Urban Storm Water Management, Second Edition

690 Pages·2016·86.535 MB·English

by  Pazwash, Hormoz

Urban
Storm Water
Management
Second Edition
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Urban
Storm Water
Management
Second Edition
Hormoz Pazwash
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
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Version Date: 20150601
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To humanity and my family (Zaman, Haleh, and Hooman)
TThhiiss ppaaggee iinntteennttiioonnaallllyy lleefftt bbllaannkk
Contents
Preface............................................................................................................................................xvii
Author .............................................................................................................................................xix
Abbreviations ..................................................................................................................................xxi
Notations ........................................................................................................................................xxv
Chapter 1 Urbanization Impact on Runoff ...................................................................................1
1.1 Impacts on Storm Water Quantity .....................................................................1
1.2 Impacts on Water Quality ..................................................................................3
1.3 NPS Pollutants and Their Impacts ....................................................................4
1.3.1 Floatables .............................................................................................6
1.3.2 Sediment ...............................................................................................7
1.3.3 Nutrients and Pesticides .......................................................................9
1.3.4 Heavy Metals ......................................................................................11
1.3.5 Pathogens, Fecal Coliform .................................................................11
1.3.6 Road Salt ............................................................................................12
1.3.7 Petroleum Hydrocarbons ....................................................................14
1.3.8 Atmospheric Dust ...............................................................................15
1.4 Management of Storm Water Runoff ..............................................................16
Problems .....................................................................................................................18
Appendix 1A: NRC Report Summary, October 15, 2008 ..........................................19
References ..................................................................................................................23
Chapter 2 Pipe and Open Channel Flow: A Review ...................................................................25
2.1 Flow Classifications .........................................................................................25
2.2 Energy Equation ..............................................................................................25
2.3 Specific Energy; Critical Flow ........................................................................26
2.3.1 Critical Depth .....................................................................................27
2.3.2 Critical Flow in Rectangular Channels ..............................................28
2.3.3 Critical Flow in Trapezoidal Channels ..............................................29
2.3.4 Critical Flow in Partly Full Circular Pipes ........................................31
2.4 Normal Depth ..................................................................................................34
2.4.1 Chezy Equation ..................................................................................35
2.4.2 Manning Formula ...............................................................................35
2.5 Calculation of Flow Depth ..............................................................................42
2.5.1 Circular Sections ................................................................................42
2.5.2 Trapezoidal Sections ..........................................................................44
2.6 Energy Losses in Pipes and Culverts ..............................................................50
2.6.1 Friction Losses ...................................................................................50
2.6.2 Local Losses .......................................................................................51
2.6.2.1 Entrance and Exit Losses ...................................................52
2.6.2.2 Sudden Expansions or Contractions ...................................53
2.6.2.3 Bend Losses ........................................................................54
2.6.2.4 Head Loss at Transitions .....................................................54
2.6.2.5 Junction Losses ...................................................................55
2.6.2.6 Losses at Access Holes and Inlets ......................................55
vii
Contents
viii
Problems .....................................................................................................................59
Appendix 2A: Hydraulic Properties of Round and Elliptical Pipes ...........................62
References ..................................................................................................................66
Chapter 3 Hydrologic Calculations .............................................................................................67
3.1 Rainfall Process ...............................................................................................67
3.1.1 Intensity–Duration–Frequency Curves ..............................................67
3.1.2 Rainfall Data ......................................................................................73
3.1.3 Rainfall Hyetograph ...........................................................................75
3.2 Initial Abstractions ..........................................................................................76
3.2.1 Interception .........................................................................................78
3.2.2 Depression Storage .............................................................................79
3.3 Infiltration ........................................................................................................82
3.3.1 Green-Ampt Model ............................................................................83
3.3.2 Horton Equation .................................................................................87
3.3.3 Philip Infiltration Model .....................................................................90
3.3.4 Infiltration Indexes .............................................................................91
3.4 Measurement of Infiltration and Permeability ................................................92
3.4.1 Infiltrometers ......................................................................................92
3.4.2 Permeameters .....................................................................................93
3.4.3 Soil Gradation Analysis .....................................................................94
3.5 Hydrographs ....................................................................................................96
3.5.1 Time of Concentration Equations and Nomographs ..........................97
3.5.1.1 Kirpich Equation ................................................................97
3.5.1.2 Izzard Equation ...................................................................97
3.5.1.3 Kirby Equation ...................................................................98
3.5.1.4 Garden State Parkway Nomograph ....................................99
3.5.2 Other Methods of Time of Concentration Calculation ....................101
3.5.2.1 SCS Method ......................................................................101
3.5.2.2 FHWA Method .................................................................103
3.5.3 Sheet Flow Length Analysis ............................................................108
3.6 Runoff Calculation Methods .........................................................................109
3.6.1 Rational Method ...............................................................................110
3.6.2 Limitations of Rational Method .......................................................112
3.6.3 Modified Rational Method ...............................................................113
3.6.4 SCS TR-55 Method ..........................................................................115
3.6.5 SCS Peak Discharge Calculations ....................................................119
3.6.5.1 Graphical Method .............................................................119
3.6.5.2 Tabular Method .................................................................120
3.6.6 SCS Unit Hydrograph Method .........................................................121
3.6.7 Limitations/Drawbacks of TR-55 Method .......................................123
3.6.8 WinTR-55 Method ............................................................................126
3.7 Universal Runoff Method ..............................................................................131
3.7.1 Lag Time between Rainfall and Runoff...........................................131
3.7.2 Runoff Volume and Discharge from Pervious Surfaces ..................133
3.7.3 Lag Time and Runoff Equations for Impervious Surfaces ..............134
3.7.4 Equations for Composite Surfaces ...................................................135
3.7.4.1 Universal Runoff Equations for Composite Surfaces .......135
3.7.5 Universal Method Application to Nonuniform Rainfall ..................139
Contents
ix
3.8 Storm Water Management Models ................................................................140
Problems ...................................................................................................................141
Appendix 3A: The Sheet Flow Time of Concentration in TR-55 Method: A
Commentary ..................................................................................................145
Appendix 3B: Snyder Unit Hydrographs .................................................................148
Appendix 3C: USGS Nationwide Urban Hydrograph .............................................150
Appendix 3D: USGS Regression Equations for Urban Peak Discharges ................151
Appendix 3E: USGS StreamStats Program: A Case Study ......................................152
References ................................................................................................................153
Chapter 4 Design of Storm Drainage Systems .........................................................................155
4.1 Introduction to Roadway Drainage Analysis.................................................155
4.1.1 Gutter Flow.......................................................................................155
4.2 Types of Inlets ...............................................................................................160
4.3 Inlet Design ...................................................................................................165
4.3.1 Grate Inlets at Grade ........................................................................165
4.3.2 Curb Opening Inlets .........................................................................171
4.3.3 Slotted Inlets .....................................................................................172
4.3.4 Combination Inlets ...........................................................................173
4.3.5 New Jersey Inlets ..............................................................................173
4.3.6 Grates on Sag ...................................................................................175
4.4 Inlets Spacing ................................................................................................176
4.5 Inlets on Roadways at 0% Grade ...................................................................181
4.6 Design of Storm Drains .................................................................................184
4.7 Hydraulic Design of Culverts ........................................................................191
4.8 Erosion Control at Outfalls ............................................................................206
4.8.1 Riprap Aprons ..................................................................................207
4.8.2 Preformed Scour Holes ....................................................................209
4.9 Drainage Channels ........................................................................................213
4.9.1 Permissible Velocity Concept ...........................................................213
4.9.2 Tractive Force Method .....................................................................215
4.9.3 Bare Soil and Stone Lining ..............................................................217
4.9.4 Side Slope Stability ..........................................................................219
4.9.5 Grass Lining .....................................................................................221
4.9.6 Manning’s Roughness Coefficient Variation with Lining ................224
4.9.7 Channel Bends .................................................................................234
4.9.8 Composite Lining .............................................................................237
4.10 Other Linings.................................................................................................238
4.10.1 Gabion Baskets and Mattresses ........................................................239
4.10.2 Turf Reinforcement Mats (TRMs) ...................................................241
4.10.3 Erosion Control Blankets (ECBs).....................................................242
4.10.4 Properties of ECBs and TRMs .........................................................243
4.10.5 Design of RECP Lined Channels .....................................................244
Problems ...................................................................................................................246
Appendix 4A: Derivation of Gutter Flow Equation .................................................249
Appendix 4B: Derivation of Flow Equations for Inlets on Roadways at 0% Grade .....251
Appendix 4C: Hydraulic Design Charts for Inlets ...................................................253
Appendix 4D: Critical Flow Charts for Round and Elliptical Pipes ........................254
Appendix 4E: Permissible Shear Stress of Cohesive Material in HEC-15 ..............255