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Urban Loopholes: Creative Alliances of Spatial Production in Shanghai’s City Center PDF

448 Pages·2017·58.75 MB·English
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UrbanLoopholes YingZhou Urban Loopholes CreativeAlliancesofSpatialProductioninShanghai’sCityCenter Birkhäuser Basel 6 Preface 14 UrbanTransformationinDiverseInner-cityNeighborhoodsinShanghai ForewordbyKeesChristiaanse 17 Chapter1:Introduction 22 TheContextoftheTransitionEconomyandtheChineseCity 30 ConceptualFramework:theUrbanLoophole 37 ResearchMethods 48 ExistingStudiesonUrbanChinainTransition 54 ContentandStructure 69 Chapter2:TheResidentialNeighborhood 80 SeedsofHousingMarketization,ForeignInvestment,and ReconnectingtotheWorld 86 StateInstitutions,HousingMarketization,andtheGapof Opportunity 90 ExpeditedKnow-HowImportandtheDualMarket 99 BeforetheTower:theLilong 106 OriginsoftheResidualConditions 111 PreservationofAmbiguousPropertyRights 118 DemographicShiftandCommercialSpatialDemand 126 IncrementalConversionsandSmallCreativeEntrepreneurs 129 ChangingHabitat 143 Chapter3:TheCulturalStreet 150 FromFirstRecognitionsofArchitecturalHeritageto Implementation 162 SettingtheContextforHeritagePolicyImplementation 170 TheOldHouseandtheClubHouse—ChangingMarketSupply andDemand 177 LocalizedCosmopolitansandtheDevelopingofLePassage FuxingandFergusonLane 185 ConservingHeritage:Lane1754(Aka1768)andLane117 198 The‘Western’DistrictandLearningfromthe‘BeautificationPlan’ 206 TheWorldPrimarySchoolandSmallEntrepreneurs 210 ApproximatingGlobalizationandtheState’sAppropriation 235 Chapter4:TheMidtownofChina 243 TheParagonofEconomicLiberalization:Jing’anDistrictandtheDevelopment ofWestNanjingLu 254 EvocationofHeritage—RedefiningJing’anVillas 261 Jing’anVillas’CommercializationandCreativeEnterprises 272 ThePrecedentofTianzifangforCommercialization 281 ThePublicRelationsWarsandtheDifferingVisionsofJing’anVillas’Future 287 TheNeighboringEn-BlocDevelopmentofDazhongli 296 ZhangGardens:Jing’anDevelopsItsHeritageValue 313 GentrificationwithChineseCharacteristics 335 Chapter5:TheNewEconomies 339 AlternativeBusinessPlanforCreativeIncubation:AnkenGreen 350 NewLocal-GlobalAlliances:theUpgradeofYongkangLu 364 TheNewEconomies 379 Chapter6:TheContemporaryArtEcologies 384 FromContestationtoAppropriation:theTransformationofM50 394 “MadeinChina”:NewMuseumsandtheBusinessofArt 400 UncertaintyandRegeneration 404 ArtandArchitectureCatalyzeDevelopment 408 ContemporaryArtEcologies 423 Chapter7:Outlook 425 CasesfromShanghaiandUrbanLoopholes 428 ShiftsintheUrbanLoopholesunderEconomicTransition 430 TheUrbanLoopholesasEquilibratorsandLearningFromtheUrbanLoophole 435 Acknowledgments 437 AbouttheAuthor 438 IllustrationCredits 441 IndexofPersons,Institutions,andFirms Preface “Ifwedon’tknowwherewecomefrom,wearestandingnowhere.” AiWeiwei,interviewwithEvanOsnosfortheNewYorkerFestival,2014 When I want to describe what it was like to live under the strictures of a socialist plannedeconomy,Iusuallystartwithafondmemoryoficecreamintheearly1980s. IntheswelteringsummersofShanghaibackthen,Iwouldexplain,thereweretwo kindsoficecreamtowhichachildlikemyselfcouldlookforward.Bothwerecubic blocks wrapped in thin wax paper packed in blue cardboard boxes, and opened to thecreamywhite‘icedbricks[冰砖]’withtheonlyflavorpossibletoicecreamachild ofthatplaceandthattimecouldknow.Thechoicebetweenthe‘medium-sizedbrick [中砖]’andthe‘large-sizedbrick[大砖]’wasanobviousone,althoughIhadtoweigh themeltingspeedofthelargerpieceagainsttheinfrequencyofrefrigeratorsinthecity. Icecreamissomethingtowhichalmosteveryonereadingthiscanrelate.Iuseice creamtoexplainbecausetheabundancerepresentedbythecontemporarydiversity offlavors,sizes,types,nottomentionplaceswhereonecouldprocurethem,issome- thingthatweoftentakeforgranted.Mylimitedscopeoficecreamcorrespondedwith adrawn-outerainChinesehistorywhencentralplanninghadalsocontrolledevery aspectofdailylife,fromconsumerproductsandhousingtoeducationandjobs.Itiso- latedthevastcountryofbillionsfromthechangingoutsideworld.Centralplanning andthepoliticalideologiesofsocialismareabstractconcepts.Buttheavailabilityand choiceoficecreamisaconcrete,livedexperience.Fromourperspectiveoflivingin globallyconnectedmarketeconomies,wherehavingchoicesisagiven,afundamental reflectiononthetremendoustransformationsthathavetakenplaceinChina,bring- ingitfromoneofsocialistplanningtomarketcapitalism,ormoreconcretelyfrompre- ciouslylimitedtooverwhelmingchoicesforicecream,iscrucialtoanyfurtherstudies ofthecountry,andothersimilarlymanagedplacesintheworldtoday. Iuseicecreamtoexplain,also,because,asanarchitect,Iamalsointerestedinthe placewhereIhadlinedupattheDairyFactory[牛奶棚].Today,itiswherethewhite tiledmammothoftheShanghaiLibrarystands.LikemanypartsofthecityofShanghai thathaveundergonecompleterenewalsincetheearly1990s,theneighborhood—my memoriesoficecreamqueuestookplacehere—whichhadbeenasuburbanedgeof the1980scity,hasalsobecomecentrallylocatedprimerealestateintheexpansive metropolisofShanghaitoday.Intheproliferationofconsumerchoicesandthespatial expansionwithinthethreedecadessinceeconomicliberalizationbegan,thetransfor- mationsofShanghaihavebeentremendous.Thetransformationsinthemunicipalre- gionofmorethantwenty-plusmillionareembodiedinmymemoryofthoseicecream blocks.Fromthehumbleandlocallyproducedblue-packagedGuangmingbrand,the onlyoneatthetime,totoday’ssnazzyHäagen-Dazsparlors,fro-yobars,icedmoon- cakefads,andwhatnot,notonlyhasconsumerism,propelledbyglobally-circulated capitalism,returnedandblossomed;buttogetherwithpoliciesanddevelopmentsthat havemadeitallpossible,ithasresultedinlocallyspecificurbanspatialproductions thathavefundamentallyreshapedthecity.Boththechangingurbansocietyandits spatialtransformationsareimportanttotheensuingstudy.(Fig.1)Throughlensesspe- 6 Fig.1PhotocollageofDengXiaopingfromalargemuralfeaturingtheskylineofShenzhenandrepresenting China’seconomicliberalizationaspropelledbytheDeng-ledcentralgovernment,withtheskylineofShanghai’s BundandPudong,representingthecentralgovernment’sdecisiontomakeShanghaithe‘Dragon’sHead’of thenation,initiatingacceleratedeconomicmarketizationandtherapidurbantransitionthattookplace (photocollagebyauthor) cifictothedisciplineofarchitectureandurbandesign,thefollowingpiecewilltryto unpackhowthemechanismsofurbanspatialproductionfacilitatedandmanifested therapidgrowth,transformations,andglobalizationinthecontemporaryChinesecity ofShanghai.Itisfromtheempiricallygatheredphysicalandsocial-economicmanifes- tationsoftheeverydaythatthestudyofurbanspatialproductionrevealsthebroader developmentinthepoliticaleconomyofrapidlychangingcities. IamoftheurbangenerationborninthedecadeafterthedeathofChina’sgreat leaderMao, and my memories span fromtheonesbeforemewho experienced the famines of the Great Leap Forward and the turmoil of the Cultural Revolution and thosewhocameaftermeknowingonlytherapidgrowthandchangeofeconomiclib- eralization.Iwasaprivilegedchild.Ilivedinacity,andarelativelywell-offonefor thethenimpoverishedChina.Myfamilyhadarefrigeratorinanerawhenappliances werelimitedandboughtonlythroughforeigncurrencyexchangecertificatesprocured fromoverseaswires.Ilivedinaflatthat,thoughcrowdedbyWesternstandards,was notsharedwithtwoorthreeotherfamiliesandwasnotshortonmoderninfrastruc- ture.Thewinterswerecold,forallindoorheatingapplianceshadbeenremovedby thepost-LiberationdecreeforcitiessouthoftheYangtzeRiver.Unscientificthough itclearlywas,theauthoritieshadperhapsreallybelievedthatcentralplanningcould ce a evenovercometheweatherandthatthemassiveregionsouthofYangtzedidnotneed Pref 7 heating.Nevertheless,withicecreamcamesummer,andthencamethefridge,wash- ingmachine,television,andeventelevisionshows,ononesinglechannel.Compared withwhenIwasborn,withmymother’shukoustillnotreturnedtoShanghaiafter havingbeensenttothecountrysidelikemillionsofotherurbanyouths,andfoodwas rationedandcouponsforagriculturalproductswerestillthecurrencyofexchangefor thesocialistplannedeconomy,lifewasimproving. Iwasfortunatetogrowupinthetimesofchange,changeforthebetternonethe- less.WithDisney’sSnowWhiteandRomySchneider’sPrincessSissishowingatthecin- emas,andjeansandsneakersappearinginstreetmarkets,notonlywasChinanolon- gertormentedbypoliticalupheavalsandideologicalwarsthattooktremendoustollon theordinarypeople’severydaylives,butcities,particularlythoselikeShanghai,were usingtheircosmopolitanpaststoreconnecttotheoutsideworld.Inthemidstofthe tremendouschangestocomethough,Ileftthecountry,withmyparents.Likemanyin Shanghaiwhohadpre-1949familiallinkstotheWest,atranscontinentalchangebod- edlife’sevenbetterbetterment.Itwasonlywhenwewatchedthehopesthathadunit- edtheidealisticstudentsandpragmaticworkersdashed,intheTiananmenSquareof 1989,fromthesafetyinfrontofourtinybutcoloredCNN-loopingtelevision,thatmy parents,likemanyChinesestudentswhohadonlyplannedonashortsojourninthe U.S. beforereturning,decidedindeedtoremainawayfromtheircountry.Itwasthe clarityofthatdefiningevent—perhapsmagnifiedbythecommentariessoopenlyut- tered—ratherthantherepeateduncertaintiesthattheyhadsufferedinthedecades before,thatconvincedthemofthechoice.Itwas,asIwouldonlyrealizelater,alsofor myfuture.Iwassparedthetraumaofthe1990sstate-ownedenterprise(SOE)layoffs andthemadoptimismofdemolitionandurbanrenewals.ButafteranEastCoastlib- eralartseducationandstintsincitieslikeNewYork,Boston,Basel,Iwouldarrivein Shanghai,realizingthatIhaveanunderstandingofChina’sinherentlogicandanout- sider’seyethatsawmanythingsthatmostwhoremainedcouldnot. ItwasearlyoneeveninginDamascus,inthefallof2009.Iwasteachingandhadin towtwelvearchitecturestudents.Inotedoutloudthatthestreetwewerewalking downremindedmeofShanghai.Indaylight,thepeople,thesignage,thebuildings, surelywouldhavegivenawaythatIwasnotonHuaihaiLu,ortheformerAvenue Joffre.Butintheearlydusklight,theproportionofspacesdupedmyabilitytodiscern thecity.Whenwecontinuedontootherboulevardsthenextday,myvisceralconfu- sionofplaceswasconfirmed,bytherealizationthatthosetreeswereplatanus.(Fig.2) Theirdistanceapart,theirrelationstothesidewalk,thesetbackofthebuildingsand theproportionsoftheroadtothearchitecture,theirroleinthebeautificationofthe citywerepartofthespatialvocabularyforurbanismoftheFrenchmandateinDa- mascus.TheplatanuswerealsothesameonesinShanghai.Inthewestern-endofthe formerFrenchconcessionswhereIwasbornandgrewup,thetreeshadlovinglycan- opiedoverthefreshlytarmackedstreetsinthesummers.Theconvergenceoftheim- agesmademerealizetheplanningideologiesthathadshapedmineandmanyothers’ memoriesofcities. OtherthingswelearnedinourtwoweeksinDamascusalsomademerealizethat Icouldunderstanditsurbanism.ThiswasnotonlybecauseIunderstandalreadyits coloniallegaciesandplanningideologies;butalsobecauseIunderstandthelogicof 8 Fig.2PhotosoftheplatanustreesfromDamascus,whichtriggeredthetheoreticalframeworkforthisstudy,2009 anothernationwithatransitioningeconomy,China,whosecityalsomanifestedits encounterwithmodernity,Shanghai.Itwasanotherstrangelyconfirmingmoment, whenoneofmystudents,agirlfromChongqing,burstintotearsasthedeanofDamas- cusUniversityexplainedtheirurbantransformationprocesses.Shewasdistressedat howsimilarlythedescriptionssoundedtotheonesweknewfromChina.Growingin- equalitydeviatingfromtheoriginaltenetsofsocialism,therampantcommodification ofarchitectureheritage,thedevelopmentprojectsonextra-territoriallandsbyglob- alcapital.Theprocessesofchangethatthecountryisundergoingfollowingitseco- nomicliberalization,andspecificallyitsurbanspatialmanifestations,echoedtheones weknew.Theconceptofthe‘urbanloophole,’whichwillbetheunderlyingredthread throughtheensuingtext,grewoutofmyobservationsfromDamascus,butwouldbe- comeanimportantconceptualframeworkfordeepeningtheunderstandingofhow theurbanspatialproductionprocessesinformedandwereimpressedbyatransition- ingpoliticaleconomy.Thefirstinklingsoftheurbanloopholecameoutinanarticlein theissuethemed“ResilientCities”inthejournal,CriticalPlanning,in2010. Shanghai,thus,cameeasilyasthechosensiteforadeeperstudyusingthisna- scentconceptualframework.Assomeonewithintimateknowledgeofthecity’spal- ettes,memories,culture,aswellasmyundetectablylocaldialect,doorsopenedmore readilyandmoreeasilyformethanfortransplantedscholars,evenChineseones.Ihad ce a gleanedenoughtounderstandthetickingofthecity.Myempathiesasaninsiderare Pref 9

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Ein strategisches Bundnis von stadtischer Umnutzung, Kreativwirtschaft, Konsumokonomie und Denkmalschutz hat eine bemerkenswerte Transformation innerstadtischer Quartiere in Shanghai geschaffen.In einer Verbindung von intimen Kenntnissen der lokalen Szene und kritischer Distanz entwirft die Autorin
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