Urban Segregation and Governance in the Americas

231 Pages·2009·9.228 MB·English

by  Bryan R. Roberts, Robert H. Wilson (eds.)

Urban Segregation and
Governance in the Americas
Urban Segregation and
Governance in the Americas
Edited by
Bryan R. Roberts
and Robert H. Wilson
URBAN SEGREGATION AND GOVERNANCE IN THE AMERICAS
Copyright © Bryan R. Roberts and Robert H. Wilson, 2009.
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2009 978-0-230-60960-0
All rights reserved.
First published in 2009 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN®
in the United States—a division of St. Martin’s Press LLC,
175 Fifth Avenue, New York, NY 10010.
Where this book is distributed in the UK, Europe and the rest of the world,
this is by Palgrave Macmillan, a division of Macmillan Publishers Limited,
registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills,
Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS.
Palgrave Macmillan is the global academic imprint of the above companies
and has companies and representatives throughout the world.
Palgrave® and Macmillan® are registered trademarks in the United States,
the United Kingdom, Europe and other countries.
ISBN 978-1-349-37619-3 ISBN 978-0-230-62084-1 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9780230620841
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Urban segregation and governance in the Americas / edited by Bryan
R. Roberts and Robert H. Wilson.
p. cm.
1. Marginality, Social—Latin America. 2. Segregation—Latin
America. 3. Discrimination in housing—Latin America. 4. Political
stability—Latin America. 5. Marginality, Social—Texas—Austin.
6. Segregation—Texas—Austin. 7. Discrimination in housing—Texas—
Austin. I. Roberts, Bryan R., 1939– II. Wilson, Robert Hines.
HN110.5.Z9M26 2009
363.5′1—dc22 2008041659
A catalogue record of the book is available from the British Library.
Design by Newgen Imaging Systems (P) Ltd., Chennai, India.
First edition: May 2009
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Contents
List of Maps, Figures, and Graph vii
List of Tables ix
1 Residential Segregation and Governance in
the Americas: An Overview 1
Bryan R. Roberts and Robert H. Wilson
2 Advances in Research Methods for
the Study of Urban Segregation 21
Carolina Flores
Part I The Metropolis
3 Residential Segregation in Greater Buenos Aires 39
Fernando Groisman and Ana Lourdes Suárez
4 Urban Governance and Intra-Urban
Population Differentials in Latin America:
A Case Study of Metropolitan Lima, Peru 55
Paul A. Peters
5 Residential Segregation in the Mexico
City Metropolitan Area, 1990–2000 73
Andrés Villarreal and Erin R. Hamilton
6 Residential Segregation in Montevideo:
Challenges to Educational Equality 97
Ruben Kaztman and Alejandro Retamoso
7 Residential Segregation in Santiago:
Scale-Related Effects and Trends, 1992–2002 121
Francisco Sabatini, Guillermo Wormald,
Carlos Sierralta, and Paul A. Peters
8 Residential Segregation in São Paulo:
Consequences for Urban Policies 145
Haroldo da Gama Torres and Renata Mirandola Bichir
vi CONTENTS
Part II Rapidly Growing, Mid-Size Cities
9 The Process of Cumulative Disadvantage:
Concentration of Poverty and the Quality of
Public Education in the Metropolitan Region of Campinas 169
José Marcos Pinto da Cunha and Maren Andrea Jiménez
10 Changing Patterns of Residential Segregation in Austin 187
Carolina Flores and Robert H. Wilson
11 Spatial Differentiation, Inequality, and
Urban Policy: The Findings 205
Bryan R. Roberts and Robert H. Wilson
Notes on the Contributors 223
Index 227
Maps, Figures, and Graph
Maps
3.1 Indicators of spatial autocorrelation:
Global and Local Moran’s I without
health insurance coverage, 1991 and 2001 51
4.1 Local measures of spatial auto correlation for
the Northern Cone of Lima and spatial congruence for
Metropolitan Lima, SES and absolute education, 1992 66
5.1a Clusters of census tracts with low (light grey) and
high (dark) proportions of adults with middle school
education using Local Moran’s I in 1990 85
5.1b Clusters of census tracts with low (light) and
high (dark) proportions of adults with middle school
education using Local Moran’s I in 2000 86
5.2 Spatial distribution of large manufacturing firms
in Mexico City based on the percentage of
total workers employed, 1994 90
6.1 Percent of people 25 to 59 years old with years of
education below the department mean (2002–2004)
and percentage of the population in irregular
settlements by Census tracts (2004), Montevideo 105
7.1 Geographically weighted regressions at
two spatial scales, Santiago, 2002 138
8.1 Local Moran for average years of schooling of
the head of the household and presence of shantytowns
and illegal settlements. City of São Paulo, 2000 151
9.1 Results for Local Moran’s I for mean years
of schooling of household head. Metropolitan
region of Campinas, 1991 178
9.2 Results for Local Moran’s I for mean years
of schooling of household head. Metropolitan
region of Campinas, 2000 179
viii MAPS, FIGURES, AND GRAPH
10.1 Local Moran’s I: Adult population with
high school or less, 1990 197
10.2 Local Moran’s I: Adult population with
high school or less, 2000 197
Figures
7.1 Residential segregation in Santiago, 2002
(Dimension 2), by socioeconomic group,
at different scales (Isolation Index) 133
8.1 CHAID model for the urban infrastructure indicator 155
Graph
6.1 Percent of children who repeated first grade
in 2001, by age of preschool attendance and
household risk level 111
Tables
2.1 Education variables for segregation indices 31
2.2 Alternative spatial definitions of data 32
3.1 Dissimilarity and isolation indices of segregation 46
3.2 Determinants of per capita family income
(OLS regression) 52
4.1 Metropolitan-level segregation, 1993 64
4.2 Regional-level segregation by education and
SES levels, 1993 64
5.1 Indexes of dissimilarity, isolation, clustering, and
centralization for the Mexico City metropolitan
areas computed at the census–tract Level 82
5.2 Dissimilarity indexes for two different definitions of
the Mexico City metropolitan area computed at the
city–block, census–tract, and municipality levels 88
6.1 Indices of segregation, 62 neighborhoods of
Montevideo, 1986–2004 104
6.2 Percentage of public school enrollment for
children ages 4 and 5 years old by educational level
of the neighborhood, Montevideo, 1995 and 2004 111
7.1 Segregation of education measures (0.000) and
their changes at multiple levels, 1992 and 2002 135
7.2 Simple correlations between social problems and
segregation, 1992 and 2002 135
8.1 Residential segregation index (dissimilarity and
isolation) by education. Scale of survey areas of
São Paulo’s urbanized region, 1991 and 2000 149
8.2 Coverage of some public services among the poorest
people and urban infrastructure access levels
according to types of areas (%), São Paulo, 2004 153
x TABLES
App 8.1 Summary of urban services access indicator 159
9.1 Index of dissimilarity and Global Moran’s I by
education* and poverty indicators, metropolitan
region of Campinas and municipality of Campinas,
1991 and 2000 176
9.2 Spatial distribution of school infrastructure by
Local Moran’s I score, Municipality of Campinas,
around 2000 181
10.1 Measures of segregation, 1990–2000 194
10.2 Index of average distance to the closest fire station from
segregated and non-segregated areas; 1990 and 2000
(Average distance in 1990 (cid:2) 100) 199
11.1 Segregation measures based on educational
attainment of adults for eight cities 208