Urban and Regional Planning, Fourth Edition

248 Pages·2005·8.98 MB·English

by  Peter Hall

Urban and Regional Planning
This is the fourth edition of the classic text for students of urban and regional planning.
It gives a historical overview of the developments and changes in the theory and prac-
tice of planning in the United Kingdom, throughout the entire twentieth century.
This revised edition follows the successful format of previous editions:
● It introduces the establishment of planning as part of the public health reforms of
the late nineteenth century and goes on to look at the insights of the great figures
who influenced the early planning movement, leading up to the creation of the
postwar planning machine.
● National and regional planning, and planning for cities and city regions, in the UK
from 1945 to 2000, is then considered. Specific reference is made to the most impor-
tant British developments in recent times, including the Single Regeneration Budget,
English Partnerships, the devolution of Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland,
the establishment of the Mayor of London and the dominant urban sustainability
paradigm.
● ‘Planning in Western Europe since 1945’ now incorporates new material on EU-
wide issues, as well as updated country-specific sections.
● ‘Planning in the United States since 1945’ now discusses the continuing trends of
urban dispersal and social polarization, as well as initiatives in land-use planning
and transportation policies.
● Finally, the book looks at the nature of the planning process at the end of the twen-
tieth century, reflecting briefly on shifts in planning paradigms since the 1960s and
going on to discuss the main issues of the 1990s, including sustainability and social
exclusion and looking forward to the twenty-first century.
Sir Peter Hall is Bartlett Professor of Planning at University College London and
Director of the Institute of Community Studies. He is the author of over thirty books
on urban development and planning and was a member of the Deputy Prime Minister’s
Urban Task Force.

Urban and Regional
Planning
Fourth edition
Peter Hall
U T LE
O D
R G
E
• •
Taylor&Francis Group
London and New York
First edition published in 1975 by David and Charles (Holdings) Ltd
Second edition published in 1985 by Unwin Hyman
Third edition published in 1992 by Routledge
Reprinted 1994, 1996, 1999, 2000 (twice)
Fourth edition published in 2002 by Routledge
11 New Fetter Lane, London EC4P 4EE
Simultaneously published in the USA and Canada
by Routledge
29 West 35th Street, New York, NY 10001
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group
This edition published in the Taylor and Francis e-Library, 2005.
“To purchase your own copy of this or any of Taylor & Francis or Routledge’s
collection of thousands of eBooks please go to www.eBookstore.tandf.co.uk.”
© 1975, 1985, 1992, 2002 Peter Hall
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilized in any
form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented,
including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system,
without permission in writing from the publishers.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Hall, Peter Geoffrey.
Urban and regional planning / Peter Hall.–4th ed.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
1. City planning. 2. Regional planning. 3. City planning–Great Britain. 4. Regional
planning–Great Britain. I. Title.
HT166 G7 H34 2002
307.1’2–dc21 2002069951
ISBN 0-203-99532-5 Master e-book ISBN
ISBN 0–415–21776–8 (hbk)
ISBN 0–415–21777–6 (pbk)
Contents
Preface vii
Acknowledgements ix
Chapter 1 Planning, planners and plans 1
Chapter 2 The origins: urban growth from 1800 to 1940 11
Chapter 3 The seers: pioneer thinkers in urban planning, from 1880 to 1945 27
Chapter 4 Creation of the postwar British planning machine, from 1940 to 1952 55
Chapter 5 National/regional planning from 1945 to 2000 79
Chapter 6 Planning for cities and city regions from 1945 to 2000 99
Chapter 7 Planning in Western Europe since 1945 145
Chapter 8 Planning in the United States since 1945 189
Chapter 9 The planning process 211
Index 231

Preface
It is important to stress what this book is and what it is not. It is not a textbook of plan-
ning; there are excellent examples of those now available, including especially Barry
Cullingworth’s classic Town and Country Planning in Britain (13th edition, with
Vincent Nadin; Routledge, 2001). Rather, it is an introduction to planning, written both
for the beginning student and for the general reader. I hope that it will be found useful
by students of applied geography and of town and country planning; by university and
college students concerned to fit modern planning into its historical context; and by a
wider audience which may want to know how planning has evolved.
Two points must be made about the treatment. First, it is deliberately historical; it
traces the evolution of urban and regional problems, and of planning philosophies, tech-
niques and legislation, from the Industrial Revolution to the present day. Second, it is
necessarily written from a British standpoint for a British readership (though I hope that
readers from other Commonwealth countries will find it relevant). Throughout most of
the book the exclusive emphasis is on the British experience, though the survey of early
planning thought in Chapter 2 is international, and Chapters 7 and 8 deliberately range
out to compare the experience of other advanced industrial countries. Even in those
chapters the comparison deliberately excludes the developing world; doubtless, another
useful book is to be written there, but there is no space in this book to do the subject
justice.
The book is a by-product of thirty years of lectures on introductory applied geogra-
phy and planning at the London School of Economics, the University of Reading, the
University of California at Berkeley, and latterly at University College London. I am
grateful to successive waves of students who endured these courses and who unfailingly,
by their reactions, indicated the places where material was boring or unintelligible. More
particularly, I remain indebted to two academic colleagues and friends, both sadly
now deceased: to Brian McLoughlin for his characteristically generous and thoughtful
comments on a first draft; and to Marion Clawson for bringing his immense experience
to bear on the account in Chapter 8. I must add the usual disclaimer: that I am solely
responsible for errors and omissions.
To two devoted helpers – my secretaries, Monika Wheeler and Rosa Husain, who
typed two successive versions of the manuscript meticulously despite unnaturally heavy
departmental burdens, and my cartographer, Kathleen King – I offer my best thanks.
(I must also reflect, in this fourth edition, that the personal computer is relieving them
and their successors from further such burdens.)
Lastly, I rededicate this book to my wife Magda for her imperturbable patience in the
face of gross provocation. I hope that she will find the result some small recompense
for many delayed dinners and obsessed weekends.

Acknowledgements
The author and publishers would like to thank the following for granting permission to
reproduce the following illustrations as listed:
California Department of Transportation, Senior photographer Lynn G. Harrison, Plate
8.3; CORUS, Plate 5.1; The Cultural Section of the Embassy of Sweden, Plate 7.3;
DATAR, Figures 7.2, 7.3; European Communities, 1995–2002, from the Eurostat
website, Figure 7.1d, 7.14; Faber & Faber Ltd, Plate 3.4; Federal Office for Building
and Regional Planning (BBR), Bonn, Figure 7.8; Ford Motor Company, Plate 5.2; The
Head of Engineering Services, Manchester City Council, Figure 3.4; The Head of
Planning Policy, Stevenage Borough Council, Figure 4.2, Plate 4.3; HMSO, Figures 6.6,
6.16; IAURIF, Figure 7.7b; KLM Aerocarto – Arnhem, Holland, Plate 7.4; The Ministry
of Housing, Physical Planning and Environment, The Netherlands, Figure 7.13b;
Regional Plan Association, Plates 8.1, 8.2, Figure 8.2; Simmons Aerofilms Ltd, Plates
2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 5.3, 6.1, 6.2, 6.4, 6.5; John Wiley and Sons Ltd, Figure 6.15.
Every effort has been made to contact copyright holders for their permission to reprint
material in this book. The publishers would be grateful to hear from any copyright holder
who is not here acknowledged and will undertake to rectify any errors or omissions in
future editions of this book.