Urbanization and the Transition from Agrarian to Industrial Society

28 Pages·2012·0.66 MB·English

UC Berkeley
Berkeley Planning Journal
Title
Urbanization and the Transition from Agrarian to Industrial Society
Permalink
https://escholarship.org/uc/item/7242m3b1
Journal
Berkeley Planning Journal, 13(1)
Author
Fields, Gary
Publication Date
1999
DOI
10.5070/BP313113032
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Copyright 1999 by the author(s). All rights reserved unless otherwise
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CITYS YSTEMUSR,B ANH ISTORANDY , ECONOMIC
MODERNITY
Urbanizaantdi oTtnrh aen siftrioAomgn r artioIa nn dursital
Society
GarFyi elds
Oneo ft hdefie ninigs suients h ter ansfirotmia ognr artioa n
indusstorciiiaeslty r tohplele a ybeyud r baniiznta htciero ena tion
ofi ndustrial maoppdreorantciothty h .ii sss Tduheeer ifrvoimn g
"urbhains t"co orynsoifsi tnst encsaissvete u rdye sefaocrucshe d
onp articuurlbaaprnl acAe ss.e coanppdr oacihns,p irbeyd
tradiitnig oeongsr adpehmyo,g raapnhdpy l.a nnfiocnugs.oe ns
sytsemosfc itietsh reao nlodefs ucshyt semisnp romotainndg
rfleecttihnpegr ocoefse sc onodmeivce lopPmreanctt.i tofi oners
thiaspp roaicnhs tihsatut r bahni stsohryo ublead histoofry
urbanitzhaatttir oann sctehenepxds e rieonfic nedsi vuirdbuaanl
commtuineiTsh.ie ss siaysa c omparainsdco rni toifqm oudee ls
develboypt ehde oristthsis sefr coogmnr do uTph.ec omparison
focuseosn h owf ourb roatdh em-est radper,o duction,
populaatnidso tna.t iel-dbi-unfgun ctiaospn r immeo veorfs
urbanizaantdei coonn ommoidce rnizTahteri eosnu.ol ftt hsi s
comparsiusgognte hsaptto pulamtoivoenm entas d epcliasyi ve
rolien u rbadne velopamnedtn htet ransittoii onnd ustrial
modernibtyu tth epsoep ulasthiiftoasnr eb esutn dersitno od
conjuncwtiitothnh ei mpacotf tsr adpea tteprrnosd.u ction
activaintsdit easti.el -dbiung.
Introduction
Oneo ft hem ots comeplliisnsgu ients h ter satntwfrno m
agrartioai dnnu strsioaclii est y trhloeep lyaedb yu rban
develoipntmh ecenr te aotfii nosndt urmioadle rniCteyn.tt rota ihls
issiutseh p eu zzolfwe h etthhecerti yi tsh aeg eonrtt h per odoufc t
inudstrmioeadrnli azti(oHno heerng1b,99 0)T.h em ethloodgoical
approtaotc hhip su zzdleierv ifnrgo "mu rbhaitnso ry" ,contssi s
primlayor fii ntencsaissvete u rdye searIctfhsco. u sl ies in
decsribtihncegh a rearcitsotfai p casrt icuurlbaparlnc a ea nhdo w
sucihn diidvupaallc esse ravsem icrocoosfbm rso ahditesro rical
trsaofnramitonUsr.b ahnit sorhioewse,v feerrq,u enstulffefyorr m
thsea mwee kanestsheapstl g aueo thietnre nsciavsseet iuedisn
BerkelPelya nniJnogu rna1l3 9(919)I0: 2 1-28
CitSyy stemFsi, elds
tersom ft he olftiiemtnep-do tieanflto trh ien divciadstueoab le
repreisveaenn tgdae tnerbaell.iT!zh aeirasen a lternatoiavceh appr
tot hepo rbleomft hec iy tandi ndtursiiztaailotnh adte,si tpe
emergfirnogtm h ter iatdioofun r bahsnit oriysc, r itoiftc hael
emphaosnpi atsri cruu rlbacaonm muniTthiiasep sp.rh o,ia ncsepdi r
by tirtaiidongn eso gradpehomyg,r aphyp,l aannnfdiou ncsgeo,sn
syesmtso fc itainetdsh relo eo fs ucshy esmtsi np ormotianndg
reflteictnhgpe r ocoefes csoo nmidce velopment oPftr hoipso nents
vieiwn tst ihsautr bhaint sorsyh oublead h istoofury r banization
thtartsa cnentdhesex peroifei nncdieid vuuarlb caonmm untiiaensd
focusoensb roatdh emiens ttarhnes iftrioopmner intdruitsaol
idnustsroiecati(lyd Ver ie1s89,43 :; Hohe& nLbeeer1sg89, 5 2:;
vadne Wro udeeta L1,99 0I:) .
Figeu1 r
SchemaCtoimpca riosfoU nr baHni stya onrd
Histyoo frU rbanization
Urban Histoorfy
History Urbanization
Uniotf IniddiuCvaiylt SystoeCfmt isi es
Analysis
Method InteSnisnigvlee ExteSnyssitveem
CasSet udy CasSet udy
Causal FroImn iddiuval FroHmit sorical
Model CtityHo itsorical Geenriaazltitoon
Geenriaazltion CtiyS ystems
InS earocfah M odel
Thise sys aisa na nalyasnidcs n tloqfut eh iasl ternative
appcrhoa.I tc opmartehsue r ban moofpd ienolese rtihnego rists
frotmh girso uipns eienktgo u ncohvoewrt hien teropffl ouary
brotahde m-etsr apdored,u ctpioopnu,l aatnisdot nab,tu ei lding
- functiaoshn si otripcrailmm oev eorfsb otuhr biazniaotann d
IO ni nteannsedix vtseei cnvaess et urdeys eiantr hcseho csicaile snecee s
Say(1e 99r22 :41 2-51. )
103
BerkePlleayn nJionugr nal
econiocmm odearntiizoTnh.es ourfcoetrsh etshee maesps r imal
forceisnc iy-tbidulinagnt dh ter sainttioio nndt ursisaolct iyde erive
froamv enerhasibtloer pihoyg.r a
Inh icse laetbecrdl asMsediice,vC ailt (ie12s95, t) heem iennt
hsitoroifat nh eM iddlAeg es, PHieenrnrnied ,e veloap ed
comepllmiondgte ol pelxahionwc itiinEe usr orpeee meirngt ehde
elveenctehn tauftreyar p erioofdd o rmancKnyo.w na st he
"PeinrnTeh eisst,h"mi osd aetlt aacs hiendrg i umploartatnoct er ade
ast hcea talyusrtb iazftnaoiroa nn dt hter sainttiooe nc oniocm
moedriynt( Havisgt1h,79u 6ri:x x-ixvA)c.c oirntdgoP iernnteh,e
rebiortfhc itietsh es eicno mnidel nlnirusemlu tefdr oam n
ecoonmircvev iailnE urosppee arhbeyta hdgeer do wotfmh a ritime
commcee.r Thisur braenb icrotnthsu ttiaes dh pab rrewaikt thh e
perioofdt hep redcienDga rkA gesw,h icPhie rnnhea d
charactaesar siozcetiyd"e withfooruetim ganr kelvtiisn igna
condiotfai loomnsc to mptleie stoiloa(nP"ei nrn1e69,9 1:)9 .I nt he
veiwo fP irennea,n tdth rea dreoe fbc iirtttihheai stet negnedred
"marktehdb eeg innoifna g n ewe ria nt hien tehrnsiatlo orfy
WesteEruonrp e("P einrne16,9 9:13 5).W hate megredf rom
Piernn'esac coutntht iarsonf s nit tomi oodeiyrnt wasa ni mgaeo f
thceti ya sa ne ntroeftp roatd e.
Rough1l05yy e abresf oprueib clatoifMo edni eCviatl iAedsa,m
Smitihn h ipsa tehabikrnwgo rkT,he W ealotfNh a tio(n7s17,6 )
develoap peitdcu roeft hceiy tconsstiewnitt mha nyof t he
econioccm hantgaeiksn ga cpieln l aetgieh teenthE-ncgeln.at nudry
WhiSlmei tcho ncetdhreeod pl ely aebdy c itiinfe aiscil ttaitnrga de,
hea lsion tseiudsp otnh cer iuacflun ctioofcn i taisec se ntoefr s
prodiuo(cntS imt1h79,6 L;e pe1t99i4t8:,2 -8C4e)tn.rt aoSl mthi's
theoorfpy r odiuocwnta sh inso tiooftn h dei voinos fil abionar
works-hotph ien afmoupsi fnca to-ryt hamta dper uodction
atcivimtoeire effisc niteF.r otmh dei voinos fli abionarw orkshop
emergehdic so ncoefpa t d ivoinbs eitweetno wann dc ountry,
indturasyn da griceu."l Tthuerarrese o mseo rotfis n dtursyh,e"
note"sw,h iccahnb ec arroine dn owbhueitrn ae g retaotw n"
(Simt1h79,6 I:3 )1.T hufso,Sr m ituhr,b atniioazsnaa c ataolfy st
eocnommiodce rynd iotenso rte msetr ley eoxcnh nage.C tieasr e
focaplo ifnottrsh m ea naucftoufrg eod os.
Beofret heegi hteecnetnht huardye ndeTdh,o maMsa lthus
proivdeyde t anothoefrv iewwaitynh gep henomeonfo n
urbiaazntiaonnd mtodheern e coonmyI.n h iisn eflnutEisasloay n
Popula(1t 97i8oa)nn dt hneu emroeudsi toifot nhsEe s satyh at
fololweMda,l tohutunlsei adr letaionbsehtiwpfe ooednp roudction
anhd umnar eprodiunca tcicuoonnt ifnoprgo pulgartoiwoatnnh d
104
CitSyy stemFsi, elds
declinIen.t hep rocehsesc ,r eaat epdo wermfoudle flo r
copmreenhditnhgpe r coesosfu rbatniioznEa.mb eddiendh is
modewla sa complseeoxtf r letaionsbheitpwset ehnae g rarian
econotmhyue,r beacno noamnytd,h dee moagprhbiechv iaorosf
agrarainadun r bapno ptuiloanIsn.t hel og�ifc t hem? del,
_
populagrtoiwoctnoh u bledu ndersatsfio xoedwd 1 thspme cified
liimttaioinmsops ebdya fi nitset oocfak r laebl anadna dg nlctuural
prodiuvcitUtryb.a niwzaastln iikoentd od emopghriatcr entdhtsa
hiendgu potnh cea piaytoc ft haeg raercioanno tmosy u staan ionn ­
foodp ruodcipnogp ula(tMiaolnt1 h89u6s1:,-4 24W;r iglaenyd
Schofi1e8l9d14,:5 7-4E8l0t1;i8s9 4,1: 60 1-3)9.M althus thus
creaat tehde oirceafatrlm ewofrokrl n ikiunrgb iaztnaiotnot he
agcruiulrtaelc onoamnypd a trntsoe fp opulaantddie oomng raipch
change.
Finlayl,i nc ontrtaost th ee coonmica ndd eomgprhaic
charaicsttoeifurc rsb iaznatfiouonnid nt h weo rokfsP rineneS,mi th
anMda lthMuasxW ,e beirmu betsh ceiy w titahd e cidpeodlliyt ical
dimensIinho iwnso. r Tkh,Ce ity( 129)1,W ebeorb serhvoews the
veyr ideoaf" ubraanr edae"n oatf eosr omf h umaonra gnaitzion
reuqiriannga lyctaitcoearglit ehsa t begyoo encdo niocmsa,n d
intssti hsatthc eo ncefpoatrn sa loyfst ihcseiy tmutsb ep oiltical
(Webe1r59,8 7:4 1;6 981:22 0)F.o Wre betrh,ce iy t,t hrough
polietxieicresscsa, u thyoa rniddto imnatoivoenar nu rbtaenr ryi.t or
Whaittn ereWsetbeedwr a,sh ow ctiyh taes susmuecsth er ritorial
authoTrhikete yty.o t haiust hyol erisii tnt hnea tuorfte hc eiy a ts
"a 'ocmmuint'y withsp ieacl itpiocalanlda dimntirisavte
intsittiuonsI.nW" e bers'w orkt,hc eti yi sp arotfa broader
hsitorpircoacmle arskse bdyt htee ndeonfsc oyec tityoc reeavteer ­
moerp owerifntusilt uftoiproe nerscf tihnugm adno mniatioovne r
thseco iaelcn,oo miacnp,do lietniivocrnamle nWth.tar seulftrso m
thiprsco esosfi ntsitutritaoinoanalat liiioszn pthheen omoefn on
bueraucraWchyee.r t hper coessi ntosift utritaoinoianztlaai lon,
bureaiucca rdiamntsittriaoann,dp olictoincvse trhgeme o,d ern
natsitoanbt egei nFsr.o tmh eem pshiaisnW ebeornt hper oscse of
intsitutirtaoinoanlaa tliioczno,u plweidt ht hec iy tas a
fundamaelnpltoyil tiecnaytl,ei mtergtehsoe u tloifanf earsm eowrk
lnikitnhgce iy tantdh peo liptriocscasel t oefro rriidtaolim ntaion
ansdt abtuein-lgtd,oit hdee veloptmhemenod te nroe fc onomy.
Thesfouer t hemweisls le rvaes t hbeas ifso ar c opmariavte
analaynscdir si tOifwq ourekb syF ernBarnaddue J!a,dn e V ries,
andP auMl. H ohbeenrg/LHyonlnlL eene asl,ol f w homh ave
conbturtiienfdun damewnatyaislnt rsaofnrimnugr bhaints oriyn to
thhesi toorfyu rbiaztnaionD.e sptihtieus ni tiyn t hewiorr k,
howevtehre,m odedlse voepledb y thesheit soridainffser
105
BerkePlleayn nJionugr nal
sutbasinatlilntyh w ea ytsh tahte lyi nk ptrrocaddtueip,oo np,tu iloan
ands tea-tibdluintgou rbaniaznadet cioonnio cmm odeirnaztion.
How thmeosdeed lifsfe irn t heir seiomsnpt hhaese themes, and
therierl asttirveena gnwtdhe sa kneasrtsehe fesoc uosft hseet cions
thfaoltol w.
MaterLiiafalen Mda rkets, Capitaliizsamt iaonnd Urban
Ine xaimniEnugr opceiatnoi fets h ep reinduasntcriieanlt
regiFmeern,a Bnradu daes(kw sh yt hcei toifEe usr owpeer leki e
"ste-aemng"iw nheiscliet tiherso ugthhroeeu ostftt hweo rwledr e
lkie" cclkos("Ba rud(1e,8 915:01 ) H.e b uial" ddsy niacmm odoefl
thteu rlbeunetv oluotfit ohneW e sti,n"o rdteor pelxatihni s
phennoomneF.o Brr aduet(h,te ub rulentchee oWfe sdtut ewo a s
thdee veloopfmc eanpatil titshmad tTie trentEiuartoefpdre ot mh e
resotft hweo rldT.h erefionhr iems,o deolfE uro'psue nique
procoefsu sr batniiozBnar,a uadiem(ts os how itnth haWete s:t
"Caapliitasnmtd o wwnesr bea sliyct ahle stahmi.e"n. ( g.B a rudle,
18915:41) .H isst oorfuy r biaznatiinEo unr oipisen ttiemllaniyk ed
toh iesx planoafht oiwco anpa ilmti esmergfeordm t hpeer nidustrial
econyo.m
InB raeu'ldsh itsoriwcoarllt dh,ee mergeonfcc aep iistma l
begiwnistt hh ceo exiswtietnhtcihepne er intdruiesaclo nomy of
"twuoni vertsweos ,wo afly eisf f oreitgoen a ch o"t( hBaerurd(.e, ..
17976:) .Ex istiinon ngeu n iverarsweeh aBtra udcea(l "ltsh e
strucotfue rveesr yldeia.fy"T hesset rucctounrtseo isfs habits,
custosam nbde hiaovirhnse riftreotdmh pea tshtha utm nab eindog s
uncoinosucasspl ayort f ad airlotyui nTeh.ef yun ctaiso"n nie rtias"
givitnhpgeer nidustercioanlo mayb sietonsfc em o.t Iinto hne
othuenirv erastceii,vt ieexsit shtaa tn tpiacttieh aet triobfu tes
growtahn dde velo-pmaetcnitviitnwi heishc uhm abne inegnste r
itnoe xchanwgietoshn ea nothreeurqii,rn cgo nscpiuopruoss. e
Theseex chafnogretmsh see counnidv erosfte h peer intdruisal
worltdhm,ea rkeecto nyo,wm hiichsd itsicntf rocma pailmti asnd
prediattF.eo sBr r au(di,iet sf r otmh sitsta irpnogi onfct o nscious
exchanignea sm arket hsitthoarbtye giintsps r eoscso f
devleopmtte onwacradpa ilmti asnmdo dernity.
Ini tcso eitxsenwciett hhs et rucotfeu vreerysdl aeiyt,f h mea rket
econofmoryms "af nrtoeirb"e twtehewanht i icushn consacnido us,
capailmti.s Thec apailtipsrto ceemsesr gfeorsm pernidustrial
soiectbyy cahttiiantgls fte ot hmea rkeecto noamnydu sitnhge
strucotfpu orweeasrn pd rilvegiteh aetx iwsitt haip enrni dustrial
soicteyt oa ttaaip no siotfdi oomni nwainitcnhte h mea rkWehte.n
thaeci tviotfim easr ket ecxocmhea nugtnehcd eoe nrt orflo alr ge-
106
CitSyy stemFsi, elds
scamloen oolptiisicne tresmtarsk tsh hesi torpiociaanlttw hich
cpaiatlibseomcm esse parfartotemhd me ar ket
Whtal niktsh pirso coefcs asp iistta ldevetloto hpperm oecnets s
ofu rbaniiztsah treilo oepn ly aebdy c itaisce ast afloytrsrt asad ned
markse.Ft oBrra udet!h,i s osfct iotrmiyae rsk,ae nttdsr ,a bdeeg ins
witach o ncbeoprtr ofwreoPdmi retnhnueer :b raenn aisosfta hnec e
elveentche ntuBrrayud.e !h,o wevterra,n sftohriimsds e bay
shifttihneegm phiasas wafyr omma rittirmeae,da ndf ocusing
isnteoandt hlei angkeosft rabdeet weteonwa nn dc ournyit n
crteiatnhgme ar keecto nomy,
Braudew!r ittehsat th eu rbarne naisisnaE nucreo wpaes
prieipctabtyea dr iosfe" ruvriaolgr ("B arud!e,18 915:01 ) T.h is
rurdayln iamsbmr outgoth htne a scceinttti herese pretsievonefts a
ruraault hyo r-intoblpersi,n acnedse clcesstiiacOsn.c e
esbtlsaihetdh,e usreb saentet lmenbtesc ammaerk teplafcoetrsh e
exchaonfgg oeos d.E vetroyw nno,t Bersad ue"!m,u tps rimlaybr ei
am arkeWti htouatm arkeatt ,o winsi nconce(iBvaraubd!le,e "
18915:0I . ) Braud!se'c oncoeftp htt eo wans" markehto,w"e ver,
invoflavmreo rset hatnhn eo tioofan b azaaatr p ah ysmiacrakle t
sitTeh.te o wans suamr elose ami anr keetc onobmyvy it ruoefi ts
rletaionswihtiihpt ssu orurndirnurgaa erla .T hisr letaionship,
howeviesnr e,v leirim teda s tion tgolwebn e caufsoBerra ,u d!e,
wheetr heirse toonwetn h,ee m rutsb eo thteorws n.S nicteo wsn
canneoxtii sntd epeonfod tehntetor w ntshr,ele taionsbheitpwse en
urbaannrd u rhanilt erlbaencdosgm een leierdazi ntaw oi dsepread
phenom.e nFornomt hesrelet aionsehmierpgse asn urban
"hiaerrchcyo"n siosfat nio nrgdo efrc itainetdsh leni kosf t hese
cittioe st heiirv reru ersaplae icdntoTsmh.i she irarfcorhmysa
patchwoofur rkb an/irnutreiarolan acsnt di s btahiseso ft he
exchainnpge renisd ustsroeictaifylo rimntgh mea rket economy.
Desepo irtigiintn hsve ti ailtoyft hceo uynstircdiet,hi aetdso
overcao mfeun damenptorabll ewmi trhse petcott heriurr al
brertneh.T owsnh atdo r elsvoteh feun damednitvaoilnos fil abor
betwteoewnan n cdo nutrIyno. r dteoer x tit,sh teo whna tsos eceu r
as ourocfse u stefnraonamcg er iucrueTl.hit dse pendreeunqiecrse
thteo wtnod oimnatietr su ralo nessno av sti ore nsurietm sat erial
lvieilhoodA.sa consequceintcrieue,ls te hde aigrr litcuural
hniterl"aanudttsoi clcryaar,le gianrtgdh eemx alcyat sl atpeorw ers
regartdheecdio rl onaintedrs te,ia tnhge ms uacs(h B"ar ud!e1,8 91:
51)0.
Whta enabtlheecst i yt oa ssetrth idso imnanocvee trh e
couynstir-daen lda cyl atioim t osw nf reedoamn adu toomny-
ism oneyFo.Br radue"!m,o nmeeya ntto wsn"w hi"lcei taineds
107
BerkePlleayn nJionugr nal
monecyr eamtoedde yrn"i( tBarudI,e1 8915:1; 11 7971:)5 .M oney
itsh ietn emredairfyo trh mea rkeecto nolmiyn kuirnbagan nrd u ral
araesI.tf or mtsh teh reoafnd est wohroklsdt iongge tthhteer ra de
liangkebse tweteonwa nn dc ountry. cEiutrfioreposem a nt he
perioofud r braenb iurstethdh,p e o weorfm oneayn tdh eciorn trol
ofm arkteoto sv erctohmeedi sira dvanwtiatgrhee ss pteotc hte
coutnriydseI.nr eianptgh bee neofifut nsp aallredlf eeredoomw ing
tot heciorn torfmo oln etyo,w bnesc ame,w iatmlhoo nnyeg,b oth
motoorfsc apiistmaa lndi ndaitocorfst hec paiitsaptlr ocess
(Barudl1e,7 971:)5 .
Aso utpoofsc taispat ltim sodeyrn,ci ittiinte hsWe e sbtu iulpat
ditnsicticvieiv zialt(iBaorund Ie,1 89:15 1)2.T heoyr giazned
tatxiaopnu,b clriiectda ,nc du stso.Tm hefyai claitetldo ndsgit ance
trapdoien,e ebrielodlf es x chafnogirten e rntaiocnoamlem rce, and
ivnentpeubdl diecb Tth.e eym bodainoe udt loofo mkgb alianngd
risTkh.i sm odeurnr bcaunul rtwea sn ot wictohnosueteq sue.n c
Ctiiebse camteh es cenoefc lasstusrg glneosb,l aegsa inst
bouerogipso,oa rg airniscth .
Itfh aeu tonoofcm iyt dieepse nudpeotdnh eaibiirlt tyoc hannel
growbtyhc onotlirlntgh mea rket ecciontwoiemerysae, l stoh e
benaecftoorfas s eco"nmdai crloefp" e rheaqpusia mplo rtainnc e
accnotuifnogtr h erieirvv aanlfd r eedo:mt heiinrd epenfodrme nce
threlu eo ft errriisattleoa stB.r auIrd eem atrhkhassti t oirsfyul olf
urbrabenit rhbsu tth erseeiv vaallsw afyaest urtewdoc ompetitors,
thceti ya ntdh set a.It nep rieovuursb raeniv vahlosw,e vtehsret, a te
wasi nvartihavebci ltyoa rn tdh ceiy twoulbdep lcaedu nder its
yok.e Thes toirnyE uroaptel ,e aisnst o maer eawsa,sq uei t
difrefe(nBta rudle1,8 915:11) .
Thmei arclient hWee swta s snomo utc h etvhetarhtyi snpgr ang
upa gafirno tmh eelv eenctehn t.uT.rh.yem iarcleo ft hfiesr tg reat
urbcaenn tuirnEi uersow paets h tahtce iy [ taosp potsote hdse t ate]
wonh ands adtlo ewanis,nIt t aFllnyad,e arnsGd,e rmaInwtya. s
abltoet rtyh eex pmeerniotfl eiandagc omptleesleyp alreaif tfoer
quitael ontgi mTehi.ws a asc oloesvseanlt .
Twoi enxolraeforb cegsrd auaallltye r theo ftc hheiaasrr alcyt er
pattoefur rnb daenv eloppmoepnutlc:ay tlcieoasnn,t d h ger owth of
thtee rristtoa.rt Tiehaelst ewo p henomaecncao fuonortn going
shiaftmso ncgi tiinte esr omfsr anwki itnht hset rucotftu hree
Europuerabnha einr arcOhfty h.e sef ortcweposo ,p ulgartoiwotnh
andd eclei insf oBrr uadem(o rfeun damenNteavLhe ertletshse,
ascendoaftn hcteye rorriistatlaw thee,gn r aftuepdot nh pirsai rmy
detmeirnnato fh itsoricchaalnc gree,a stweeedp icnhga nwgietsh in
thEeu orpeuarnb saynes mt.
108
CitSyy stmes,F ields
FoBrr audel, urbainsl idenedtkv ote hldeoe pvmeelnotop fm ent
capailtitshmr outghhem ovemeonftp so pulagtrioownat nhd
declinIe,f.t hme arkeetc onoimsty h der ivfiorncgte o ward
capailttim sodeirntayn,d i fc apailtiasnmdu rbiaazntiaornte h e
samteh iinntg h Wee stth,e tnh peu zztlheaB tr aumdues(tr s eolve
witrhe spteouc rtb aniizhsao twti hominasr keetc onoemnyg enders
capailtisBmr.au fidned(ts h aen swetrh pitrsoo bilnte hmwe a yt he
markeetc onoimtys eexlpfa nidnps er nidustsroictaiyle. T he
expnasiooftn h mea rkeetc onoimnty u,m i,sc ontiunpgoetnnh te
eqiuilbriaunmddsi e sqiulriibutmhsoa ctc iuntr h mear keotw itnog
thcer itiinecdpaeln dveanrtio afpb olpeu lgartoiwoatnnh d c ldiene.
Afte1r54 0t hneu mboefpr e opilnEe u roipneec arsrepadi ldy,
foarft etrh Bel cakD eatmha,n kiwansfdor ce-da nd awbal-se
toc ompseantfeo trh heu gleo ssoefls ei dfuritnhgpe r eedcing
cenyt.uT rhisr ecupieocrnoa nttiunnultte ihdne e xgtr eeabtb ing,
thdee omgprhaimce chiasnmat temtpotr emeda ibna lanbcuetd ,
equiiblriwuamsr alryae chieFvoeldl.o owniuenp got nh oet haesr
ipfl an-neodrs oi t steoeh mitsso ri-atnhse esbeba sn fldo ws
revetahrelu lfeostr h leo gn-teterrnm ds ctohnuatetitd no o perate
unttihelegi htecenetnyht( uBarrude1(7,97 9:) .
Populactyliceotsnr saofnrmt hceo ndiotfid oenmsa inndt he
markeetc onoamnypd r eptahrfeeou ndatfiooarnn se w groofu p
hitsoricalt ofie gmuerregtseh le:ra eg-scmaerlceh a.n Tthsese
hitsoriaccatlios rnestr ht emseitlnovt ehmsea rkeltapcaen d leoxipt
dispariint iseuaspn pddl eym afnodcr ommoditiinde ipssa rate
markectasu sbeydt hdei esquirliiubomfsc osntadnetm oagpirhc
shifts.c omBmnyad eereinnmogor usst ocokfgs o oadnstd a ikng
advantoafag retb riaigned ifrefenmtar kettsh,ea scet ofrosr m
intteirnoantraalnd eet workcso ntlthm raaortk eitnsa vitarully
monoopltiiscfsa hi.o nTheyc reaat ef ormo fe xchange
"sosptchaiiteadn dd oimneertihnagrt,e "p resae n"tceodu nter
markettot" h eex charnlegtaei onsbheitpwsie ennd iviidnlu oaclasl
markeltapcePse.r hamporse s iigfinacnttlhye slreag es cale
merchasnutcsc ienes du btvientrghhe i ghrleisytc rtrigevuetl iaons
imopseudp otnh per ocoefse sx chainnlg oec maalr kbeytl so cal
officiaAlcscd.oi rntgoB raud(te,h leo enrga nmdo erd oimenering
theslreag sec-amleer channett wobrekcso maen,dt hem ore
succuelts hsefayr aet f ereitnhge mseflrvolemo sc raellg uations,
"thmeoe rc laertlhyce a pailttiipscr oceemsegsre s("Ba urde1l79,7 :
53.) Witthh girso wotfch a pailtitshmue,r bsayns tbeegmi ntso
chanigtess t ru.c tLuarregmearr kteotw ns ccoonmtemrrocle
betweena ntdco ownunt riyna moer rgeiolnya-lorireanttheedr,
thalno cal, context.
109
BerkePlleayn nJionugr nal
Theg rowotfth h nea tiond usrtitanhtglee a tseit xeenth and
seventceeennttuhcr rieeasat ense wp attoefrnu rbiaaztnion
faeutritnhgee n oorumdse mopghrigacr owotflh a rcgaep ictiatli es.
Pritootr h seit xeecnetnht tuhrpeyor cesosfde esom gprhaigcr owth
fvaoreadlt lo wnisn cdirimsaitnleyw,h atetvheeri r Bsyti hzee .
bengniinogft hes eventceeennttuhlr ayr,cg iet ieesscp,ie ally
capigtraeluwspi , tn h Wee sdtu teot hset eaaddyv aonftc eerr itorial
stast":et hheaycd a uguhpwt i tthh e dhleoganagl olfot pht eo wns"
(Barud!e1,8 915:2 5I)nt. h eaisrc endtahnecssyte,a p treosv oak ed
traonrsamftiiontn h heei rarocfth hyEe u ropuerabna n system -a
movemencte bdiy pn odluiatnildce sdL obnyd aonnPd a sr.i
FoBrr aduet!h,e csaep ictiat"lim aersak t uirnnpgo iinnwt o rld
hsitor(yBr"ad ue!1,89 15:2 7)T.h ehye lpperdo duce national
markewtist hwohuittc hhme o denma tsitoanct oeu nlodet x iIsnt .
thipsrc oestsh,ce a pictiatli esb owttehhr ceea ltyasotfss t ate­
builadniodnu gt coomfse tsaf tormea itonT.h ebye came ocfe nters
poiltiacdaimlnt irtsaiobnu,r eaucracculyt,.u rTeahnebdye came
sybmolosfs taptoew ePre.r hmaoprsie m oprtanitnla ys,si unmagn
ever-grroealitente hre fun ctioofnt sh es tatthee,by e came
populcaetnitoaennr tdsh ucse ntoefcr osn sumpAtsci eonnt.oe fr s
consumptthieco anp,i ctiatlis etsr engtthheein mepdeu slo sf
capiistbmay le ncoiunrtagog,a ne vegnr eaetxetret nhatetc, i vities
ofl aer-gscmaolneoo lptiimsce rchcahnatiI nts .tw haesms eecr hant
netwotrhkamsta dpeo sstihbmela es spirvoievs ioonfil nagr ge
citiFerso.mt hifsca tB,r auddera!w as h ighmleyt aphorical
conclaubsoituohtnre le taionosfch aipapil mti tsoc apiwthaelhnse
rematrhka"stt h'teso mcaho'fL ondaonntd h 'ets omcaho'fP aris
werreve oluatriy(o"Ban rud!1e,79 72:8 ).
Threo loefp opulmaotvieomne anntsdst abtuei-lgdiivnregis s e
too neo ft hmeo ts importcaonntc eipnBt rsad ue'lsw orokn
urbaniaznacdta ipaoilntti d seveloptmhceeon ntc:oe fpd to mniant
citwiietswh oirnel cdo nioemsBr.ua deu!s etshc eo ncoef"p wto rld
economtyoe" x pltahienrl e taionsbheitpw etehnec aiptiaslt
developomfEe unrto apnedt hree sotft hweo rldA .w orld
econormeyfn eorttsot heec onoomfty hw eo rbludtt ot he economy
ofa rgeio"nt toh dee greei tft ormhsa atn e coniocwm hole"
(Barud!e1,79 78:)1 .S ucahne conohmatysh rcehea reartciitscIs):
ito ccupai geisvg eeno pghriascp ac2e)i; t ah paosl oerc enter
represbeyno tneedd o mnianctiy t;a nd3 )i ti sd iivdeidtn o
succescsoinvceen ztoernsi.cF orB radue!E,u rope woirsl da
econotmhyai tni, t ssu cscseitvreao nrmsaftiroenavsle,bs o tthh e
capaiiltstp rocaensdts h per icmyoa fa doimanncti tIyn. ·this
preoscosfc apailttid sevelo,pE muernoutpned eragp oorecse osfs
"centedreicnegn,ta enrrdie encngt,e riinwn hgi"ac c hiy atssumes
110