Urban Health PDF
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Urban Health Urban Health EDITED BY SANDRO GALEA, CATHERINE K. ETTMAN, AND DAVID VLAHOV 1 1 Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America. © Oxford University Press 2019 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging- in- Publication Data Names: Galea, Sandro, editor. | Ettman, Catherine K., editor. | Vlahov, David, editor. Title: Urban health / edited by Sandro Galea, Catherine K. Ettman, David Vlahov. Other titles: Urban health (Galea) Description: Oxford ; New York : Oxford University Press, [2019] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018046822 | ISBN 9780190915858 (hardcover : alk. paper) | ISBN 9780190915841 (pbk. : alk. paper) Subjects: | MESH: Urban Health Classification: LCC RA566.7 | NLM WA 380 | DDC 362.1/ 042— dc23 LC record available at https:// lccn.loc.gov/ 2018046822 This material is not intended to be, and should not be considered, a substitute for medical or other professional advice. Treatment for the conditions described in this material is highly dependent on the individual circumstances. And, while this material is designed to offer accurate information with respect to the subject matter covered and to be current as of the time it was written, research and knowledge about medical and health issues is constantly evolving and dose schedules for medications are being revised continually, with new side effects recognized and accounted for regularly. Readers must therefore always check the product information and clinical procedures with the most up-to-date published product information and data sheets provided by the manufacturers and the most recent codes of conduct and safety regulation. The publisher and the authors make no representations or warranties to readers, express or implied, as to the accuracy or completeness of this material. Without limiting the foregoing, the publisher and the authors make no representations or warranties as to the accuracy or efficacy of the drug dosages mentioned in the material. The authors and the publisher do not accept, and expressly disclaim, any responsibility for any liability, loss or risk that may be claimed or incurred as a consequence of the use and/or application of any of the contents of this material. 1 3 5 7 9 8 6 4 2 Paperback printed by Sheridan Books, Inc., United States of America Hardback printed by Bridgeport National Bindery, Inc., United States of America CONTENTS Acknowledgments ix Contributors xi SECTION I WHY CITIES, WHY HEALTH? 1. The Present and Future of Cities 3 Sandro Galea, Catherine K. Ettman, and David Vlahov 2. Why Cities and Health? Cities as Determinants of Health 15 Catherine K. Ettman, David Vlahov, and Sandro Galea SECTION II HEALTH CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES IN CITIES 3. Economic Conditions 27 Atheendar S. Venkataramani and Alexander C. Tsai 4. Reducing Poverty, Improving Health 37 Sanjay Basu 5. Housing 44 Roshanak Mehdipanah, Alexa K. Eisenberg, and Amy J. Schulz 6. Transport and Health 52 Mark Nieuwenhuijsen and Haneen Khreis 7. Aging Populations 59 Kathleen A. Cagney 8. Children and Adolescents in Cities 70 Shakira F. Suglia v vi Contents 9. Inequities in Cities and in Urban Health 76 Ben Brisbois, Patricia O’Campo, and Janisha Kamalanathan 10. Migration 85 Sabrina Hermosilla and Tahilia J. Rebello 11. Education 94 Jennifer Karas Montez and Amy Ellen Schwartz 12. Healthy Places to Play, Learn, and Develop 102 Renée Boynton- Jarrett 13. Pollution 112 Jonathan M. Samet 14. Climate Change and the Health of Urban Populations 129 Patrick L. Kinney 15. Crime and Criminal Justice in Cities 139 Matt Vogel and Steven F. Messner 16. Improving Access to Healthy Food in Cities 148 Monica L. Wang and Marisa Otis 17. Disasters 156 James M. Shultz SECTION III METHODS AND APPROACHES TO UNDERSTANDING HEALTH IN CITIES 18. Urban Public Health: A Historical Perspective 169 Richard Rodger 19. A Systems Science Approach to Urban Health 179 Danielle C. Ompad and Yesim Tozan 20. Sociology 188 Lei Jin, Chenyu Ye, and Eric Fong 21. Urban Planning: Leveraging the Urban Planning System to Shape Healthy Cities 198 Helen Pineo, Nici Zimmermann, and Mike Davies 22. Health Services Research: Studying Healthcare Services in the City 207 Michael K. Gusmano Contents vii 23. Environmental Health Impact Assessment 217 Carlos Dora 24. Multilevel Perspectives on Urban Health 230 Dustin T. Duncan, Yazan A. Al- Ajlouni, Ilgaz Hisirci, and Basile Chaix 25. Cells- to- Society Approaches 239 Guia Guffanti 26. Social Networks 248 Abby E. Rudolph 27. Urban Design 256 Oliver Gruebner and Layla McCay 28. Urban Land Use and Health 262 Rohan Simkin and Karen C. Seto 29. Community- Based Participatory Research: An Approach to Research in the Urban Context 272 Barbara A. Israel, Amy J. Schulz, Chris M. Coombe, Edith A. Parker, Angela G. Reyes, Zachary Rowe, and Richard L. Lichtenstein SECTION IV CASE STUDIES IN URBAN HEALTH 30. The Healthy Cities Movement 285 Agis D. Tsouros 31. The Partnership for Healthy Cities: Activating Urban Governments as Engines of Public Health Practice 293 Ariella Rojhani, Charity Hung, Sally Chew, Christina Honeysett, Sandra Mullin, and Adam Karpati 32. CityHealth: Policies for Today’s Urban Health Challenges 298 Brian C. Castrucci, Elizabeth A. Corcoran, Shelley L. Hearne, Katie Keith, Elizabeth Voyles, and Catherine Patterson 33. New York City: The Fit City Example 309 Karen Lee 34. Boston: A Case Study 316 Russ Lopez 35. Richmond, California: Health Equity in All Urban Policies 325 Jason Corburn and Joseph S. Griffin viii Contents 36. Case Studies in Urban Health: Nairobi, Kenya 332 Alex Ezeh and Blessing Mberu 37. Observatory for Urban Health in Belo Horizonte City: An Innovative and Cross- Sectoral Collaboration in Urban Health 342 Waleska Teixeira Caiaffa and Amélia Augusta de Lima Friche 38. Rapid Urbanization in China 356 Brian J. Hall, Teng Ieng Leong, and Wen Chen 39. Regional Planning for Health 362 David Siscovick, Mandu Sen, and Chris Jones 40. Going Biophilic: Living and Working in Biophilic Buildings 369 Jie Yin and John D. Spengler SECTION V THE FUTURE OF CITIES, THE FUTURE OF HEALTH 41. City Health Departments: Leading Urban Public Health Practice 377 Daniel Kass, Thomas Matte, and Adam Karpati 42. City Leadership for Health, Equity, and Sustainable Development 386 Agis D. Tsouros 43. Teaching Urban Health 394 Nicholas Freudenberg 44. Urban Health: Looking to the Future 404 David Vlahov, Catherine K. Ettman, and Sandro Galea Index 411 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS We are indebted to the editorial guidance of Chad Zimmerman at Oxford, who continues to support our work with unfailing good humor, optimism, and incisive thinking. We would like to acknowledge all our colleagues who have participated in International Society for Urban Health meetings over the years and who contributed to the Journal of Urban Health; they have much sharpened our thinking about the field. As always, we thank our families for their support as we took on this book amidst many other ongoing projects. ix
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