Updated Buildings Sector Appliance and Equipment Costs

699 Pages·2015·3.52 MB·English

Updated Buildings Sector
Appliance and Equipment
Costs and Efficiencies
January 2023
www.eia.gov
U.S. Department of Energy
Washington, DC 20585
The U.S. Energy Information Administration (EIA), the statistical and analytical agency within the
U.S. Department of Energy (DOE), prepared this report. By law, our data, analyses, and forecasts are
independent of approval by any other officer or employee of the U.S. Government. The views in this
report do not represent those of DOE or any other federal agencies.

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Updated Buildings Sector Appliance and Equipment Costs and Efficiencies i
January 2023
Updated Buildings Sector Appliance and Equipment Costs and
Efficiencies
Energy used in the residential and commercial sectors provides a wide range of services, including
heating, cooling, lighting, refrigeration, cooking, and numerous other end uses. The U.S. Energy
Information Administration (EIA) conducts two buildings-sector surveys—the Residential Energy
Consumption Survey (RECS) and the Commercial Buildings Energy Consumption Survey (CBECS)—that
provide information on the equipment stock and energy consumption within existing buildings.
However, these surveys do not directly gather other information that we need to project future energy
consumption, such as equipment cost information or nameplate efficiency ratings.
The Residential Demand Module (RDM) and the Commercial Demand Module (CDM) of the National
Energy Modeling System (NEMS) use equipment cost and performance technology menus that
represent competing options for most of the major end uses. The contracted reports in Appendixes A–D
provide the information basis on which these menus can be built, focusing on cost and efficiency
characterizations across equipment and fuel types. Previous editions of the Annual Energy Outlook
(AEO) used similar contracted reports.
Multiple equipment classes and types are represented in these menus so that the projected equipment
stock can change over time in response to fuel prices and other factors that affect equipment choice,
such as appliance standards. The equipment menus interact with other NEMS parameters to determine
market shares, equipment efficiency levels, cost estimates, and equipment interactions,1 and they are
used to translate service demand into energy demand.
Appendixes A and B constitute one set of reports that characterizes most major residential equipment
and commercial heating, cooling, and water heating equipment. Appendix A is used in developing
Reference case projections, while Appendix B is used in developing advanced technology cases.2 These
assumptions were developed and implemented during the AEO2018 and AEO2019 cycles.
Appendixes C and D constitute another set of reports that characterizes residential and commercial
lighting, as well as commercial ventilation and refrigeration equipment. Appendix C is used in developing
the Reference case, while Appendix D is used in developing advanced technology cases. These
assumptions were developed and implemented during the AEO2023 cycle.
When referencing the contracted reports in Appendixes A and B, you should cite them as reports by
Guidehouse (formerly Navigant Consulting, Inc.), prepared for the U.S. Energy Information
Administration. When referencing the contracted reports in Appendixes C and D, you should cite them
as reports by Guidehouse and Leidos, prepared for the U.S. Energy Information Administration.

1 Examples of equipment interactions are solar water heaters that supplement traditional water heaters, clothes washers that
reduce the need for clothes drying, and water heaters that provide dishwashers and clothes washers with heated water.

2 In addition to the Reference case, we also develop sensitivities to explore different assumptions for the cost and performance
of future technologies. For the more optimistic cases, some equipment achieves lower life-cycle costs through improved
efficiency or lower upfront costs, or both. The contracted reports provide a base case and an advanced case for modeling the
AEO Reference case along with the more optimistic cases. We use the advanced case assumptions to develop side cases for
AEO reports that include such analyses.
U.S. Energy Information Administration | Updated Buildings Sector Appliance and Equipment Costs and Efficiencies 1
January 2023
APPENDIX A

U.S. Energy Information Administration | Updated Buildings Sector Appliance and Equipment Costs and Efficiencies 2
FINAL
EIA - Technology Forecast Updates –
Residential and Commercial Building
Technologies – Reference Case
Presented to:
U.S. Energy Information Administration
Prepared by:
Navigant Consulting, Inc.
1200 19 St. NW, Suite 700
Washington, D.C. 20036
April 2018
Review Draft
DISCLAIMER
This presentation was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States
Government. Neither the United States Government, nor any agency thereof, nor any of their
employees, nor any of their contractors, subcontractors, or their employees, makes any warranty,
express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or
usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use
would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product,
process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise, does not necessarily
constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government
or any agency, contractor or subcontractor thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed
herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency
thereof.
April 2018
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Review Draft
Table of Contents
Page Page
Objective 4 Residential Gas-Fired Water Heater 51
Methodology 5 Residential Oil-Fired Water Heater 54
Definitions 6 Residential Electric Resistance Water Heater 56
Market Transformation 7 Residential Electric Heat Pump Water Heater 58
Residential Solar Water Heater 61
Residential Gas-Fired Furnaces (North) 8 Residential Instantaneous Water Heater 63
Residential Gas-Fired Furnaces (Rest of Country) 9
Residential Oil-Fired Furnaces 12 Residential Refrigerator/Freezer (Top-Mount) 65
Residential Gas-Fired Boilers 15 Residential Refrigerator/Freezer (Side-Mount) 66
Residential Oil-Fired Boilers 18 Residential Refrigerator/Freezer (Bottom-Mount) 67
Residential Electric Furnaces 21 Residential Freezers (Chest) 71
Residential Electric Resistance Heaters 23 Residential Freezers (Upright) 72
Residential Central Air Conditioners (North) 25 Residential Natural Gas Cooktops 75
Residential Central Air Conditioners (South) 26 Residential Natural Gas Ovens 76
Residential Air Source Heat Pumps 29 Residential Clothes Dryers (Electric) 79
Residential Ground Source Heat Pumps 33 Residential Clothes Dryers (Gas) 80
Residential Room Air Conditioners 35 Residential Clothes Washers (Front-Loading) 83
Residential Portable Air Conditioners 38
Residential Clothes Washers (Top-Loading) 84
Residential Natural Gas Heat Pumps 40
Residential Dishwashers 87
Residential Cordwood Stoves 42
Residential Pellet Wood Stoves 46
Review Draft
Table of Contents
Page Page
Commercial Electric Booster Water Heater 130
Commercial Gas-Fired Furnaces 90
Commercial Gas-Fired Booster Water Heater 131
Commercial Oil-Fired Furnaces 92
Commercial Gas-Fired Instantaneous Water Heater133
Commercial Electric Resistance Heaters 94
Commercial Solar Water Heater 135
Commercial Electric Boilers 96
Commercial Gas Range with Griddle and Oven 137
Commercial Gas-Fired Boilers 98
Commercial Electric Range with Griddle and Oven138
Commercial Oil-Fired Boilers 100
Commercial Hot Food Holding Cabinet 140
Commercial Centrifugal Chillers 102
Commercial Reciprocating Chillers 104
Data Sources A-1
Commercial Screw Chillers 106
References B-1
Commercial Scroll Chillers 108
Commercial Gas Fired Chillers 110
Commercial Rooftop Air Conditioners 112
Commercial Gas-Fired Engine-Driven Rooftop Air
Conditioners 114
Commercial Rooftop Heat Pumps 116
Commercial Ground Source Heat Pumps 118
Commercial Gas-Fired Water Heater 120
Commercial Electric Resistance Water Heater 123
Commercial Heat Pump Water Heater 126
Commercial Oil-Fired Water Heater 128
Review Draft
Objective
The objective of this study is to develop baseline and projected
performance/cost characteristics for residential and commercial
end-use equipment.
• Installed base in 2012 (for commercial products) or 2009 and 2015 (for residential
products) and current market (2017)
— Review of literature, standards, installed base, contractor, and manufacturer
information.
— Provide a relative comparison and characterization of the cost/efficiency of a
generic product.
• Forecast of technology improvements that are projected to be available through 2050
— Review of trends in standards, product enhancements, and Research and
Development (R&D).
— Projected impact of product improvements and enhancement to technology.
The performance/cost characterization of end-use equipment developed in this
study will assist EIA in projecting national primary energy consumption.
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Review Draft
Methodology
Input from industry, including government, R&D organizations, and
manufacturers, was used to project product enhancements concerning
equipment performance and cost attributes.
• Technology forecasting involves many uncertainties.
• Technology developments impact performance and cost forecasts.
• Varied sources ensure a balanced view of technology progress and the probable timing
of commercial availability.
• Only currently published efficiency standards and regulations are considered when
predicting technology developments, unpublished future regulatory action is not
predicted.
• All costs are shown in 2017 dollars (2017$).
• Ranges, when given, represent the span of typical values for a given parameter (e.g..
installed cost for equipment meeting the federal standard) not the highest and lowest
available on the market.
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