Urban Liberalism in Imperial Germany: Frankfurt am Main, 1866-1914 PDF
Preview Urban Liberalism in Imperial Germany: Frankfurt am Main, 1866-1914
prelims.p8 2/6/1999 9:59 AM Page i . . . . . . . . . . . - . . prelims.p8 2/6/1999 9:59 AM Page ii prelims.p8 2/6/1999 9:59 AM Page iii URBAN LIBERALISM IN IMPERIAL GERMANY Frankfurt am Main, 1866–1914 JAN PALMOWSKI 3 prelims.p8 2/6/1999 9:59 AM Page iv 3 Great Clarendon Street, Oxford2 6 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide in Oxford New York Athens Auckland Bangkok Bogotá Buenos Aires Calcutta Cape Town Chennai Dar es Salaam Delhi Florence Hong Kong Istanbul Karachi Kuala Lumpur Madrid Melbourne Mexico City Mumbai Nairobi Paris São Paulo Singapore Taipei Tokyo Toronto Warsaw with associated companies in Berlin Ibadan Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and in certain other countries Published in the United States by Oxford University Press Inc., New York © Jan Palmowski 1999 The moral rights of the author have been asserted First published 1999 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press. or as expressly permitted by law, or terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organisation, Enquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above You must not circulate this book in any other binding or cover and you must impose this same condition on any acquiror Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Palmowski, Jan. Urban liberalism in imperial Germany: Frankfurt am Main, 1866–1914/Jan Palmowski. p. cm. Includes bibliographical reference and index. 1. Liberalism—Germany—Frankfurt am Main—History—19th century. 2. Frankfurt am Main (Germany)—Politics and government. 3. Middle class—Germany—Frankfurt am Main—History—19th century. 4. Political parties—Germany—Frankfurt am Main—History—19th century. I. Title DD901.F78P35 1998 320.51'0943'416409434—dc21 98–42428 ISBN 0–19–820750.6 1 3 5 7 9 10 8 6 4 2 Typeset in Ehrhardt by Jayvee, Trivandrum, India Printed in Great Britain on acid-free paper by Bookcraft Ltd., Midsomer Norton Nr. Bath, Somerset prelims.p8 2/6/1999 9:59 AM Page v To Inge, Werner, and Anja prelims.p8 2/6/1999 9:59 AM Page vi prelims.p8 2/6/1999 9:59 AM Page vii Acknowledgements I have been extraordinarily fortunate in the supervision I received as a graduate student; and, if anything, this appreciation has increased with the time that has passed since I finished my dissertation. With profound grati- tude I acknowledge my debt to Michael John and H. C. G. Matthew, for their humanity, sympathy, and generosity. They offered invaluable support, criticism, and suggestions, far beyond the call of duty. Even after submitting my thesis I have continued to benefit enormously from their advice and experience. I shall always be indebted to them. As sub-editor Michael John also gave extremely helpful advice for the preparation of the monograph. I am very grateful to Dieter Langewiesche, who, despite his other com- mitments, found time to read my dissertation and to offer detailed com- ments and advice. I should also like to take this opportunity to thank Ursula Bartelsheim, Christina Klausman, Dieter Langewiesche, Karl Heinrich Pohl, and especially Ralf Roth, for letting me have copies of some of their work before publication. Thanks are due to the Friedrich-Naumann-Foundation for its generous sponsorship of my research, and to the support, since my undergraduate days, of the German National Scholarship Foundation. By electing me to a Senior Scholarship the Fellows of Lincoln College gave me a congenial environment for finishing my dissertation. Perhaps my greatest debt is due to the Students of Christ Church, who, through electing me to a Junior Research Fellowship, gave me an ideal opportunity in unique surroundings to continue my work. In Germany, Lothar Gall has provided kind support for my research. I am obliged to Dieter Rebentisch and his staff at the Institut für Stadtgeschichte for their encouragement and help. My thanks are also due to Lothar Bücheler and the extraordinarily courteous and obliging staff of the Hessian state archives in Wiesbaden. I am extremely grateful to the Institute for European History in Mainz, now under the directorship of Heinz Durchhardt, for providing an ideal working prelims.p8 2/6/1999 9:59 AM Page viii viii Acknowledgements environment while I carried out my research on Frankfurt. For their help I should like to take this opportunity to thank its fellows, Ralph Melville, Claus Scharf, and especially Martin Vogt who first alerted me to the dis- tinctiveness and the ‘peculiarity’ of the Frankfurt milieu. Most import- antly, I owe a particular debt to Matthieu Arnold, Barbara Pitkin, and Brent Sockness, whose friendship and professional example provided an indis- pensable encouragement for my work both during my stay at the Institute and afterwards. For their unfailing support I should like to thank Helen and John Adamson, who have provided a British home for me since 1988. Here in Oxford I have been sustained by the friendship of Adriano Barenco, Joe Coohill, Robin Griffith Jones, Tara Connelly, Franco De Angelis, and Norunn Bru Rem. I am particularly indebted to Tore Rem for his humour, example, and understanding. He has also been the source of much sound advice over the years. Last but not least, it is impossible to pay sufficient tribute to the help of Cressida Annesley. She has stoically and ungrudg- ingly proof-read everything I have written, from my undergraduate dissertation onwards. This book is no exception. Above all, I thank her for her loyalty and friendship over the years. Words cannot convey the sense of gratitude I feel towards my parents and my sister. They have been my greatest intellectual and personal inspir- ation, and without their unfailing understanding, wisdom, care, encour- agement, and advice, this book could never have been written. This monograph is but a tribute to their support, and it is to them that I dedicate this work. Christ Church, Oxford J.P. November 1997 prelims.p8 2/6/1999 9:59 AM Page ix Contents List of Figures xi List of Tables xii List of Abbreviations xiii 1. Introduction 1 2. The Advent of Politics 38 2.1. Introduction 38 2.2. Political Life before 1866 42 2.3. The Birth of a Liberal City 49 2.4. State and National Elections 66 2.5. The Politicization of Local Government 75 2.6. Liberal Politics and Municipal Administration 82 2.7. Conclusion 96 3. The Diversification of Local Politics 100 3.1. Introduction 100 3.2. The Fragmentation of Middle-Strata Politics 105 3.3. The Rise of the SPD 126 3.4. Conclusion 141 4. Liberals and Education 147 4.1. Introduction 147 4.2. Liberalism and Religion 151 4.3. Education and Self-Government 180 4.4. The Quality of Primary Education 184 4.5. Secondary Education 189 4.6. Conclusion: The Establishment of the Civic University of Frankfurt 199 5. Liberal Social Policies 206 5.1. Introduction 206 prelims.p8 2/6/1999 9:59 AM Page x x Contents 5.2. Liberal Policies after the Annexation 210 5.3. Frankfurt under Miquel: The Origins of ‘kommunale Daseinsfürsorge’ 215 5.4. Social Policies in Wilhelmine Frankfurt 226 5.5. Politics and Social Reform 238 5.6. Conclusion 249 6. Liberalism and Municipal Finance 255 6.1. Introduction 255 6.2. Local Government Finance in Prussia 258 6.3. Municipal Expenditure 279 6.4. Municipal Debt 292 6.5. Municipal Taxation 298 6.6. Conclusion 306 7. Conclusion 311 Appendix I 333 Table A. General public expenditure in Frankfurt am Main, 1874–1912 (in Marks) 333 Table B. Actual public expenditure in Frankfurt am Main, 1895–1912 (in Marks) 334 Table C. Municipal debts and assets in Frankfurt am Main, 1873–1914 (in Marks) 335 Table D. Local taxation in Frankfurt am Main, 1868–1913 (in Marks) 336 Appendix II 338 Distribution of seats in the Frankfurt City Council, 1877–1913 339 The Prussian State Elections in Frankfurt am Main 340 National General Elections in Germany, 1871–1914 342 National General Elections in Frankfurt a.M., 1871–1914 343 Bibliography 345 Index 385
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