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Urban Agriculture in South Africa: A Study of the Eastern Cape Province PDF

357 Pages·2012·17.099 MB·English
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URBAN AGRICULTURE IN SOUTH AFRICA A Study of the Eastern Cape Province Alexander Counihan Thornton With a Foreword by Christian M. Rogerson The Edwin Mellen Press Lewiston•Queenston•Lampeter Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Thornton, Alexander Counihan, 1969- Urban agriculture in South Africa : a study of the Eastern Cape Province / Alexander Counihan Thornton ; with a foreword by Christian M. Rogerson. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-7734-3039-6 (hardcover) ISBN-10: 0-7734-3039-3 (hardcover) 1. Urban agriculture--South Africa--Eastern Cape. I. Title. S494.5.U72T46 2012 635.977096875--dc23 2012028403 hors serie. A CIP catalog record for this book is available from the British Library. Copyright © 2012 Alexander Counihan Thornton All rights reserved. For information contact (cid:9) The Edwin Melle(cid:9)n Press The Edwin Mellen Press Box 450 (cid:9) Box 67 Lewiston, New Yo(cid:9)rk Queenston, Ontario USA 14092-0450 CANADA LOS 1 LO The Edwin Mellen Press, Ltd. Lampeter, Ceredigion, Wales UNITED KINGDOM SA48 8LT Printed in the United States of America DEDICATION To Fanny and Jane. TABLE OF CONTENTS DEDICATION (cid:9) TABLE OF CONTENTS (cid:9) vii LIST OF FIGURES (cid:9) xi LIST OF PLATES (cid:9) xiii LIST OF TABLES (cid:9) es, FOREWORD: Christian M. Rogerson (cid:9) xvii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (cid:9) xxi CHAPTER 1: Introduction (cid:9) 1 1.1 Overview (cid:9) 1 1.2 Why Study Urban Agriculture in the Eastern Cape Province? (cid:9) 3 1.3 Global Overview of Urban Agriculture (cid:9) 4 1.4 The South African Context (cid:9) 6 1.5 Apartheid and Self Sufficiency (cid:9) 9 1.6 Relevance of the Study: Urban Agriculture in Sustainable Urban Development Discourse (cid:9) 11 1.7 Aims, Research Questions & Contribution of the Study (cid:9) 15 1.8 Study Structure (cid:9) 17 CHAPTER 2: Literature Review (cid:9) 19 Introduction (cid:9) 19 2.1 Historical Overview (cid:9) 20 2.2 Contemporary Debates in Defining Urban Agriculture (cid:9) 22 2.3 Urban Agriculture Claims & Criticisms (cid:9) 29 2.4 Theoretical & Conceptual Issues (cid:9) 34 2.4.1 Conceptual Framework (cid:9) 35 2.4.2 Conceptual Considerations (cid:9) 39 2.5 Informalising' Urban Agriculture (cid:9) 45 2.6 The Eco-City: Urban Agriculture in the Developed World (cid:9) 47 2.7 Urban Agriculture Practice in the Developing World & 'Economies in Transition': The Americas, Asia, Caribbean and Eastern Europe (cid:9) 51 2.8 Characteristics of Urban Agriculture Practitioners in Africa (cid:9) 55 2.9 The South African Context (cid:9) 60 2.9.1 Apartheid (cid:9) 62 viii 2.9.2 The Informal Sector in Contemporary South Africa (cid:9) 66 2.9.3 'Metro-bias' in South African Urban Agriculture Research (cid:9) 69 2.9.4 Partnerships (cid:9) 71 2.9.5 State Responses: Urban Agriculture in Key Policy Documents (cid:9) 72 2.9.6 Prior Urban Agriculture Research in the Eastern Cape Province (cid:9) 76 2.10 Conclusion (cid:9) 78 CHAPTER 3: Methodology (cid:9) 79 Introduction (cid:9) 79 3.1 Methods (cid:9) 80 3.2 Combined Methodological Approach (cid:9) 85 3.3 Unfolding of the Research Schedule (cid:9) 88 3.4 Sample Design and Survey Population (cid:9) 92 3.5 Community-Based Intervention: Purpose, Sample Sites and Sampling Procedures (cid:9) 94 3.5.1 Grahamstown (cid:9) 94 3.5.2 Peddie (cid:9) 99 3.6 Conclusion (cid:9) 100 CHAPTER 4: Study Area (cid:9) 101 4.1 Grahamstown (cid:9) 101 4.1.1 History (cid:9) 103 4.1.2 Socio-Demographics (cid:9) 107 4.1.3 Potential or Current Organisational/Institutional Support for Urban Agriculture (cid:9) 110 4.2 Peddie (cid:9) 110 4.2.1 History (cid:9) 113 4.2.2 Socio-Demographics (cid:9) 117 4.2.3 Potential or Current OrganisationaUlnstitutional Support for Urban Agriculture (cid:9) 120 4.3 Conclusion (cid:9) 121 CHAPTER 5: Preliminary Research Results: Urban Agriculture in the Past and Present (cid:9) 123 5.1 Results from Archival and Historical Study: Grahamstown and Peddie (cid:9) 123 5.2 Grahamstown Ground-truthing and Informal Interview Results (cid:9) 127 5.2.1 Geographic Information System Representation of Urban Agriculture in Grahamstown (cid:9) 129 5.2.2 Urban Agriculture and Rhini's Urban Eco-System (cid:9) 132 5.3 Peddie Ground-truthing and Informal Interview Results (cid:9) 134 5.3.1 Peddie: General Population and Urban Agriculture Data (cid:9) 134 5.3.2 Geographic Information System Representation of Urban Agriculture in Peddie (cid:9) 135 5.3.3 Urban Agriculture and Peddie's Urban Eco-System (cid:9) 138 5.4 The Role of the Market: Present and Future (cid:9) 139 ix 5.5 Attitudes & Perceptions of Urban Agriculture (cid:9) 140 5.6 Urban Agriculture and the Household Economy (cid:9) 142 5.7 Conclusion (cid:9) 142 CHAPTER 6: Data Results, Analysis & Synthesis (cid:9) 145 6.1 Grahamstown (cid:9) 146 6.2. Respondent Variables: Rhini (cid:9) 147 6.3 Home Gardens (cid:9) 151 6.4 Livestock(cid:9) 153 6.5 Conclusion: Grahamstown Urban Agriculture (cid:9) 154 6.6 Respondent Variables: Peddie (cid:9) 157 6.7 Home Gardens (cid:9) 159 6.8 Livestock (cid:9) 161 6.9 Conclusion: Peddie Urban Agriculture (cid:9) 162 6.10 Synthesis of Characteristics of Eastern Cape Urban Agriculturalists (cid:9) 164 6.11 Poverty Income and Household Size: Nationwide (cid:9) 166 6.12 Significance of Urban Agriculture (cid:9) 169 6.13 Non-urban Agriculture Households (cid:9) 170 6.14 Partnerships (cid:9) 172 6.15 Community-Based Intervention (cid:9) 173 6.15.1 Grahamstown: Water and Soil Analysis (cid:9) 174 6.15.2 Peddie: Market Access (cid:9) 177 6.16 Conclusion: Urban Agriculture Characteristics (cid:9) 181 CHAPTER 7: Urban and Peri-urban Agriculture in Selected Urban Centres in the Eastern Cape: Final Comparisons, Conclusions and Recommendations (cid:9) 185 7.1 Urban Agriculture Similarities between the Eastern Cape and other African Case Studies (cid:9) 186 7.2 Final Comparisons (cid:9) 190 7.3 Theoretical & Methodological Contribution (cid:9) 193 7.4 Research Summary (cid:9) 197 7.5 Recommendations for Urban Planners and for Further Research (cid:9) 202 7.6 Conclusions (cid:9) 206 7.7 Final Synopsis of Research Findings (cid:9) 208 BIBLIOGRAPHY (cid:9) 211 Web Sources (cid:9) 228 Personal Communications (cid:9) 242 APPENDIX 1: Community-Based Intervention (cid:9) 245 Introduction (cid:9) 245 1.1 Details of the Grahamstown Water Analysis Data (cid:9) 245 1.2 Peddie Intervention: The Masizame Community Garden Project: Origins (cid:9) 250 APPENDIX 2: Questionnaire Survey (Template) (cid:9) 255

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