Urban Aquaculture (Cabi Publishing)

296 Pages·2005·5.2 MB·English

by  Barry Costa-Pierce

Urban Aquaculture
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Urban Aquaculture
Edited by
Barry Costa-Pierce
Rhode Island Sea Grant College Program
University of Rhode Island
USA
Alan Desbonnet
Rhode Island Sea Grant College Program
University of Rhode Island
USA
Peter Edwards
Agricultural and Aquatic Systems Program
Asian Institute of Technology
Thailand
and
Dale Baker
New York Sea Grant
Cornell University
USA
CABI Publishing
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A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library,
London, UK.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Urban aquaculture / edited by Barry Costa-Pierce ... [et al.].
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-85199-829-1 (alk. paper)
1. Urban aquaculture. 2. Water reuse. I. Costa-Pierce, Barry A. II. Title.
SH141.U73 2005
639.8(cid:1)09173(cid:1)2--dc22
2004017470
ISBN 0 85199 829 1
Typeset in 9pt Melior by Columns Design Ltd, Reading
Printed and bound in the UK by Cromwell Press, Trowbridge
Contents
Preface ix
Barry Costa-Pierce and Alan Desbonnet
1 A Future Urban Ecosystem Incorporating Urban Aquaculture for 1
Wastewater Treatment and Food Production
Barry Costa-Pierce and Alan Desbonnet
2 Viewing Urban Aquaculture as an Agroindustry 15
Greg Lutz
The Evolution of Urban Aquaculture in Asia
3 Opportunities and Constraints to Urban Aquaculture, with a Focus 25
on South and Southeast Asia
David C. Little and Stuart W. Bunting
4 Development Status of, and Prospects for, Wastewater-fed 45
Aquaculture in Urban Environments
Peter Edwards
5 Peri-urban Aquaculture and Poor Livelihoods in Kolkata, India 61
Stuart W. Bunting, Nitai Kundu and Madhumita Mukherjee
6 Wastewater-based Urban Aquaculture Systems in Ho Chi Minh City, 77
Vietnam
Minh Phan Van and Niels De Pauw
7 Wastewater Reuse through Urban Aquaculture in Hanoi, Vietnam: 103
Status and Prospects
Vo Quy Hoan and Peter Edwards
The Evolution of Urban Aquaculture in Europe and North America
8 The Emergence of Urban Aquaculture in Europe 119
Stuart W. Bunting and David C. Little
9 Competitive Potential for USA Urban Aquaculture 137
Michael B. Timmons
v
vi Contents
10 Commercially Feasible Urban Recirculating Aquaculture: Addressing 159
the Marine Sector
Yonathan Zohar, Yossi Tal, Harold Schreier, Colin Steven,
John Stubblefield and Allen Place
11 Shrimp Culture in Urban, Super-intensive Closed Systems 173
Craig L. Browdy and Shaun M. Moss
12 Aquaculture of the Florida Bay Scallop, Argopecten irradians 187
concentricus,in Tampa Bay Florida, USA, an Urban Estuary
Norman J. Blake
13 Four Years of Recirculating Aquaculture in Urban Boston Harbor, 197
USA
Clifford A. Goudey and Brandy M. Moran
The Progress and Potentials of Urban Aquaculture Education
14 Urban Aquaculture in Brooklyn, New York, USA 207
Martin P. Schreibman and Chester B. Zarnoch
15 Growing a Future Crop of Aquaculturists: Creating an Urban 223
Aquaculture Education Programme in New Haven, Connecticut, USA
John J. Roy
16 Science in Action: Tools for Teaching Urban Aquaculture 233
Concepts
J. Adam Frederick
17 Urban Aquaculture: a Necessary Reality 247
Joseph K. Buttner
18 Ecolabelling and Urban Aquaculture 259
Cathy A. Roheim
Synthesis
19 Aquaculture in Future Urban Ecosystems 267
Alan Desbonnet and Barry Costa-Pierce
Index 279
Contributors
Norman J. Blake, College of Marine Sciences, University of South Florida, 140 Seventh
Avenue South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701, USA.([email protected])
Craig L. Browdy, Waddell Mariculture Center, Marine Resources Research Institute,
South Carolina Department of Natural Resources, P.O. Box 12559, Charleston, SC
29487, USA.([email protected])
Stuart W. Bunting, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
([email protected])
Joseph K. Buttner, Northeastern Massachusetts Aquaculture Center and Department
of Biology, Salem State College, 352 Lafayette Street, Salem, MA 01970, USA.
([email protected])
Barry Costa-Pierce,Rhode Island Sea Grant College Program, University of Rhode Island,
Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA.([email protected])
Niels De Pauw, Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Sciences,
Department of Applied Ecology and Environmental Biology, Ghent University, J.
Plateaustraat 22, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium.([email protected])
Alan Desbonnet, Rhode Island Sea Grant College Program, University of Rhode Island,
Graduate School of Oceanography, Narragansett, RI 02882, USA.([email protected])
Peter Edwards, Agricultural and Aquatic Systems Program, School of Environment,
Resources and Development, Asian Institute of Technology, P.O. Box 4, Klong Luang,
Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.([email protected])
J. Adam Frederick, Maryland Sea Grant Extension Program, Center of Marine
Biotechnology, 701 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202, USA.
([email protected])
Clifford A. Goudey, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sea Grant College Program,
Building NE20–376, 3 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
([email protected])
Nitai Kundu, Institute of Wetland Management and Ecological Design, Department of
Environment, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata, India.([email protected])
David C. Little, Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Stirling FK9 4LA, UK.
([email protected])
Greg Lutz,Louisiana State University, Aquaculture Research Station, 2410 Ben Hur Road,
Baton Rouge, LA 70820, USA.([email protected])
vii
viii Contributors
Brandy M. Moran, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Sea Grant College Program,
Building NE20–376, 3 Cambridge Center, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
([email protected])
Shaun M. Moss, The Oceanic Institute, Makapu’u Point, 41–202 Kalanianaole Highway,
Waimanalo, HI 96795, USA.([email protected])
Madhumita Mukherjee, Department of Fisheries, Government of West Bengal, Kolkata,
India.([email protected])
Minh Phan Van, Department of Science, Technology and Environment, 244 Dien Bien
Phu Street, District 3, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. ([email protected]) Current
address:Laboratory of Environmental Toxicology and Aquatic Ecology, Ghent
University, J. P.lateaustraat 22–9000 Ghent, Belgium.
Allen R. Place, Center for Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology
Institute, Suite 236, Columbus Center, 710 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202,
USA. ([email protected])
Vo Quy Hoan, Hanoi Agricultural University, Gia Lam District, Hanoi, Vietnam.
([email protected])
Cathy A. Roheim, Department of Environmental and Natural Resource Economics,
University of Rhode Island, 112 Woodward Hall, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
([email protected])
John J. Roy, The Sound School Regional Aquaculture Center, 60 South Water Street, New
Haven, CT 06519, USA. ([email protected])
Martin P. Schreibman, Aquatic Research and Environmental Assessment Center, Brooklyn
College/CUNY, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA. (martins@
brooklyn.cuny.edu)
Harold J. Schreier, Center for Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland
Biotechnology Institute, Suite 236, Columbus Center, 710 East Pratt Street, Baltimore,
MD 21202, USA. ([email protected])
Colin R. Steven, Center for Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology
Institute, Suite 236, Columbus Center, 710 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202,
USA.(StevenC@afip.osd.mil)
John Stubblefield, Center for Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology
Institute, Suite 236, Columbus Center, 710 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202,
USA.([email protected])
Yossi Tal, Center for Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology
Institute, Suite 236, Columbus Center, 710 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202,
USA.([email protected])
Michael B. Timmons, Department of Biology and Environmental Engineering, Cornell
University, 302 Riley-Robb, Ithaca, NY 14850, USA.([email protected])
Chester B. Zarnoch, Aquatic Research and Environmental Assessment Center, Brooklyn
College/CUNY, 2900 Bedford Avenue, Brooklyn, NY 11210, USA.(czarnoch@brooklyn.
cuny.edu)
Yonathan Zohar, Center for Marine Biotechnology, University of Maryland Biotechnology
Institute, Suite 236, Columbus Center, 710 East Pratt Street, Baltimore, MD 21202,
USA.([email protected])
Preface
The world is in the midst of the greatest human migration of all time, with millions of
people moving from rural, inland areas to coastal cities. The United Nations estimates
that by 2025 the world’s urban population will increase to 5.1 billion people, equivalent
to the entire human population on Earth in 1930. Meeting basic human needs for protein
foods by urban consumers and disposal of human wastes concentrated in urban centres
will be a major challenge for the future. As we cannot expect to catch more food from the
sea, the world must turn to farming the waters – not just hunting them – and rapidly
accelerate the ‘blue revolution’. The expansion of aquaculture will have to occur not only
in rural areas but also in the urban areas of the world that can be centres not only of mar-
keting and distribution, but also of recycling and production. Traditional, often ancient
aquaculture methods integrate wastewater disposal, retain and recycle nutrients, and also
produce safe drinking water within peri-urban spaces next to urban centres. These
ecosystem-conscious aquatic farms are models for modern ecological engineering. Marcel
Proust said, ‘The real voyage of discovery consists not in seeking new landscapes but in
having new eyes.’
The late ecologist Eugene Odum defined cities as fabricated, heterotrophic parasites
on the global landscape. Our challenge is to make cities more autotrophic, more self-
feeding, and assist the evolution of urban agriculture and aquaculture and other ‘green
businesses’ in the underutilized urban and peri-urban environments of the world. As
rural lands disappear, brownfields, abandoned industrial buildings and warehouses of
the 20th century could become integrated aquaculture/agriculture/energy parks of the
21st century. But urban aquaculture is not only the growing of aquatic plans and animals
in the cities and the peri-urban neighbourhoods. Cities are the most important market-
places for all aquaculture products. Many of these markets are now holding tonnes of
live products for consumers. New aquaculture businesses have evolved to maintain
these valuable, live commodities. And there lies the seed of potential for these supply-
type urban businesses to evolve even further. Actually, when we think about it, this
keeping of fish in markets is how aquaculture started in Asia some 2000 years ago
(Costa-Pierce and Effendi, 1988). Fish were kept live in woven baskets and bamboo cages
in ponds and canals outside markets. Fishmongers noticed how they became tame and
began to feed them with market wastes, and the rest is history. Asia became the world’s
aquaculture leader through the development of market-driven aquaculture technologies
that met human needs.
ix