UPGRADING REPAIRING PCs PDF
Preview UPGRADING REPAIRING PCs
b6/a6 Upgrading & Repairing #1636-4 christy 8.5.98 FM LP#5 i Contents Scott Mueller with Craig Zacker UPGRADING AND REPAIRING PCs Tenth Anniversary Edition Contents at a Glance Introduction 1 1 Personal Computer Background 9 2 PC Components, Features, and System Design 15 3 Microprocessor Types and Specifications 31 4 Motherboards and Buses 167 5 Memory 301 6 Power Supply and Case 391 7 Input Devices 445 8 Video Hardware 499 9 Audio Hardware 549 10 I/O Interfaces 583 11 Communications and Networking 655 12 Magnetic Storage 709 13 Optical Storage 823 14 Printers 869 15 Portable PCs 909 16 Building or Upgrading Systems 947 17 Diagnostics and Testing 983 18 Operating Systems Software and Troubleshooting 1031 19 File Systems and Data Recovery 1065 20 IBM Personal Computer Family Hardware 1099 21 A Final Word 1153 A Vendor List 1177 B Useful Hardware Web Sites 1247 C Glossary 1251 D Technical Reference 1325 List of Acronyms 1419 Index of Manufacturers 1425 Index 1431 b6/a6 Upgrading & Repairing #1636-4 christy 8.5.98 FM LP#5 ii Contents Upgrading and Repairing PCs Tenth Anniversary Edition Copyright© 1998 by Que® Corporation All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or other- wise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the pub- lisher and author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein. International Standard Book Number: 0-7897-1636-4 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number: 98-84282 Printed in the United States of America First Printing: September 1998 00 99 98 4 3 2 Trademarks All terms mentioned in this book that are known to be trademarks or service marks have been appropriately capi- talized. Que cannot attest to the accuracy of this informa- tion. Use of a term in this book should not be regarded as affecting the validity of any trademark or service mark. Executive Editor Jim Minatel Acquisitions Editor Jill Byus Development Editor Rick Kughen Technical Reviewers Kent Easley Tyson Heyn Doug Klippert Carl Larson Pete Lenges John Rourke Jeff Sloan Technical Editors Deb Fogle Russ Jacobs Kevin Langston Bob Pierson Pat Regan Managing Editor Thomas F. Hayes Project Editor Gina Brown Copy Editor Julie McNamee Indexer Chris Wilcox Software Development Specialist John Warriner Production Maribeth Echard John Etchison Christy M. Lemasters b6/a6 Upgrading & Repairing #1636-4 christy 8.5.98 FM LP#5 iii Contents Contents Introduction 1 What Are the Main Objectives of This Book? 3 Who Should Use This Book? 3 What Is in This Book? 4 What’s New and Special About the Tenth Anniversary Edition 5 The Tenth Anniversary Edition CD-ROMs 7 A Personal Note 8 1 Personal Computer Background 9 Personal Computing History 9 The IBM Personal Computer 11 The IBM-Compatible Marketplace 17 Years Later 13 2 PC Components, Features, and System Design 15 What Is a PC? 15 Who Controls PC Software? 16 Who Controls PC Hardware? 18 PC 9x Specifications 21 System Types 21 System Components 25 Motherboard 26 Processor 27 Memory (RAM) 27 Case (Chassis) 27 Power Supply 28 Floppy Disk Drive 28 Hard Disk Drive 28 CD-ROM Drive 28 Keyboard 29 Mouse 29 Video Card 29 Monitor (Display) 30 3 Microprocessor Types and Specifications 31 Processor Specifications 31 Processor Speed Ratings 33 Data Bus 38 b6/a6 Upgrading & Repairing #1636-4 christy 8.5.98 FM LP#5 iv Contents Internal Registers 39 Address Bus 40 Internal (Level 1) Cache 41 Processor Modes 43 Processor Features 47 Processor Manufacturing 50 Physical Packaging 53 Processor Sockets 54 CPU Operating Voltages 72 Heat and Cooling Problems 74 Math Coprocessors 75 Processor Bugs 77 Processor Update Feature 78 Intel Processor Codenames 79 Intel-Compatible Processors 80 AMD Processors 80 Cyrix 81 IDT Winchip 82 P-Ratings 83 Processor Types 83 P1 (086) First-Generation Processors 83 P2 (286) Second-Generation Processors 85 P3 (386) Third-Generation Processors 87 P4 (486) Fourth-Generation Processors 92 P5 (586) Fifth-Generation Processors 105 Pseudo-Fifth-Generation Processors 126 P6 (686) Sixth-Generation Processors 127 Pseudo-Sixth-Generation Processors 152 P7 (786) Seventh-Generation Processors 158 Processor Upgrades 161 OverDrive Processors 162 OverDrive Processor Installation 162 OverDrive Compatibility Problems 163 Processor Benchmarks 164 4 Motherboards and Buses 167 Motherboard Form Factors 167 Baby-AT 167 Full-Size AT 169 LPX 170 ATX 173 NLX 176 Proprietary Designs 179 Backplane Systems 180 Motherboard Components 182 Processor Sockets/Slots 182 Chipsets 183 b6/a6 Upgrading & Repairing #1636-4 christy 8.5.98 FM LP#5 v Contents Intel Chipsets 185 Intel’s Early 386/486 Chipsets 187 Fifth-Generation (P5 Pentium Class) Chipsets 187 Third-Party (Non-Intel) P5 Pentium Class Chipsets 194 Sixth-Generation (P6 Pentium Pro/Pentium II Class) Chipsets 199 Third-Party (Non-Intel) P6 Class Chipsets 205 Super I/O Chips 207 BIOS 208 Upgrading the ROM BIOS 215 BIOS Error Messages 222 Motherboard CMOS RAM Addresses 224 Motherboard Interface Connectors 228 System Bus Functions and Features 232 The Processor Bus 234 The Memory Bus 237 The Need for Expansion Slots 238 Types of I/O Buses 238 The ISA Bus 239 The Micro Channel Bus 245 The EISA Bus 246 Local Buses 250 VESA Local Bus 252 The PCI Bus 256 Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP) 269 System Resources 270 Interrupts (IRQs) 270 DMA Channels 275 I/O Port Addresses 277 Resolving Resource Conflicts 281 Resolving Conflicts Manually 281 Using a System-Configuration Template 283 System Resource Map 284 System Resource Map 285 Heading Off Problems: Special Boards 287 Plug-and-Play Systems 290 Knowing What to Look For (Selection Criteria) 292 Documentation 297 Using Correct Speed-Rated Parts 298 5 Memory 301 Memory Basics 301 Types of Memory 303 ROM 304 Mask ROM 306 PROM 306 b6/a6 Upgrading & Repairing #1636-4 christy 8.5.98 FM LP#5 vi Contents EPROM 308 EEPROM/Flash ROM 309 DRAM 311 Memory Speeds 312 Fast Page Mode (FPM) DRAM 314 EDO RAM 315 Burst EDO 316 SDRAM 316 Future DRAM Memory Technologies 317 RDRAM 317 DDR SDRAM 318 Cache Memory—SRAM 319 Physical Memory 323 SIMMs and DIMMs 324 SIMM Pinouts 329 Physical RAM Capacity and Organization 336 Memory Banks 338 RAM Chip Speed 340 Gold Versus Tin 340 Memory Reliability 344 Installing Memory Upgrades 352 Upgrade Options and Strategies 352 Selecting and Installing Motherboard Memory with Chips, SIMMs, or DIMMs 353 Replacing SIMMS and DIMMs with Higher Capacity 353 Adding Adapter Boards 354 Installing Memory 354 The System Logical Memory Layout 359 Conventional (Base) Memory 360 Upper Memory Area (UMA) 360 Extended Memory 376 Expanded Memory 379 Preventing ROM BIOS Memory Conflicts and Overlap 380 ROM Shadowing 381 Total Installed Memory Versus Total Usable Memory 382 Adapter Memory Configuration and Optimization 385 Taking Advantage of Unused Upper Memory 387 6 Power Supply and Case 391 Power Supply Function and Operation 391 Power Supply Form Factors 393 Power Supply Connectors 403 The Power_Good Signal 409 Power Supply Loading 410 Power-Supply Ratings 412 Power Supply Specifications 414 b6/a6 Upgrading & Repairing #1636-4 christy 8.5.98 FM LP#5 vii Contents Power Supply Certifications 417 Power-Use Calculations 417 Leave It On or Turn It Off? 421 Power Management 423 Energy Star Systems 423 Advanced Power Management 423 Power Supply Problems 425 Power Supply Troubleshooting 426 Digital Multi-Meters 428 Specialized Test Equipment 430 Repairing the Power Supply 431 Obtaining Replacement Units 433 Deciding on a Power Supply 433 Sources for Replacement Power Supplies 434 Using Power-Protection Systems 435 Surge Suppressors (Protectors) 437 Phone Line Surge Protectors 438 Line Conditioners 438 Backup Power 438 RTC/NVRAM Batteries 442 7 Input Devices 445 Keyboards 445 Types of Keyboards 445 Compatibility 453 Num Lock 454 Keyboard Technology 454 Keyboard Troubleshooting and Repair 474 Reference Material 479 Mice 480 Mouse Interface Types 482 Mouse Calibration 484 Mouse Troubleshooting 487 Microsoft IntelliMouse 490 TrackPoint II/III 491 Glidepoint 495 Game Adapter (Joystick) Interface 496 8 Video Hardware 499 Monitors 499 Display Technologies 500 Monochrome Versus Color 503 The Right Size 504 Monitor Resolution 505 Dot Pitch 506 b6/a6 Upgrading & Repairing #1636-4 christy 8.5.98 FM LP#5 viii Contents Interlaced Versus Noninterlaced 506 Energy and Safety 507 Monitor Buying Criteria 509 Video Display Adapters 513 Obsolete Display Adapters 514 VGA Adapters and Displays 517 XGA and XGA-2 519 Super VGA (SVGA) 521 VESA SVGA Standards 523 Video Adapter Components 525 Video Cards for Multimedia 535 3D Graphics Accelerators 543 Adapter and Display Troubleshooting 546 9 Audio Hardware 549 Audio Adapter Applications 549 Games 551 Multimedia 551 Sound Files 552 MIDI Files 553 Presentations 556 Recording 557 Voice Annotation 558 Voice Recognition 559 Conferencing 560 Proofreading 560 Audio CDs 560 Sound Mixer 561 Is an Audio Adapter Necessary? 561 Audio Adapter Concepts and Terms 562 The Nature of Sound 562 Game Standards 563 Frequency Response 563 Sampling 564 8-Bit Versus 16-Bit 564 Audio Adapter Features 565 Connectors 565 Volume Control 567 Synthesis 568 Data Compression 568 Multi-Purpose Digital Signal Processors 569 CD-ROM Connectors 569 Sound Drivers 570 Choosing an Audio Adapter 570 Consumer or Producer? 570 Compatibility 571 Bundled Software 571 b6/a6 Upgrading & Repairing #1636-4 christy 8.5.98 FM LP#5 ix Contents Audio Adapter Installation 571 Installing the Sound Card 572 Using Your Stereo Instead of Speakers 573 Troubleshooting Sound Card Problems 574 Hardware (Resource) Conflicts 574 Other Sound Card Problems 576 Speakers 579 Microphones 581 10 I/O Interfaces 583 Serial and Parallel Ports 583 Serial Ports 583 Testing Serial Ports 591 Parallel Ports 593 Parallel-Port Configuration 598 Testing Parallel Ports 600 Serial and Parallel Port Replacements 600 USB (Universal Serial Bus) 601 FireWire (IEEE 1394) 604 Storage Device Interfaces 605 The ST-506/412 Interface 607 The ESDI Interface 609 The IDE Interface 610 IDE Origins 612 IDE Bus Versions 613 ATA IDE 614 The ATA Specification 614 ATA IDE Drive Categories 618 ATA-2 and ATA-3 (Enhanced IDE) 621 ATA-4 625 Obsolete IDE Versions 626 Small Computer System Interface (SCSI) 626 ANSI SCSI standards 628 Single-ended or Differential SCSI 630 SCSI-1 and SCSI-2 631 SCSI-3 633 SCSI Cables and Connectors 634 SCSI Cable and Connector Pinouts 634 SCSI Drive Configuration 640 Plug-and-Play (PnP) SCSI 644 SCSI Configuration Tips 645 IDE Versus SCSI 646 SCSI Hard Disk Evolution and Construction 646 Performance 651 SCSI Versus IDE: Advantages and Limitations 652 Recommended SCSI Host Adapters 653 b6/a6 Upgrading & Repairing #1636-4 christy 8.5.98 FM LP#5 x Contents 11 Communications and Networking 655 Asynchronous Modems 656 Modem Standards 658 56K Modems 667 Modem Recommendations 670 Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 671 ISDN Services 671 ISDN Hardware 672 Leased Lines 673 T-1 Connections 673 T-3 Connections 673 CATV Networks 673 Cable Modems 674 CATV Bandwidth 674 CATV Security 675 CATV Performance 675 Direct Cable Connections 676 Null Modem Cables 676 Direct Connect Software 677 Local Area Networks 678 Networking Basics 678 LAN Hardware Components 684 Data Link Layer Protocols 699 High-Speed Networking Technologies 702 100Mbps Ethernet 704 Asynchronous Transfer Mode 705 Upper-Layer Protocols 706 TCP/IP 706 12 Magnetic Storage 709 Principles of Magnetic Storage 709 Data Encoding Schemes 712 Encoding Scheme Comparisons 716 PRML (Partial-Response, Maximum-Likelihood) 718 Capacity Measurements 718 Hard Disk Drives 719 Definition of a Hard Disk 719 Hard Disk Drive Operation 720 Basic Hard Disk Drive Components 732 Hard Disk Features 754 Hard Disk Installation Procedures 761 Drive Configuration 762 Host Adapter Configuration 762 Physical Installation 764 System Configuration 765 b6/a6 Upgrading & Repairing #1636-4 christy 8.5.98 FM LP#5 xi Contents Formatting 767 Hard Disk Drive Troubleshooting and Repair 770 Floppy Disk Drives 770 Development of the Floppy Disk Drive 771 Drive Components 771 Disk Physical Specifications and Operation 778 Types of Floppy Disk Drives 782 Analyzing Floppy Disk Construction 787 Drive-Installation Procedures 793 Repairing Floppy Disk Drives 793 Removable Storage Drives 796 Types of Removable Media Drives 796 Magnetic Media Drives 797 Tape Drives 804 The Origins of Tape Backup Standards 806 The QIC Standards 807 Other High-Capacity Tape Drive Standards 812 Choosing a Tape Backup Drive 816 Tape Drive Installation Issues 819 Tape Drive Backup Software 820 13 Optical Storage 823 What Is CD-ROM? 823 CDs: A Brief History 824 CD-ROM Technology 824 Inside Data CDs 826 What Types of Drives Are Available? 828 CD-ROM Drive Specifications 829 Interface 832 Loading Mechanism 835 Other Drive Features 837 CD-ROM Disc and Drive Formats 838 Data Standard: ISO 9660 839 High Sierra Format 839 CD-DA (Digital Audio) 840 CD-ROM XA or Extended Architecture 840 Mixed-Mode CDs 843 PhotoCD 844 Writable CD-ROM Drives 846 CD-R 847 CD-RW 849 DVD (Digital Versatile Disc) 851 DVD History 851 DVD Specifications 851 DVD Standards 853 b6/a6 Upgrading & Repairing #1636-4 christy 8.5.98 FM LP#5 xii Contents Installing an Optical Drive 854 Avoiding Conflict: Get Your Cards in Order 854 Drive Configuration 855 External (SCSI) Drive Hook-Up 856 Internal Drive Installation 858 Ribbon Cable and Card Edge Connector 858 SCSI Chains: Internal, External, a Little of Both 860 CD-ROM Software on Your PC 862 Software Loading 865 CD-ROM in Microsoft Windows 3.x 866 Optical Drives in Windows 9x and Windows NT 4.0 866 Troubleshooting CD-ROMs 867 14 Printers 869 Printer Technology 869 Print Resolution 870 Page Description Languages (PDL) 873 Escape Codes 877 Printer Memory 877 Fonts 878 Printer Drivers 881 How Printers Work 882 Laser Printers 882 Inkjet Printers 887 Dot Matrix Printers 889 Color Printing 890 Color Inkjet Printers 892 Color Laser Printers 892 Dye Sublimation Printers 893 Thermal Wax Transfer Printers 893 Choosing a Printer Type 893 How Many Printers? 893 Combination Devices 894 Print Speed 894 Paper Types 895 Cost of Consumables 895 Installing Printer Support 896 DOS Drivers 897 Windows Drivers 897 Preventive Maintenance 902 Laser and Inkjet Printers 902 Dot Matrix Printers 902 Choosing the Best Paper 903 Common Printing Problems 903 Printer Hardware Problems 904 Connection Problems 906 b6/a6 Upgrading & Repairing #1636-4 christy 8.5.98 FM LP#5 xiii Contents Driver Problems 907 Application Problems 908 15 Portable PCs 909 Form Factors 909 Laptops 910 Notebooks 910 Subnotebooks 910 Portable System Designs 911 Upgrading and Repairing Portables 912 Portable System Hardware 913 Displays 913 Processors 918 Mobile Processor Packaging 923 Chipsets 929 Memory 930 Hard Disk Drives 931 Removable Media 931 PC Cards 932 Keyboards 937 Pointing Devices 938 Batteries 939 Peripherals 942 External Displays 942 Docking Stations 944 Connectivity 945 16 Building or Upgrading Systems 947 System Components 948 Case and Power Supply 949 Motherboard 950 Floppy Disk and Removable Drives 961 Hard Disk Drive 962 CD-ROM Drive 963 Keyboard and Pointing Device (Mouse) 964 Video Card and Display 965 Sound Card and Speakers 966 USB Peripherals 966 Accessories 966 Hardware and Software Resources 968 System Assembly and Disassembly 968 Assembly Preparation 969 Motherboard Installation 972 Disassembly Preparation 979 Sources and Suppliers 981 b6/a6 Upgrading & Repairing #1636-4 christy 8.5.98 FM LP#5 xiv Contents 17 Diagnostics, Testing, and Maintenance 983 Diagnostics Software 983 The Power-On Self Test (POST) 984 Hardware Diagnostics 989 General-Purpose Diagnostics Programs 991 Operating System Diagnostics 995 PC Maintenance Tools 999 Hand Tools 1000 A Word About Hardware 1004 Soldering and Desoldering Tools 1005 Test Equipment 1007 Preventive Maintenance 1011 Active Preventive Maintenance Procedures 1012 Passive Preventive Maintenance Procedures 1024 18 Operating Systems Software and Troubleshooting 1031 Disk Operating System (DOS) 1031 Operating System Basics 1031 The System ROM BIOS 1033 DOS Components 1035 IO.SYS (or IBMBIO.COM) 1035 MSDOS.SYS (or IBMDOS.COM) 1036 The Shell or Command Processor (COMMAND.COM) 1036 DOS Command File Search Procedure 1037 DOS Versions 1039 Potential DOS Upgrade Problems 1040 The Boot Process 1042 How DOS Loads and Starts 1042 File Management 1048 Interfacing to Disk Drives 1049 Windows 3.1 1053 16-bit Windows Versions 1054 Loading Windows 3.1 1055 Core Windows Files 1056 32-bit Disk Access 1057 Windows 9x 1058 Windows 9x and DOS Compared 1058 Versions 1060 Windows 9x Architecture 1060 FAT32 1061 Windows NT 1062 Versions 1063 Windows NT Startup 1063 Windows NT Components 1063 b6/a6 Upgrading & Repairing #1636-4 christy 8.5.98 FM LP#5 xv Contents 19 File Systems and Data Recovery 1065 FAT Disk Structures 1065 Master Partition Boot Sector 1067 Volume Boot Sectors 1071 Root Directory 1073 File Allocation Tables (FATs) 1076 Clusters (Allocation Units) 1077 The Data Area 1079 Diagnostic Read-and-Write Cylinder 1079 VFAT and Long File Names 1079 FAT32 1082 FAT32 Cluster Sizes 1083 FAT Mirroring 1084 Creating FAT32 Partitions 1084 Converting FAT16 to FAT32 1085 FAT File System Errors 1086 Lost Clusters 1086 Cross-Linked Files 1087 Invalid Files or Directories 1087 FAT Errors 1087 FAT File System Utilities 1088 The CHKDSK Command 1088 CHKDSK Operation 1090 The RECOVER Command 1091 SCANDISK 1091 Disk Defragmentation 1093 Third-Party Programs 1094 NTFS 1095 NTFS Architecture 1096 NTFS Compatibility 1096 Creating NTFS Drives 1097 NTFS Tools 1097 20 IBM Personal Computer Family Hardware 1099 System-Unit Features by Model 1100 An Introduction to the PC (5150) 1101 PC Models and Features 1103 PC BIOS Versions 1104 PC Technical Specifications 1105 An Introduction to the PC Convertible (5140) 1110 PC Convertible Specifications and Highlights 1112 PC Convertible Models and Features 1113 An Introduction to the XT (5160) 1115 XT Models and Features 1117 XT BIOS Versions 1119 XT Technical Specifications 1120
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