Urban Ecology PDF
Preview Urban Ecology
Urban Ecology Thisistheurbancentury.Forthefirsttimethemajorityofpeopleliveintowns andcities.Understandinghowpeopleinfluence,andareinfluencedby,the ‘green’componentoftheseenvironmentsisthereforeofenormoussignificance. Providinganoverviewoftheessentialsofurbanecology,thebookbeginsby coveringthevitalbackgroundconceptsoftheurbanisationprocessandtheeffectthat itcanhaveonecosystemfunctionsandservices.Latersectionsaredevotedto examininghowspeciesrespondtourbanisation,themanyfacetsofhuman–ecology interactions,andtheissuessurroundingurbanplanningandtheprovisionofurban greenspaces. Drawingonexamplesfromurbansettlementsaroundtheworld,ithighlightsthe progresstodateinthisburgeoningfield,aswellasthechallengesthatlieahead. Kevin j. Gaston isProfessorofBiodiversityandConservationintheDepartment ofAnimalandPlantSciences,UniversityofSheffield.Hehas20yearsofresearch experienceinenvironmentalscience,conductingstudiesbothintheUKandoverseas onawiderangeoftopics,includingconservationprioritisation,ecosystemservices, invasivespecies,people–wildlifeinteractions,andurbanecology. Ecological Reviews series editor HefinJonesCardiffUniversity,UK series editorial board MarkBradfordYaleUniversity,USA DavidBurslemUniversityofAberdeen,UK LindsayHaddonBritishEcologicalSociety,UK SueHartleyUniversityofSussex,UK MarkHunterUniversityofMichigan,USA HeikkiSetalaUniversityofHelsinki,Finland PhillipWarrenUniversityofSheffield,UK EcologicalReviewspublishesbooksatthecuttingedgeofmodernecology, providingaforumforvolumesthatdiscusstopicsthatarefocalpointsof currentactivityandlikelylong-termimportancetotheprogressofthefield. Theseriesisaninvaluablesourceofideasandinspirationforecologistsatall levelsfromgraduatestudentstomore-establishedresearchersand professionals.TheserieshasbeendevelopedjointlybytheBritishEcological SocietyandCambridgeUniversityPressandencompassestheSociety’s Symposiaasappropriate. BioticInteractionsintheTropics:TheirRoleintheMaintenanceofSpeciesDiversity EditedbyDavidF.R.P.Burslem,MichelleA.PinardandSueE.Hartley BiologicalDiversityandFunctioninSoils EditedbyRichardD.Bardgett,MichaelB.UsherandDavidW.Hopkins IslandColonization:TheOriginandDevelopmentofIslandCommunities ByIanThornton EditedbyTimNew ScalingBiodiversity EditedbyDavidStorch,PabloA.MarquetandJamesH.Brown BodySize:TheStructureandFunctionofAquaticEcosystems EditedbyAlanHildrew,DaveRaffaelliandRonniEdmonds-Brown SpeciationandPatternsofDiversity EditedbyRogerButlin,JonBridleandDolphSchluter EcologyofIndustrialPollution EditedbyLesleyC.BattyandKevinB.Hallberg EcosystemEcology:ANewSynthesis EditedbyDavidG.RaffaelliandChristopherL.J.Frid Urban Ecology Edited by KEVIN J. GASTON UniversityofSheffield cambridgeuniversitypress Cambridge,NewYork,Melbourne,Madrid,CapeTown,Singapore, S˜aoPaulo,Delhi,Dubai,Tokyo,MexicoCity CambridgeUniversityPress TheEdinburghBuilding,CambridgeCB28RU,UK PublishedintheUnitedStatesofAmericaby CambridgeUniversityPress,NewYork www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9780521760973 #BritishEcologicalSociety2010 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithout thewrittenpermissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2010 PrintedintheUnitedKingdomattheUniversityPress,Cambridge AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Urbanecology/[editedby]KevinJ.Gaston. p. cm.– (Ecologicalreviews) ISBN978-0-521-76097-3(Hardback)–ISBN978-0-521-74349-5(pbk.) 1. Urbanecology(Sociology) 2. Cityplanning–Economicaspects. 3. Sustainable development. I. Gaston,KevinJ. II. Title. III. Series. HT241.U72432010 307.76–dc22 2010031323 ISBN978-0-521-76097-3Hardback ISBN978-0-521-74349-5Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceor accuracyofURLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredto inthispublication,anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuch websitesis,orwillremain,accurateorappropriate. Contents Listofcontributors pagevii Preface xi 1 Urbanecology 1 KevinJ.Gaston 2 Urbanisation 10 KevinJ.Gaston 3 Urbanenvironmentsandecosystemfunctions 35 KevinJ.Gaston,ZoeG.DaviesandJillL.Edmondson 4 Individualspeciesandurbanisation 53 KarlL.Evans 5 Speciesdiversityandurbanisation:patterns,drivers andimplications 88 GaryW.LuckandLisaT.Smallbone 6 Urbanisationandalieninvasion 120 StefanKlotzandIngolfKu¨hn 7 Interactionsbetweenpeopleandnature inurbanenvironments 134 RichardA.FullerandKatherineN.Irvine 8 Urbanecologyandhumansocialorganisation 172 PaigeS.Warren,SharonL.Harlan,ChristopherBoone, SusannahB.Lerman,EyalShochatandAnnP.Kinzig 9 Urbanecologyandhumanhealthandwellbeing 202 JoBartonandJulesPretty 10 Bringingcitiesalive:theimportanceofurbangreenspaces forpeopleandbiodiversity 230 JonSadler,AdamBates,JamesHaleandPhilipJames vi CONTENTS 11 Integratingnaturevaluesinurbanplanninganddesign 261 RobbertSnepandPaulOpdam 12 Urbanfutures 287 MichaelL.McKinney Index 309 Contributors JO BARTON KARL L. EVANS CentreforEnvironment&Society, DepartmentofAnimaland DepartmentofBiologicalSciences, PlantSciences, UniversityofEssex,Colchester, UniversityofSheffield, EssexCO43SQ,UK SheffieldS102TN,UK ADAM BATES RICHARD A. FULLER SchoolofGeography, TheEcologyCentre, EarthandEnvironmentalSciences, TheUniversityofQueensland, BirminghamUniversity, StLucia,Qld4072,Australia BirminghamB152TT,UK KEVIN J. GASTON CHRISTOPHER BOONE BiodiversityandMacroecology SchoolofHumanEvolution Group, andSocialChange, DepartmentofAnimalandPlant ArizonaStateUniversity, Sciences, Tempe,AZ85287,USA UniversityofSheffield, SheffieldS102TN,UK ZOE G. DAVIES BiodiversityandMacroecologyGroup, JAMES HALE DepartmentofAnimalandPlant SchoolofGeography, Sciences, EarthandEnvironmentalSciences, UniversityofSheffield, BirminghamUniversity, SheffieldS102TN,UK BirminghamB152TT,UK JILL L. EDMONDSON SHARON L. HARLAN BiodiversityandMacroecologyGroup, SchoolofHumanEvolution DepartmentofAnimalandPlant andSocialChange, Sciences,UniversityofSheffield, ArizonaStateUniversity, SheffieldS102TN,UK Tempe,AZ85287,USA viii LISTOFCONTRIBUTORS KATHERINE N. IRVINE POBox789,Albury, InstituteofEnergyandSustainable NSW2640,Australia Development, DeMontfortUniversity, MICHAEL L. MCKINNEY TheGateway,LeicesterLE19BH,UK DepartmentofEarth&Planetary Sciences, PHILIP JAMES UniversityofTennessee, SchoolofEnvironmentandLife Knoxville, Sciences, TN37916,USA UniversityofSalford,Salford, GreaterManchesterM54WT,UK PAUL OPDAM DepartmentofLandUsePlanning& ANN P. KINZIG AlterraLandscapeCenter, SchoolofLifeSciences, WageningenUniversityCenter, ArizonaStateUniversity, POBox47,6700AAWageningen, Tempe,AZ85287,USA TheNetherlands STEFAN KLOTZ JULES PRETTY HelmholtzCentreforEnvironmental CentreforEnvironment&Society, Research–UFZ, DepartmentofBiologicalSciences, DepartmentofCommunityEcology, UniversityofEssex,Colchester, Theodor-Lieser-Str.4,06120Halle, EssexCO43SQ,UK Germany JON SADLER INGOLF KU¨HN SchoolofGeography, HelmholtzCentreforEnvironmental EarthandEnvironmentalSciences, Research–UFZ, BirminghamUniversity, DepartmentofCommunityEcology, BirminghamB152TT,UK Theodor-Lieser-Str.4,06120Halle, Germany EYAL SHOCHAT GlobalInstituteofSustainability, SUSANNAH B. LERMAN ArizonaStateUniversity, GraduatePrograminOrganismic Tempe,AZ85287,USA andEvolutionaryBiology, UniversityofMassachusetts-Amherst, LISA T. SMALLBONE Amherst,MA01003,USA InstituteforLand,Waterand Society, GARY W. LUCK CharlesSturtUniversity, InstituteforLand,WaterandSociety, POBox789,Albury, CharlesSturtUniversity, NSW2640Australia
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