Urban climate adaptation in urban planning and design processes

138 Pages·2016·2.62 MB·English

by  Liyang Qiu

Urban climate adaptation in

2016
urban planning and design

processes: Exploring the current

situation in China

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Liyang Qiu

1 Tag cloud based on the interview summary
Wageningen University

2016-7-29
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Urban climate adaptation in urban planning and design
processes
Exploring the current situation in China

Liyang Qiu

Master Thesis in MSc Urban Environment Management
2016

Supervised by:

Dr.ir. GJ (Gerrit-Jan) Carsjens(LUP)

Dr.dipl.ing. S (Sanda) Lenzholzer (LAR)

Examiner: dr. LB (Leonie) Janssen-Jansen

Course Code: LUP-80436
Land Use Planning (LUP) Group
Wageningen University, Netherlands
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Table of Content

List of Tables ............................................................................................................................. vii
List of Figures ............................................................................................................................ vii
List of Abbreviations .................................................................................................................. ix
Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................... x
Abstract ..................................................................................................................................... xi
1. Introduction ....................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Problem statement ............................................................................................. 1
1.2. Objective and research questions ...................................................................... 2
1.3. Research approach ............................................................................................. 3
2. Urban climate and urban planning .................................................................................... 5
2.1 Urban climate phenomena .............................................................................................. 5
2.1.1. Urban Heat Island ............................................................................................... 5
2.1.2. Wind dynamics ................................................................................................... 7
2.2. Urban climate adaptation possibilities ............................................................... 9
2.2.1. City structure ...................................................................................................... 9
2.2.2 Vegetation ........................................................................................................ 14
2.2.3 Use of materials ................................................................................................ 16
2.2.4 Anthropogenic heat lowering ........................................................................... 17
2.3. Urban planning ................................................................................................. 18
3. Methods .......................................................................................................................... 21
3.1. Data collection .................................................................................................. 21
3.1.1. Literature review .............................................................................................. 21
3.1.2. In-depth interviews .......................................................................................... 21
3.1.3. Document study ............................................................................................... 27
3.2. Data analysis ..................................................................................................... 28
4 Results ............................................................................................................................. 29
4.1. Results of document study ............................................................................... 29
4.2. Interview results: Awareness and basic knowledge ......................................... 32
4.2.1. Sense of urgency ............................................................................................... 32
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4.2.2. Measures to increase the sense of urgency ..................................................... 34
4.2.3. Awareness of two urban climate phenomena ................................................. 34
4.2.4. Measures to increase the awareness about urban climate phenomena ......... 36
4.2.5. Urban climate adaptation measures ................................................................ 38
4.2.6. Measures to increase the awareness about urban climate adaptation
measures ......................................................................................................................... 41
4.3. Interview results: Planning and design process for implementation ............... 43
4.3.1. Communication strategies ................................................................................ 43
4.3.2. Planning instruments ........................................................................................ 47
4.3.3. Concrete urban climate adaptation measures ................................................. 49
4.4. Reasons for little response ............................................................................... 51
5 Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 53
5.1. Sense of urgency to adapt urban environment to climate change .................. 53
5.2. Awareness of the urban climate phenomena and adaptation measures ........ 54
5.3. Urban climate adaptation strategies ................................................................ 55
5.3.1. Communication strategy .................................................................................. 55
5.3.2. Planning instruments ........................................................................................ 56
5.4. Concrete urban climate adaptation measures ................................................. 57
6 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................... 59
Bibliography ............................................................................................................................. 63
Appendix .................................................................................................................................. 69
1. Urban Climate Adaptation Interview Questions ............................................................. 69
2. Urban Climate Adaptation Interview Summary .............................................................. 77
3. Detailed division information of China Building Climate Division ................................. 109
4. Interviewees code rules ................................................................................................ 113
5. Contents about the urban climate adaptation in urban planning and design process in
Chinas Policies and Actions for Addressing Climate Change2015-2008 ............................... 115
6. Green Building standards lists ....................................................................................... 119

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List of Tables

Table 1 Experts general information list ......................................................................................... 24
Table 2 General information of 4 selected cities ............................................................................ 26
Table 3 Urban climate adaptation documents ............................................................................... 27
Table 4 Awareness of urban climate adaptation measures ........................................................... 42
Table 5 Concrete urban climate adaptation measures .................................................................. 49
Table 6 Detailed division information of China Building Climate Division ................................... 109
Table 7 National and trade standards for green building(Ye, et al., 2015) .................................. 119
Table 8 Local standards for green building(Ye, et al., 2015) ........................................................ 121

List of Figures

Figure 1 How UHI occurs(Green Ribbon Casandra, 2014) ................................................................ 6
Figure 2 The high-rise building effect in a dense urban environment(Reiter, 2010) ....................... 8
Figure 3 Building height combinations to control winds (a), (b) along streets(Wu & Kriksic, 2012)
................................................................................................................................................ 11
Figure 4Building height combinations to control winds(a),(b) and sun light (c), (d) along
streets(Wu & Kriksic, 2012) .................................................................................................... 12
Figure 5 A LARGE CANOPY IS A COMMON SOLUTION TO PEDESTRIAN WIND PROBLEM AT STREET
LEVEL(Cochran, 2004) ............................................................................................................. 13
Figure 6 A mid-building alcove entrance usually results in an inviting and calm location(Cochran,
2004) ....................................................................................................................................... 13
Figure 7 Accelerated corner flow from downwash often yields an unpleasant entrance
area(Cochran, 2004) ............................................................................................................... 13
Figure 8 Urban Surface Energy Budget(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2008) ................. 17
Figure 9 Interviewees location ....................................................................................................... 25
Figure 10 China Building Climate Division Map .............................................................................. 25
Figure 11 Structure of the green building standard system in China.(Ye, et al., 2015) .................. 32
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Figure 12 SENSE OF URGENCY FOR URBAN CLIMATE ADAPTATION .............................................. 33
Figure 13 The awareness of UHI among 4 groups .......................................................................... 35
Figure 14 The awareness of wind discomfort among 3 groups ...................................................... 36
Figure 15 Frequency of the answers to the measures to increase awareness about urban climate
phenomena ............................................................................................................................ 37
Figure 16 The awareness of city design as an urban climate adaptation measure among different
groups ..................................................................................................................................... 39
Figure 17 The awareness of urban vegetation as an urban climate adaptation measure among
different groups ...................................................................................................................... 39
Figure 18 The awareness of the use of materials as an urban climate adaptation measure among
different groups ...................................................................................................................... 40
Figure 19 The awareness of the anthropogenic heat lowering as an urban climate adaptation
measure among different groups ........................................................................................... 40
Figure 20 Frequency of the answers to increase awareness about urban climate adaptation
measures ................................................................................................................................ 41
Figure 21 Roles of different actors ................................................................................................. 44

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List of Abbreviations
UHI Urban heat island

DTR Diurnal temperature range

MHRUD Ministry of Housing and Rural-Urban Development

MODIS Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer

SUHII Annual mean surface UHI intensity

PET Physiological equivalent temperature

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