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Urbanization in India During the British Period (1857–1947) PDF

331 Pages·2020·3.108 MB·English
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Urbanization in India During the British Period (1857–1947) Urban history is a rapidly expanding interdisciplinary field of research. The rate of urban growth in the twentieth century has also stimulated interest in the city as an object of socio-historical inquiry. Some historical studies on individual Indian cities like Bombay, Calcutta, Cawnpore, Delhi, Bangalore, Ahmedabad, Surat and Madras have primarily explored the growth of urban centres by tracing their histories under colonial rule. This study offers a macro picture of the urban process under British administration, giving an understanding of how colonial capitalism shaped and imposed urban patterns in India. It contextualizes the urbanization of India in the world capitalist system of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century, explaining the multifaceted historical conditions in 1857, just before the imposition of direct Crown rule. Sahoo examines the socio-economic developments and demographic changes in India under British rule and analyses the impact of the world capitalist economy, the pattern of urbanization under British rule and the contribution of railways to urbanization. This volume is a profile of India’s primate cities, identifying the core, the periphery and the underdeveloped hinterlands. Dipsikha Sahoo is an independent scholar who formerly worked as Assistant Professor in Sociology at Lovely Professional University and postdoctoral fellow at NCDS, Bhubaneswar. Urbanization in India During the British Period (1857–1947) Dipsikha Sahoo First published 2021 by Routledge 52 Vanderbilt Avenue, New York, NY 10017 and by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon, OX14 4RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business © 2021 Taylor & Francis The right of Dipsikha Sahoo to be identified as author of this work has been asserted in accordance with sections 77 and 78 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Sahoo, Dipsikha, 1983– author. Title: Urbanization in India during the British period (1857–1947) / Dipsikha Sahoo. Description: New York, NY : Routledge, 2021. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2020026055 (print) | LCCN 2020026056 (ebook) | ISBN 9780367224868 (hardback) | ISBN 9780429275142 (ebook) | ISBN 9781000196344 (adobe pdf) | ISBN 9781000196351 (mobi) | ISBN 9781000196368 (epub) Subjects: LCSH: Urbanization—India—History. | Cities and towns—India—Growth—History. | India—History—British occupation, 1765–1947. Classification: LCC HT147.I5 S235 2021 (print) | LCC HT147.I5 (ebook) | DDC 307.760954—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020026055 LC ebook record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2020026056 ISBN: 978-0-367-22486-8 (hbk) ISBN: 978-0-429-27514-2 (ebk) Typeset in Sabon by Apex CoVantage, LLC Contents List of Figures vi List of Tables vii Acknowledgments ix Glossary x 1 Introduction: An Overview of the Study 1 2 India During the East India Company’s Rule 37 3 Socio-Economic and Political Causes of Urbanization in India During the British Period 96 4 Pattern of Urbanization in India During the British Period 154 5 Contribution of Railways to Urbanization in India 195 6 Growth of Satellitic Primates and Other Major Cities in India 227 7 Conclusion 303 Index 315 Figures 2.1 Map of India Under the British East India Company, 1837 40 2.2 Map of India Under the British East India Company, 1857 91 4.1 Rural to Urban Population Ratio 155 4.2 Growth in Number of Towns/Cities and Percentage of Urban Population in Each Class in India 161 4.3 Actual Workers and Dependants in 11 Large Cities 177 4.4 Occupational Structure in 11 Large Cities in 1921 177 5.1 Map of Indian Railways in 1871 prepared by the British Government India Office for the House of Commons Committee 202 5.2 A General Map of Indian Railways, 1909 203 6.1 A View of Calcutta From Fort William by S. Davies, 1807 249 Tables 1.1 Estimates of the Population of the Indian Subcontinent, 1855–1941 22 2.1 Estimates of India’s Population, 300 B.C. to A.D. 1871 41 2.2 Estimates of Population of Three British Presidencies for 1858 42 2.3 Primacy of Ports in Terms of Imports Into India 64 3.1 Growth of Imports and Exports 109 3.2 Four Major Seaports According to the Weightage of the Trade 117 3.3 Growth of Cotton Industries in India 126 3.4 Growth of Tea Plantations in Assam 129 3.5 Coal Output and Persons Employed, 1900–1914 131 3.6 Growth of Jute Mills in India, 1879–1914 136 4.1 Decadal Percentage Growth of Urban Population in India, 1871–1951 156 4.2 Percentage Growth of Urban Population in India During 1872–1951 in Provinces and States 158 4.3 Growth of Class I Cities, 1872–1951 163 4.4 Population Decline in Class II Cities 168 4.5 Percentage Urban Female Sex Ratio 169 4.6 Proportion of Females in Towns in 1901 170 4.7 City-Wise Distribution of Number of Females per 1,000 Males in 1901 170 4.8 Urban Age Structure of 28 Cities of India 171 4.9 Religious Affiliation of the Urban Population (percentage in brackets) 173 4.10 General Occupational Categories Found in the Census of India, 1921 174 4.11 General Distribution of the Population by Occupation in 1891 175 4.12 Occupational Structure in 14 Large Cities in 1901 176 4.13 Occupational Distribution of Urban Population (District-Wise) in 1951 178 viii Tables 4.14 Percentage of Pupils and Literates in Bombay and Calcutta Classified by Gender and Religion 180 4.15 Education Details of the 29 Large Cities in 1901 181 4.16 Fertility Rates in the Three Major Cities Contrasted With Their Provinces, 1921–1941 185 4.17 Death Rates in India (per 1,000) 186 5.1 Major Heads of British Capital Investment in India and Ceylon 196 5.2 Growth of Population of Principal Railway Junctions/ Terminal Towns/Cities, 1872–1951 213 6.1 Decadal Growth of Class I Cities of Bombay Presidency, 1872–1951 228 6.2 Working Age Population in Bombay 229 6.3 Percentage of Native Population in Bombay 230 6.4 Growth of Class I Cities of Bengal, 1872–1951 249 6.5 Distribution of 10,000 of the Population by Quinquennial Age Periods 251 6.6 Religion-Wise Distribution of Literacy in Calcutta City and Suburbs in 1921 252 6.7 Growth of Class I Cities of Madras 271 6.8 Class I Cities of Punjab 284 6.9 Class I Cities of Mysore 291 Acknowledgments I would like to express my thankfulness to each and every one who helped me directly or indirectly in writing this thesis over the last five years. First among these people to whom I am indebted is my supervisor, Professor K. Laxmi Narayan, Department of Sociology, University of Hyderabad. He is the one who constantly motivated me and guided me in every stage of this research. Without his help and moral support, I would not have been in a position to write this. The suggestions given by my doctoral committee members Prof Aparna Rayprol and Dr Sandhya contributed greatly to improving the quality of this research. I would like to thank them for their valuable remarks, com- ments and explanations. The kind of support I received from librarians and other staff at Par- liament Library and National Archives in New Delhi, NIRD and Osma- nia University in Hyderabad are praiseworthy. So I want to express my thankfulness to them too. I would like to acknowledge the support received from Dr Suchismita Satpathy. The help I got from Mr Raghavendra Rao Harnoor, who gave a patient reading and insisted on quality, is worth mentioning. Finally, I thank my parents, family members and husband for their affectionate support and encouragement throughout this work. It’s worth mentioning my little son’s sacrifice, the time he has spent without his mother.

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