Urban Water Engineering and Management

620 Pages·2010·15.497 MB·English

by  Mohammad Karamouz, Ali Moridi, Sara Nazif

URBAN
WATER ENGINEERING
AND MANAGEMENT
© 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
URBAN
WATER ENGINEERING
AND MANAGEMENT
MOHAMMAD KARAMOUZ ALI MORIDI SARA NAZIF

eRe Press Is an Imprint of the
Taylor & Francis Group, an Inform. business
© 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press
Taylor & Francis Group
6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300
Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742
© 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business
No claim to original U.S. Government works
Version Date: 20110725
International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-8251-1 (eBook - PDF)
This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reasonable efforts have been made to
publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials
or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material repro-
duced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any
copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint.
Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any
form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming,
and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers.
For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www.copyright.com (http://www.copy-
right.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400.
CCC is a not-for-profit organization that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been
granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged.
Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifica-
tion and explanation without intent to infringe.
Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at
http://www.taylorandfrancis.com
and the CRC Press Web site at
http://www.crcpress.com
© 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Tomywife,Setareh,andmychildren,SabaSaharandMehrdadM.Karamouz
Tomyparents,MaryamandAmir,andmywife,ElaheA.Moridi
Tomyparents,AzarandMostafa,andmybrother,Mohsen,whotaughtmehowto
loveothers

© 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
© 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents
Preface................................................................................................ xix
Acknowledgments....................................................................................xxiii
Authors................................................................................................ xxv
Chapter1 Introduction .......................................................................... 1
1.1 UrbanWaterCycle............................................................ 2
1.1.1 Components........................................................... 2
1.1.2 ImpactofUrbanization............................................... 4
1.2 InteractionofClimatic,HydrologicProcess,andUrbanComponents ..... 5
1.2.1 ClimaticEffects....................................................... 5
1.2.2 HydrologicEffects.................................................... 6
1.2.3 QualitativeAspects ................................................... 7
1.2.4 GreenhouseEffect .................................................... 8
1.2.5 UrbanHotIslands..................................................... 8
1.2.6 CulturalAspects....................................................... 9
1.3 UrbanWaterInfrastructureManagement..................................... 9
1.3.1 LifeCycleAssessment................................................ 10
1.3.2 LifeofUrbanWaterInfrastructure................................... 11
1.3.3 Environmental,Economic,andSocialPerformances............... 12
1.4 UrbanWaterCycleManagement............................................. 12
1.5 SummaryandConclusion..................................................... 14
References............................................................................ 14
Chapter2 GovernanceandUrbanWaterPlanning ............................................ 17
2.1 Introduction.................................................................... 17
2.2 WaterSensitiveUrbanDesign................................................ 18
2.3 WaterGovernance............................................................. 19
2.3.1 ConsequencesofPoorGovernance.................................. 20
2.3.2 WaterGovernanceattheRegionalLevel............................ 20
2.4 GovernanceModels ........................................................... 21
2.4.1 GenericGovernanceModelsforWaterSupply ..................... 21
2.4.2 BuildingaGovernanceModel ....................................... 22
2.4.2.1 ChoosingPrinciples ....................................... 23
2.4.2.2 GoodGovernanceProcesses .............................. 23
2.5 AbsenceofPublicParticipation............................................... 27
2.5.1 ConventionalApproaches ............................................ 27
2.5.2 InformationTechnologyApproaches................................ 27
2.5.3 InternationalApproaches............................................. 28
2.6 RemainingIssues.............................................................. 28
2.7 UrbanPlanning................................................................ 29
2.7.1 RegionalandLocalStrategies........................................ 30
2.7.2 PreparingaLandandWaterStrategy................................ 30
2.7.3 MasterPlans........................................................... 31
vii
© 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
viii Contents
2.8 UrbanWaterPlanning......................................................... 32
2.8.1 ParadigmShift ........................................................ 32
2.8.1.1 ShiftfromtheNewtonianParadigmtotheHolistic
Paradigm ................................................... 32
2.8.1.2 ParadigmsofUrbanWaterManagement ................. 37
2.8.2 LandUsePlanning.................................................... 38
2.8.2.1 DynamicStrategyPlanningforSustainable
UrbanLandUseManagement ............................ 38
2.8.2.2 UrbanandRegionalPlansandtheDSR.................. 41
2.8.2.3 DSRDynamicDecisionSupportSystem................. 42
2.9 UrbanWaterAssessment...................................................... 44
2.9.1 AvailabilityandDemand............................................. 45
2.9.1.1 ImportanceofWaterAssessments ........................ 45
2.9.1.2 NeedforaWaterKnowledgeBase........................ 45
2.9.1.3 Objectives.................................................. 45
2.9.1.4 DemandasaFunctionofUserBehavior
andPreferences ............................................ 45
2.9.1.5 ImportanceofMonitoringandGaugingSystems........ 45
2.9.1.6 EnvironmentalImpactAssessments ...................... 45
2.9.1.7 RiskAssessmentTools .................................... 46
2.9.1.8 RiskManagement.......................................... 46
2.9.1.9 PrecautionaryPrinciple.................................... 46
2.9.2 CommunicationandInformationSystems........................... 46
2.9.2.1 CommunicationforEnhancementofStakeholder
Involvement................................................ 46
2.9.2.2 InformationNeedsforStakeholderInvolvement......... 46
2.9.2.3 StakeholderCommunicationStrategies................... 46
2.9.2.4 OpennessandTransparency............................... 47
2.9.2.5 ExchangeofInformation.................................. 47
2.9.3 WaterAllocationandConflictResolution........................... 47
2.9.3.1 IssuesinAllocation........................................ 47
2.9.3.2 AllocationbyMarket-BasedInstruments................. 47
2.9.3.3 UsingValuationtoResolveConflicts..................... 47
2.9.3.4 ResolutionofUpstream–DownstreamConflicts......... 47
2.9.3.5 ConflictManagementTechniques ........................ 47
2.9.3.6 ValuationbyConflictResolutionMethods............... 47
2.9.3.7 ValuationResearchonEnvironmentalBenefits.......... 48
2.9.4 RegulatoryInstruments............................................... 48
2.9.4.1 DirectControls............................................. 48
2.9.4.2 EconomicInstruments..................................... 49
2.9.5 TechnologicalInstruments ........................................... 50
2.9.5.1 TechnologicalAdvancesTowardSustainability.......... 50
2.9.5.2 ResearchandDevelopmentinTechnology............... 50
2.9.5.3 TechnologyAssessment ................................... 50
2.9.5.4 TechnologicalChoices..................................... 50
2.10 ConcludingRemarks.......................................................... 50
References............................................................................ 51
Chapter3 UrbanWaterHydrology ............................................................. 53
3.1 Introduction.................................................................... 53
3.2 Rainfall–RunoffAnalysisinUrbanAreas.................................... 53
© 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
Contents ix
3.2.1 DrainageAreaCharacteristics........................................ 53
3.2.2 RainfallLosses........................................................ 54
3.2.3 TimeofConcentration................................................ 55
3.3 ExcessRainfallCalculation................................................... 57
3.3.1 InterceptionStorageEstimation...................................... 57
3.3.2 EstimationofInfiltration ............................................. 58
3.3.2.1 GreenandAmptModel.................................... 60
3.3.2.2 HortonMethod............................................. 62
3.3.2.3 ModifiedHortonMethod.................................. 67
3.3.2.4 HoltanMethod............................................. 68
3.3.2.5 SimpleInfiltrationModels ................................ 70
3.3.3 DepressionStorage ................................................... 72
3.3.4 CombinedLossModels .............................................. 73
3.3.4.1 SoilConservationServiceMethod........................ 73
3.3.4.2 OtherCombinedLossModels ............................ 79
3.4 RainfallMeasurement......................................................... 79
3.4.1 Intensity–Duration–FrequencyCurves:Advantages
andDisadvantages.................................................... 79
3.5 EstimationofUrbanRunoffVolume ......................................... 81
3.5.1 RationalMethod ...................................................... 81
3.5.2 CoefficientandRegressionMethods................................. 84
3.5.3 USGSUrbanPeakDischargeFormulae............................. 84
3.6 UnitHydrographs ............................................................. 87
3.6.1 UHDevelopment ..................................................... 88
3.6.2 Espey10-minUH..................................................... 88
3.6.3 SCSUH ............................................................... 93
3.6.4 GammaFunctionUH................................................. 96
3.6.5 Time–AreaUHs....................................................... 98
3.6.6 ApplicationoftheUHMethod....................................... 102
3.7 RevisitingaFloodRecord .................................................... 104
3.7.1 UrbanEffectsonPeakDischarge.................................... 104
3.7.2 FloodRecordAdjusting .............................................. 107
3.8 TestoftheSignificanceoftheUrbanEffect ................................. 110
3.8.1 SpearmanTest ........................................................ 111
3.8.2 Spearman–ConleyTest............................................... 113
3.9 HydrologicModelingSystem(HEC-HMS).................................. 115
3.9.1 ModelingBasinComponents ........................................ 116
3.9.2 AnalysisofMeteorologicalData..................................... 117
3.9.3 Rainfall–RunoffSimulation.......................................... 117
3.9.4 ParametersEstimation................................................ 117
3.9.5 StartingtheProgram.................................................. 118
3.9.5.1 ProjectDefinitionScreen.................................. 118
3.9.5.2 InputDatainHEC-HMSModel.......................... 119
3.9.5.3 OutputDataintheHEC-HMSModel .................... 119
Problems .............................................................................. 119
References ............................................................................ 124
Chapter4 UrbanWaterSupplyandDemand .................................................. 127
4.1 Introduction.................................................................... 127
4.2 HistoryofWaterSupplyDevelopment....................................... 128
4.3 WaterAvailability.............................................................. 128
© 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
x Contents
4.4 WaterDevelopmentandShareofWaterUsers............................... 130
4.5 Man-MadeandNaturalResourcesforWaterSupplies...................... 131
4.6 SupplementarySourcesofWater............................................. 131
4.7 WaterTreatmentMethods..................................................... 133
4.8 WaterSupplySystemChallenges............................................. 134
4.9 WaterDemand................................................................. 134
4.9.1 FluctuationsinWaterUse............................................ 135
4.9.2 WaterQuantityStandardsinUrbanAreas........................... 137
4.10 WaterDemandForecasting ................................................... 139
4.11 WaterStorage.................................................................. 139
4.12 WaterDistributionSystem .................................................... 141
4.12.1 SystemComponents.................................................. 142
4.13 HydraulicsofWaterDistributionSystems ................................... 144
4.13.1 EnergyEquationofPipeFlow ....................................... 144
4.13.2 EvaluationofHeadLossDuetoFriction............................ 145
4.13.2.1 Darcy–WeisbachEquation ................................ 145
4.13.2.2 Hazen–WilliamsEquationfortheFriction
HeadLoss.................................................. 148
4.13.2.3 MinorHeadLoss .......................................... 149
4.14 PipelineAnalysisandDesign................................................. 151
4.14.1 PipesinSeries......................................................... 154
4.14.2 PipesinParallel....................................................... 157
4.14.3 PipeNetworks......................................................... 159
4.15 WaterQualityModelinginaWaterDistributionNetwork .................. 162
4.15.1 WaterQualityStandards.............................................. 163
4.15.2 WaterQualityModelDevelopment.................................. 163
4.15.3 ChlorineDecay ....................................................... 165
4.15.3.1 BulkDecay................................................. 165
4.15.3.2 WallDecay................................................. 165
4.15.3.3 OverallDecayRate........................................ 166
4.15.4 StatisticModelofSubstanceConcentration......................... 168
4.15.5 SolutionModels....................................................... 169
4.15.5.1 EPANET ................................................... 170
4.15.5.2 QUALNET................................................. 170
4.15.5.3 Event-DrivenMethod...................................... 171
4.15.6 WaterQualityMonitoring............................................ 171
4.15.7 ConductingaTracerStudy........................................... 172
4.16 ConcludingRemarks.......................................................... 175
Problems.............................................................................. 175
References............................................................................ 179
Chapter5 UrbanWaterDemandManagement ................................................ 183
5.1 Introduction.................................................................... 183
5.2 BasicDefinitionsofWaterUse............................................... 183
5.3 ParadigmShiftinUrbanWaterManagement:Toward
DemandManagement......................................................... 184
5.3.1 SupplyManagement.................................................. 184
5.3.2 DemandManagement ................................................ 185
5.4 The“SoftPath”forWater..................................................... 187
5.5 UrbanWaterDemandManagement:ObjectivesandStrategies............. 189
5.6 UWDMScreening............................................................. 192
© 2010 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC