . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . 01 1
vi
List of Figures (Continued)
Fimre
.03 lacihparG nosirapmoc of detaluclackcab dna yrotarobal derusaem moduli for
eht esab dna esabbus sreyal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 501
3 .1 lacihparG nosirapmoc of detaluclackcab dna yrotarobal derusaem moduli
sliosedargbusrof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..I.. 601
.23 lacipyT deflection-time yrotsih atad detcelloc gnirud FWD gnitset dna eht
detaicossa detapissid krow for a SPG site taht sah elastic roivaheb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . , . . . . 901
.33 lacipyT deflection-time yrotsih atad detcelloc gnirud FWD gnitset dna eht
detaicossa detapissid krow for a SPG site taht sah viscoelastic roivaheb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 011
.43 lacipyT deflection-time yrotsih atad detcelloc gnirud FWD gnitset dna eht
detaicossa detapissid krow for a SPG site taht sah viscoelastic dna plastic roivaheb . . . . , . . . . . 111
.53 ycneuqerF of difference neewteb optimum dna lautca erutsiom stnetnoc for
ralunarg esab sreyal in SPG snoitces htiw on positive eganiard metsys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . 421
.63 ycneuqerF of difference neewteb optimum dna lautca erutsiom stnetnoc
for ralunarg esab sreyal in SPG snoitces htiw positive eganiard smetsys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 521
.73 nosirapmoC of difference neewteb optimum dna lautca erutsiom stnetnoc
for edargbus soils in 1-SPG dna 2-SPG snoitces htiw on positive eganiard metsys . . . . . . , , . . . 621
.83 nosirapmoC of difference neewteb optimum dna lautca erutsiom stnetnoc for
edargbus soils in 1-SPG dna 2-SPG snoitces htiw positive eganiard smetsys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721
.93 atosenniM lanosaes site stnemerusaem for noitatipicerp dna erutsiom
morfstnetnoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 821
.04 atosenniM lanosaes site stnemerusaem for esab dna edargbus erutsiom
stnetnoc from 4991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 921
.14 atosenniM lanosaes site stnemerusaem in eht ralunarg ,esab gnidulcni detaluclackcab
resilient suludom from 4991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 031
.24 saxeT lanosaes site stnemerusaem for noitatipicerp dna erutsiom
morfstnetnoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
.34 saxeT lanosaes site stnemerusaem for esab dna edargbus erutsiom
morfstnetnoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231
.44 saxeT lanosaes site stnemerusaem in eht ralunarg ,esab gnidulcni detaluclackcab
resilient suludom from 4991 . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . , . . 331
vii
List of Figures (Continued)
ewmiF ewP .oN
.54 trahC for estimating effective debdaor soil resilient suludom for flexible
pavements dengised gnisu eht serviceability criteria )1( . . . , , . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . , . . , 831
.64 Example of IRI versus time for SPG sites htiw yalc sedargbus . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 541
.74 Example of IRI versus time for SPG sites htiw silt sedargbus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641
.84 Example of IRI versus time for SPG sites htiw dnas sedargbus . . , . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 741
.94 Example of IRI versus time for SPG sites htiw gravel sedargbus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841
.05 margotsiH dna nosirapmoc of detceles volumetric seitreporp of edargbus soils
htaeneb a dezilibats edargbus reyal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . , 51 1
5 .1 margotsiH dna nosirapmoc of detceles volumetric seitreporp of ydnas
sedargbus gnitroppus pavements tuohtiw yna dezilibats edargbus reyal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 251
.25 margotsiH dna nosirapmoc of detceles volumetric seitreporp of yalc sedargbus
gnitroppus pavements tuohtiw yna dezilibats edargbus reyal . . . . . . . . , . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . , . . 351
.35 Examples of eht detapissid krow denimreted from eht deflection-time seirotsih
dedrocer gnirud noitcelfed gnitset no a pavement tuohtiw a dezilibats edargbus
reyal sa derapmoc ot a pavement htiw a dezilibats edargbus . . . . , , . . . . . . , . . . . , . . , . . . . . . . , 551
.45 egnaR dna egareva values for reyal htgnerts coefficients of esoht s’AHS
gnisu eht 2791 ro 39/6891 OTHSAA serudecorp for flexible pavement ngised . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751
.55 lanosaeS variation of eht dezilamron detaluclackcab reyal moduli for
tlahpsa etercnoc mixture ta eerht of eht lanosaes sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . , . . . . , . . . . 951
.65 lanosaeS variation of eht dezilamron detaluclackcab reyal moduli for
dnuobnu ralunarg esabbus/esab materials ta eerht of eht lanosaes sites . . . . . . , . . , . . . , . . . , , . . 061
.75 lanosaeS variation of eht dezilamron detaluclackcab reyal moduli for eht
edargbus soils ta eerht of eht lanosaes sites . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . 161
.85 pihsnoitaleR neewteb tlahpsa etercnoc elisnet sniarts detaluclac htiw elastic
reyal yroeht of eht total rebmun of Nk-08 )pik-81( ’s’LASE . , . . , . . . . , . . . , . , . . . , , . , , . . . . , , 561
.95 stolP of esab stiffness coefficient yb nosaes . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . , . . , . . , , , 961
.06 oitaR of NS desab no lanosaes edargbus rM ot NS desab no ediug . . . . . . . . , . , . . . . . . . . . . . , , 471
. . .
VI11