Upgrading and Repairing PCs

1177 Pages·2016·13.93 MB·English

by  Muller Scott.

ptg5994185
From the Library of Ross Hagglund
Contents at a Glance
Introduction 1
1 Development of the PC 5
2 PC Components, Features, and System Design 19
3 Processor Types and Specifications 31
4 Motherboards and Buses 171
5 BIOS 313
6 Memory 375
UPGRADING
7 The ATA/IDE Interface 435
8 Magnetic Storage Principles 489
AND 9 Hard Disk Storage 513
10 Removable Storage 557
REPAIRING PC , 11 Optical Storage 585
S
12 Video Hardware 671
13 Audio Hardware 739
19th Edition
14 External I/O Interfaces 765
15 Input Devices 801
16 Internet Connectivity 837
17 Local Area Networking 865 ptg5994185
18 Power Supplies 913
19 Building or Upgrading Systems 997
20 PC Diagnostics, Testing, and Maintenance 1033
Index 1093
Scott Mueller
800 East 96th Street
Indianapolis, Indiana 46240
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From the Library of Ross Hagglund
Upgrading and Repairing PCs, 19th Edition Associate Publisher
Greg Wiegand
Copyright © 2010 by Pearson Education, Inc.
All rights reserved. No part of this book shall be reproduced, stored in a retrieval Acquisitions Editor
system, or transmitted by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, record- Rick Kughen
ing, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. No patent liability
is assumed with respect to the use of the information contained herein. Although Development Editor
every precaution has been taken in the preparation of this book, the publisher and
Todd Brakke
author assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. Nor is any liability assumed
for damages resulting from the use of the information contained herein.
Managing Editor
ISBN-13: 978-0-7897-3954-4 Kristy Hart
ISBN-10: 0-7897-3954-2
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data: Project Editor
Jovana San Nicolas-Shirley
Mueller, Scott.
Upgrading and repairing PCs / Scott Mueller. — 19th ed.
Copy Editor
p. cm.
ISBN 978-0-7897-3954-4 Bart Reed
1. Microcomputers—Maintenance and repair. 2. Microcomputers—Equipment and
supplies. 3. Microcomputers—Upgrading. I. Title. Indexer
TK7887.M84 2010 Erika Millen
004.16—dc22
2009042724
Proofreader
Printed in the United States of America Linda Seifert
First Printing: December 2009
Technical Editor
Trademarks Mark Reddin ptg5994185
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From the Library of Ross Hagglund
Contents Dual Independent Bus Architecture 74
Hyper-Threading Technology 75
Multicore Technology 76
Introduction 1 Processor Manufacturing 77
Processor Re-marking 82
Book Objectives 1
PGA Chip Packaging 83
The 19th Edition DVD-ROM 2
Single Edge Contact and Single Edge
My Website: informit.com/upgrading 2
Processor Packaging 84
A Personal Note 3
Processor Socket and Slot Types 86
1 Development of the PC 5 Socket 370 (PGA-370) 89
Socket 423 91
Computer History: Before Personal
Socket 478 91
Computers 5
Socket LGA775 91
Timeline 5
Socket LGA1156 92
Electronic Computers 10
Socket LGA1366 93
Modern Computers 10
Socket A (Socket 462) 94
From Tubes to Transistors 11
Socket 754 95
Integrated Circuits 13
Socket 939 and 940 95
History of the PC 13
Socket AM2/AM2+/AM3 96
Birth of the Personal Computer 13
Socket F (1207FX) 98
The IBM Personal Computer 14
CPU Operating Voltages 98
The PC Industry Nearly 30 Years Later 15
Math Coprocessors (Floating-Point
2 PC Components, Features, Units) 99
and System Design 19 Processor Bugs and Steppings 100
Processor Code Names 100
What Is a PC? 19 P1 (086) Processors 101 ptg5994185
Who Controls PC Software? 20 P2 (286) Processors 102
Who Controls PC Hardware? 23 P3 (386) Processors 103
White-Box Systems 25 386DX Processors 104
PC Design Guides 26 386SX Processors 104
System Types 27 386SL Processors 105
System Components 28 P4 (486) Processors 105
486DX Processors 106
3 Processor Types and
486SL 107
Specifications 31
DX2/OverDrive and DX4 Processors 107
Microprocessor History 31 AMD 486 (5x86) 108
The First Microprocessor 31 P5 (586) Processors 108
PC Processor Evolution 34 First-Generation Pentium Processors 110
16-bit to 64-bit Architecture Second-Generation Pentium
Evolution 36 Processors 110
Processor Specifications 37 Pentium-MMX Processors 112
Data I/O Bus 42 Pentium Defects 113
Address Bus 43 AMD-K5 114
Internal Registers (Internal Data Bus) 44 Intel P6 (686) Processors 114
Processor Modes 45 Pentium Pro Processors 115
Processor Benchmarks 49 Pentium II Processors 117
Comparing Processor Performance 49 Pentium III 121
Cache Memory 64 Celeron 123
Processor Features 69 Intel Pentium 4 Processors 124
System Management Mode (SMM) 69 Pentium 4 Extreme Edition 127
Superscalar Execution 70 Intel Pentium D and Pentium Extreme
MMX Technology 71 Edition 128
Dynamic Execution 73
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iv Contents
Intel Core Processors 130 Intel 915 Family 220
Intel Core 2 Family 130 Intel 925X Family 221
Intel Nehalem (Core i) Processors 133 Intel 945 Express Family 221
AMD K6 Processors 135 Intel 955X and 975X Family 222
NexGen Nx586 135 Intel 96x Series 222
AMD-K6 Series 136 Intel 3x and 4x Series Chipsets 223
AMD K7 Processors 137 Intel 5x Series Chipsets 226
AMD Athlon 137 Third-party Chipsets for Intel Processors 229
AMD Duron 138 SiS Chipsets 229
AMD Athlon XP 138 ULi Electronics Chipsets 232
Athlon MP 139 ATI Chipsets 233
AMD K8 Processors 140 VIA Chipsets 236
AMD Athlon 64 and 64 FX 140 AMD Athlon Chipsets 238
AMD Sempron 143 AMD Chipsets 238
AMD Athlon X2, 64 X2, and 64 FX 144 VIA Chipsets for AMD 239
AMD K10 Processors (Phenom) 146 SiS Chipsets for AMD 242
Processor Upgrades 148 NVIDIA nForce Chipsets for AMD 245
Overclocking 148 ATI Radeon IGP Chipsets 247
Quartz Crystals 149 AMD Athlon 64 Chipsets 249
Modern PC Clocks 151 AMD 8000 (8151) Chipset 249
Overclocking Tips 153 ATI (AMD) 250
Bus Speeds and Multipliers 155 VIA Chipsets for Athlon 64 252
Processor Cooling 157 NVIDIA Chipsets for Athlon 64 253
Heatsinks 162 SiS Chipsets for Athlon 64 255
Liquid Cooling 162 Super I/O Chips 258
Thermally Advantaged Chassis 163 Motherboard Connectors 259 ptg5994185
Processor Troubleshooting Techniques 168 System Bus Types, Functions, and
Features 269
4 Motherboards and Buses 171
The Processor Bus (Front-Side Bus) 275
Motherboard Form Factors 171 Calculating Processor Bus Speeds 278
Obsolete Form Factors 172 Types of I/O Buses 279
ATX and Other Modern Form The ISA Bus 280
Factors 182 The Micro Channel Bus 282
Processor Sockets/Slots 195 The EISA Bus 284
Chipsets 198 Local Buses (VESA, PCI, PCI Express,
Chipset Evolution 198 AGP) 285
Intel Chipsets 200 System Resources 294
Intel Chipset Model Numbers 200 Interrupts 295
Intel Integrated Graphics DMA Channels 300
Architecture 201 I/O Port Addresses 301
AMD Chipsets 202 Resolving Resource Conflicts 304
Traditional North/South Bridge Using a System-Configuration
Architecture 202 Template 306
Hub Architecture 204 Plug-and-Play Systems 309
High-speed North-South Bridge Motherboard Selection Criteria (Knowing
Connections 205 What to Look For) 310
Intel’s Early 386/486 Chipsets 206 Chipset Documentation 312
Fifth-Generation (P5 Pentium Class)
5 BIOS 313
Chipsets 207
Sixth-Generation (P6 Pentium Pro/II/III BIOS Basics 313
Class) Chipsets 209 Motherboard ROM BIOS 317
Seventh/Eighth-Generation (Pentium 4/D, ROM Hardware 318
Core 2, and Core i) Chipsets 213 ROM Shadowing 320
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This is the Current C–Head at the BOTTOMof the Page Contents v
ROM Chip Types 320 DDR3 DIMM Details 408
ROM BIOS Manufacturers 324 RIMM Details 408
BIOS Hardware/Software 327 Determining a Memory Module’s Size
Upgrading the BIOS 328 andFeatures 409
Where to Get Your BIOS Update 328 Memory Banks 412
Determining Your BIOS Version 329 Memory Module Speed 413
Checking the BIOS Date 329 Parity and ECC 413
Backing Up Your BIOS 330 Parity Checking 415
Backing Up Your BIOS Setup (CMOS RAM) How Parity Checking Works 416
Settings 330 Error-Correcting Code (ECC) 418
Upgrading a Flash BIOS 331 RAM Upgrades 419
Motherboard CMOS RAM Addresses 337 Upgrade Options and Strategies 419
Year 2000 BIOS Issues 340 Purchasing Memory 421
Preboot Environment 340 Replacing Modules with Higher-Capacity
CMOS Setup Specifications 342 Versions 422
Running or Accessing the CMOS Setup Installing Memory Modules 423
Program 342 Troubleshooting Memory 425
BIOS Setup Menus 342 Memory Defect Isolation Procedures 429
Maintenance Menu 343 The System Logical Memory Layout 432
Main Menu 344
7 The ATA/IDE Interface 435
Advanced Menus 345
Security Menu 360 An Overview of the IDE Interface 435
Power Menu 361 Precursors to IDE 435
Boot Menu (Boot Sequence, Order) 363 IDE Origins 436
Exit Menu 365 Origins of ATA 437
Additional BIOS Setup Features 365 ATA Standards 438 ptg5994185
Plug and Play BIOS 367 ATA-1 (AT Attachment Interface for Disk
PnP Device IDs 367 Drives) 440
ACPI 368 ATA-2 (AT Attachment Interface with
BIOS/MBR Error Messages 369 Extensions-2) 440
BIOS Boot Error Messages 370 ATA-3 (AT Attachment Interface-3) 441
MBR Boot Error Messages 372 ATA/ATAPI-4 (AT Attachment with Packet
Interface Extension-4) 441
6 Memory 375
ATA/ATAPI-5 (AT Attachment with
Memory Basics 375 PacketInterface-5) 442
ROM 377 ATA/ATAPI-6 (AT Attachment with
DRAM 377 PacketInterface-6) 443
Cache Memory: SRAM 379 ATA/ATAPI-7 (AT Attachment with
RAM Types and Performance 381 PacketInterface-7) 444
Fast Page Mode DRAM 383 ATA/ATAPI-8 445
Extended Data Out RAM (EDO) 384 Parallel ATA 445
SDRAM 385 Parallel ATA I/O Connector 445
DDR SDRAM 388 Parallel ATA I/O Cable 448
DDR2 SDRAM 390 Longer and/or Rounded Cables 450
DDR3 392 Parallel ATA Signals 450
RDRAM 393 Parallel ATA Dual-Drive
Memory Modules 396 Configurations 451
SIMMs, DIMMs, and RIMMs 397 Parallel ATA PIO Transfer Modes 454
Registered Modules 402 Parallel ATA DMA Transfer Modes 455
SIMM Details 404 Serial ATA 456
SDR DIMM Details 406 Serial ATA Cables and Connectors 458
DDR DIMM Details 407 Serial ATA Configuration 460
DDR2 DIMM Details 407 Advanced Host Controller Interface
(AHCI) 461
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vi Contents This is the Chapter Title
Serial ATA Transfer Modes 462 3 1/2" Drive 517
ATA Features 463 2 1/2" Drive 517
ATA Commands 463 1.8" Drive 517
ATA Security Mode 464 1" Drives 518
Host Protected Area 465 Hard Disk Drive Operation 518
ATA Packet Interface 466 The Ultimate Hard Disk Drive
ATA Drive Capacity Limitations 467 Analogy 520
Prefixes for Decimal and Binary Tracks and Sectors 521
Multiples 467 Disk Formatting 524
BIOS Limitations 468 Basic Hard Disk Drive Components 529
CHS Versus LBA 470 Hard Disk Platters (Disks) 530
CHS/LBA and LBA/CHS Conversions 471 Recording Media 530
BIOS Commands Versus ATA Read/Write Heads 532
Commands 472 Head Actuator Mechanisms 534
CHS Limitations (the 528MB Barrier) 472 Air Filters 542
CHS Translation (Breaking the 528MB Hard Disk Temperature Acclimation 543
Barrier) 474 Spindle Motors 543
The 2.1GB and 4.2GB Barriers 477 Logic Boards 544
LBA-Assist Translation 478 Cables and Connectors 545
The 8.4GB Barrier 481 Configuration Items 546
The 137GB Barrier and Beyond 482 Hard Disk Features 546
Operating System and Other Software Capacity 546
Limitations 484 Performance 548
PATA/SATA RAID 485 Reliability 553
Cost 556
8 Magnetic Storage Principles 489 ptg5994185
10 Removable Storage 557
Magnetic Storage 489
History of Magnetic Storage 489 The Role of Removable-Media Drives 557
How Magnetic Fields Are Used to Store Flash Memory Media 557
Data 490 Magnetic Disk Media 557
Read/Write Head Designs 493 Magnetic Tape Media 558
Ferrite 494 Flash Memory Devices 558
Metal-In-Gap 494 Types of Flash Memory Devices 559
Thin-Film 495 Comparing Flash Memory Devices 564
Magneto-Resistive Heads 495 Flash Card Readers 566
Giant Magneto-Resistive Heads 497 Microdrive Technology 568
Head Sliders 498 High-Capacity Magnetic Storage
Data-Encoding Schemes 500 Devices 569
FM Encoding 502 Floppy Disk Drives 569
MFM Encoding 502 1.44MB 3 1/2" Drives 570
RLL Encoding 502 Floppy Drive Interfaces 571
Encoding Scheme Comparisons 504 Drive Components 571
Partial-Response, Maximum-Likelihood How the Operating System Uses a
Decoders 505 FloppyDisk 577
Capacity Measurements 505 Disk Change 578
Areal Density 506 Floppy Disk Media Types and
Perpendicular Magnetic Recording 509 Specifications 579
Floppy Disk Care and Handling 581
9 Hard Disk Storage 513
Tape Drives 582
Definition of a Hard Disk 513 Disadvantages of Tape Backup
Hard Drive Advancements 514 Drives 583
Form Factors 515 Advantages of Tape Backup Drives 583
5 1/4" Drive 516 Magneto-Optical Drives 584
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This is the Current C–Head at the BOTTOMof the Page Contents vii
11 Optical Storage 585 12 Video Hardware 671
Optical Technology 585 Display Adapters and Monitors 671
CD-based Optical Technology 586 Video Display Adapters 672
CDs: A Brief History 586 Video Adapter Types 672
CD Construction and Technology 587 Integrated Video/Motherboard
Mass-producing CDs 587 Chipsets 673
Writable CDs 599 Video Adapter Components 675
MultiRead Specifications 606 Identifying the Video and System
DVD 607 Chipsets 677
DVD History 608 Video RAM 677
DVD Construction and Technology 609 The Digital-to-Analog Converter
DVD Tracks and Sectors 610 (DAC) 681
Handling DVD Errors 614 Video Display Interfaces 681
DVD Capacity (Sides and Layers) 615 The System Interface 681
Data Encoding on the Disc 619 The Display Interface 683
Recordable DVD Standards 619 Digital Display Interfaces 687
Multiformat Rewritable DVD Drives 627 TV Display Interfaces 698
Blu-ray Disc (BD) 627 3D Graphics Accelerators 699
HD-DVD 629 How 3D Accelerators Work 699
Optical Disc Formats 630 Application Programming Interfaces 704
CD Formats 630 Dual-GPU Scene Rendering 706
DVD Formats and Standards 639 3D Chipsets 708
Optical Disc File Systems 642 Monitors 708
Ripping/Copying Discs 647 Display Specifications 708
“For Music Use Only” CD-R/RW LCD Technology 718
ptg5994185
Discs 648 CRT Display Technology 720
CD Copy Protection 649 Plasma Display Technology 723
CD Digital Rights Management LCD and DLP Projectors 724
(DRM) 649 Using Multiple Monitors 725
DVD Copy Protection 650 Dualview 726
Optical Drive Performance Homogeneous Adapters 726
Specifications 652 Heterogeneous Adapters 727
CD Data Transfer Rate 652 Video Capture Devices 727
CD Drive Speed 653 Video Troubleshooting and
DVD Drive Speed 656 Maintenance 730
Access Time 658 Troubleshooting Video Cards and
Buffer/Cache 658 Drivers 730
Direct Memory Access and Video Drivers 732
Ultra-DMA 658 Maintaining Monitors 733
Interface 659 Testing Monitors 734
Loading Mechanism 659 Adjusting Monitors 735
Other Drive Features 660 Bad Pixels 736
Recording Software 660 Troubleshooting Monitors 737
How to Reliably Record Optical Repairing Monitors 738
Discs 661
13 Audio Hardware 739
Booting from a Floppy Disk with Optical
Drive Support 662 Early PC Audio Adapters 739
Bootable Optical Discs—El Torito 662 Limitations of Sound Blaster Pro
LightScribe and LabelFlash 663 Compatibility 740
Troubleshooting Optical Drives 663 DirectX and Audio Adapters 740
Caring for Optical Media 667 Legacy Audio Support Through
Updating the Firmware in an Virtualization 740
Optical Drive 668
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viii Contents This is the Chapter Title
PC Multimedia History 741 Keyboard Technology 804
Audio Adapter Features 741 Keyswitch Design 804
Basic Connectors 742 The Keyboard Interface 810
Connectors for Advanced Features 744 Typematic Functions 811
Volume Control 745 Keyboard Key Numbers and Scan
MIDI Support Features 746 Codes 813
Data Compression 746 International Keyboard Layouts 814
Multipurpose Digital Signal Keyboard/Mouse Interface
Processors 747 Connectors 814
Sound Drivers 747 USB Keyboards 816
Sound Cards for Sound Producers 747 Keyboards with Special Features 817
Audio Adapter Concepts and Terms 748 Keyboard Troubleshooting and Repair 817
The Nature of Sound 748 Keyboard Disassembly 819
Evaluating the Quality of Your Audio Cleaning a Keyboard 819
Adapter 748 Keyboard Recommendations 820
Sampling 749 Pointing Devices 821
Motherboard Chipsets with Integrated Ball-Type Mice 822
Audio 750 Optical Mice 823
AC’97 Integrated Audio 750 Pointing Device Interface Types 825
Intel “Azalia” HD Audio 753 Mouse Troubleshooting 827
Installing a Sound Card 753 Scroll Wheels 828
Selecting an Expansion Slot 753 TrackPoint II/III/IV 829
Connecting PC Speakers and Completing Alternative Pointing Devices 831
the Installation 754 Wireless Input Devices 834
Using Your Stereo Instead of Power Management Features of Wireless
Speakers 755 Input Devices 835 ptg5994185
Troubleshooting Sound Card Problems 755 Troubleshooting Wireless Input
Hardware (Resource) Conflicts 756 Devices 836
Other Sound Card and Onboard Audio
16 Internet Connectivity 837
Problems 756
Speakers 760 Internet Connectivity Trends 837
Speaker Selection Criteria 760 Broadband Internet Access Types 837
Theater and Surround Sound Cable TV (CATV) 838
Considerations 762 Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) 841
Microphones 763 Wireless Broadband 845
Satellite Broadband 846
14 External I/O Interfaces 765
Integrated Services Digital Network
Introduction to Input/Output Ports 765 (ISDN) 848
Serial Versus Parallel 765 Leased Lines 849
Universal Serial Bus (USB) 766 Comparing High-speed Internet
IEEE 1394 (FireWire or i.LINK) 780 Access 850
Comparing USB and IEEE 1394 Dialup Modems 851
(FireWire) 784 Modem Standards and Protocols 852
Performance Myths and Realities 785 Bits and Baud Rates 853
Hot-Plugging (and Unplugging) 788 Modulation Standards 854
Low-speed External Connections 791 Error-Correction Protocols 855
Serial Ports 791 Data-Compression Standards 856
Parallel Ports 795 56Kbps Modems 856
Internet Connection Security 860
15 Input Devices 801
Having a Backup Plan in Case of Service
Keyboards 801 Interruptions 860
Enhanced 101-Key Keyboard 802 Sharing Your Internet Connection 861
104-Key (Windows) Keyboard 803 Routers for Internet Sharing 861
Modem/Router Status LEDs 863
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This is the Current C–Head at the BOTTOMof the Page Contents ix
17 Local Area Networking 865 ATX and Newer 934
PC/XT/AT and LPX Power Switches 935
Defining a Network 865
Motherboard Power Connectors 937
Types of Networks 866
AT/LPX Power Supply Connectors 937
Requirements for a Network 866
ATX and ATX12V Motherboard Power
Client/Server Versus Peer Networks 867
Connectors 939
Client/Server Networks 867
Backward and Forward
Peer-to-Peer Networks 868
Compatibility 952
Comparing Client/Server and Peer-to-Peer
Dell Proprietary (Nonstandard) ATX
Networks 869
Design 955
Network Architecture Overview 870
Additional Power Connectors 957
Wired Ethernet 871
Peripheral Power Connectors 958
Wireless Ethernet 873
Floppy Power Connectors 958
Which Wireless Ethernet Standard
Serial ATA Power Connectors 960
Is Best? 878
PCI Express x16 Graphics Power
Bluetooth 878
Connectors 961
Hardware Elements of Your Network 879
Power Supply Specifications 963
Network Interface Cards for Wired
Power Supply Loading 963
Ethernet Networks 879
Power Supply Ratings 964
Network Cables for Wired Ethernet 882
Other Power Supply Specifications 966
Wired Network Topologies 890
Power Factor Correction 968
Switches and Hubs for Ethernet
Power Supply Safety Certifications 969
Networks 892
Power-Use Calculations 970
Wireless Ethernet Hardware 897
Power Cycling 972
Network Protocols 902
Power Management 975
IP and TCP/IP 903
Energy Star Systems 975 ptg5994185
IPX 904
Advanced Power Management 976
NetBEUI 904
Advanced Configuration and Power
Other Home Networking Solutions 905
Interface 976
HomePNA 905
Power Supply Troubleshooting 979
Powerline Networking 906
Overloaded Power Supplies 980
Putting Your Network Together 907
Inadequate Cooling 981
Network Adapters 907
Using Digital Multimeters 982
Cables and Connections Between
Specialized Test Equipment 985
Computers 908
Obtaining Replacement Units 986
Hub/Switch/Access Point 909
Sources for Replacement Power
Recording Information About Your
Supplies 986
Network 909
Power-Protection Systems 987
Installing Networking Software 910
Surge Suppressors (Protectors) 989
Tips and Tricks 912
Phone Line Surge Protectors 989
Sharing Resources 912
Line Conditioners 990
Setting Up Security 912
Backup Power 990
Sharing Internet Connections 912
RTC/NVRAM (CMOS RAM) Batteries 993
18 Power Supplies 913 Modern CMOS Batteries 993
Obsolete or Unique CMOS Batteries 995
The Power Supply 913
CMOS Battery Troubleshooting 996
Primary Function and Operation 913
Positive DC Voltages 914 19 Building or Upgrading
Negative DC Voltages 915 Systems 997
The Power Good Signal 916
System Components 997
Power Supply Form Factors 917
Case and Power Supply 999
Obsolete Form Factors 920
Processor 1000
Modern Form Factors 920
Motherboard 1001
Power Switches 934
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