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UPPER MIDDLE CLASS SOCIAL REPRODUCTION Wealth, Schooling, and Residential Choice in Chile María Luisa Méndez and Modesto Gayo Upper Middle Class Social Reproduction María Luisa Méndez • Modesto Gayo Upper Middle Class Social Reproduction Wealth, Schooling, and Residential Choice in Chile María Luisa Méndez Modesto Gayo Diego Portales University Diego Portales University Santiago, Chile Santiago, Chile ISBN 978-3-319-89694-6 ISBN 978-3-319-89695-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-89695-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2018942894 © The Editor(s) (if applicable) and The Author(s) 2019 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are solely and exclusively licensed by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors, and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Cover illustration: Modern building window © saulgranda/Getty Printed on acid-free paper This Palgrave Macmillan imprint is published by the registered company Springer International Publishing AG part of Springer Nature. The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland To our parents: Ana Luisa and Tito; María Luz and Modesto. A cknowledgments This book is the result of a long process of dialogue and exchange of feelings, ideas, and experiences. Although the particular project behind this piece of work began in 2014, our shared interest in the underlying issues dates back 15 years, to when we met at the University of Manchester, UK, where we were both graduate students. We both came from a back- ground of the study of the middle class: in Maria Luisa’s case, an interest in recent identity construction in neoliberal Chile, and in Modesto’s case, a concern with middle class politics in Spain between the 1980s and 2000s. British sociology has been a strong formative influence on both of us through to the present day, as has the work of French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu on the study of class (cultural class analysis). In this book, we have attempted to combine our original interest in the sociology of social stratification, with elements drawn from the sociology of culture, cultural sociology, and political sociology. One transversal and key feature has been the quite evident influence of methodological reflections drawn from this long empirical tradition, without which what we offer in this work would have been impossible. We became indebted to so many people over the course of writing this book that it is only possible to mention a few of them—the most indis- pensable ones—here. Professor Mike Savage is perhaps the person to whom we find ourselves most eternally grateful, and forever indebted, not only for the personal support he gave to us at difficult moments, but also for having been prepared to take risks on our behalf. He agreed to super- vise Maria Luisa’s doctoral thesis, and also opened up a space for Modesto, on the Cultural Capital and Social Exclusion research project, which was vii viii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS key to Modesto’s professional and intellectual development. Professor Savage has been a constant inspiration to us to continue improving, and push back the boundaries in our area of research. Maria Luisa would like to thank colleagues from around the world with whom she has been able to discuss and exchange ideas over a decade of study of the middle class and from whom she has learned an enormous amount. They include Emmanuelle Barozet, Vicente Espinoza, Virginia Guzmán, Michaela Benson, Sonia Bookman, María José Álvarez, Omar Pereyra, Gabriel Otero, Rolando Franco, Martín Hopenhayn, Tomás Ariztía, and Vania Perret. She would particularly like to thank Cath Collins for her terrific and thorough language editing work and Paulina Valenzuela for her tremendous contribution in the field, negotiating access that enabled us to carry out the interviews with upper middle class families in Santiago that have been absolutely fundamental to the book. On a more personal note, she would like to thank her parents for their unfailing sup- port, both back when she was a sociology student and today when, as an academic, she still sometimes bites off more than she can chew. Modesto would like to thank Prof. Alan Warde for all the work we developed together. Modesto learnt so much, not only intellectually, but also in developing a personal attitude to academia work that makes col- laboration with other scholars something to positively look forward to. He would also like to thank Prof. Tony Bennet, not only for their working collaboration during his time in Manchester, but also for all the time and energy they have invested over the past four years in the Australian Cultural Fields project, another round of the cultural capital puzzle. To his intelli- gence and kindness, he owes more than ideas. The methodological part of the book has a lot to do with these above mentioned scholars, as they decided to open their research agendas to the use of techniques from the factor analysis family. However, it is also necessary to acknowledge how much we learnt from Brigitte Le Roux and Henry Rouanet. Through a series of meetings and discussions that took place around 2005, Modesto acquired key concepts, tools, and strategies equipping him to use multiple correspondence analysis to sufficient depth. Modesto is still using it very extensively, and this book is in part a homage to that learning, and particu- larly to Henry Rouanet, who passed away several years ago. We attempted to push this methodological agenda forward somewhat through system- atic and multistage analysis sequencing, assuming, and hopefully demon- strating, that what was good for a single analysis could also be good for analyses performed several times and in different ways. ACKNOWLEDGMENT S ix Modesto’s family has always supported him, whether or not they under- stood what it was about. By ‘family’ he means his parents, Mariluz and Modesto, his sisters, Flor, Begoña, Yolanda and his brother Álvaro. Finally, this book was completed during the most idyllic holiday spent between Wallmapu and the infinite spaces of the Atacama Desert. Our beloved daughters, Pilar and Carmen, accompanied us on this great adven- ture, at the same time as they understood our need to finish writing this book, a story in many ways inspired by the contradictions, uncertainties, and dreams that bringing up children involves. Institutionally, we would like to thank the Chilean state funding agency, the National Committee for Research on Science and Technology (CONICYT), for support in the form of the FONDECYT Regular project no. 1140136 and via the Center for Social and Cohesion Studies, COES (CONICYT/FONDAP/15130009). c ontents 1 I ntroduction 1 2 S ocial Mobility over Time and in Space: Ascending Residential and Social Trajectories 29 3 C ommon Ground: On the Centrality of Residential and School Choice 55 4 F rantic Lives and Practices of Socio-Cultural Differentiation 83 5 N either Conservatives nor Progressives: Fragmentation in the Cultural Repertoires of the Upper Middle Class 109 6 I nheritors, Achievers, and Incomers: Wrapping Up a Multidimensional Approach to Social Reproduction 135 Index 147 xi l f ist of igures Fig. 1.1 US$ household income in Chile: top 2%. Source: authors’ own construction, based on data from CASEN survey 2015 16 Fig. 2.1 Socioeconomic segregation in the Santiago Metropolitan Area. Source: Center for Territorial Intelligence, CIT (www.cit.cl) 32 Fig. 2.2 Longitudinal analysis of upper middle class housing in Santiago 33 Fig. 2.3 Longitudinal analysis of building permits for upper middle class housing (2002–2012) 34 Fig. 2.4 Locations of 50 best schools and building permits in Santiago de Chile 35 Fig. 2.5 Percentages of spatial mobility by average commune income in the upper middle class area and Metropolitan Region 37 Fig. 2.6 Subjective social position of father, interviewee and oldest child (son or daughter) in the high income cone (left) and the Metropolitan Region (right) 41 Fig. 2.7 Differences in subjective position between upper middle class and Metropolitan Region fathers (left) and children (right) 43 Fig. 2.8 MCA spatial and social mobilities 48 Fig. 3.1 First choice: house, school, or neither 60 Fig. 3.2 Expectations of residential area lived in 62 Fig. 3.3 Relevant items for improving social position: responses “important” and “very important” 67 Fig. 3.4 Expectations regarding school choice 68 Fig. 3.5 Correspondence analysis (CA) of residential and school clusters 74 Fig. 3.6 CA of residential/school expectation clusters and spatial/social mobility patterns 76 Fig. 4.1 Parents’ participation in school activities (% of parents who participated always/most of the time) 86 xiii

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