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Update On Hearing Loss Edited by Fayez Bahmad Jr. Update On Hearing Loss Edited by Fayez Bahmad Jr. Stole src from http://avxhome.se/blogs/exLib/ Published by AvE4EvA Copyright © 2015 All chapters are Open Access distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 license, which allows users to download, copy and build upon published articles even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. After this work has been published, authors have the right to republish it, in whole or part, in any publication of which they are the author, and to make other personal use of the work. Any republication, referencing or personal use of the work must explicitly identify the original source. As for readers, this license allows users to download, copy and build upon published chapters even for commercial purposes, as long as the author and publisher are properly credited, which ensures maximum dissemination and a wider impact of our publications. Notice Statements and opinions expressed in the chapters are these of the individual contributors and not necessarily those of the editors or publisher. No responsibility is accepted for the accuracy of information contained in the published chapters. The publisher assumes no responsibility for any damage or injury to persons or property arising out of the use of any materials, instructions, methods or ideas contained in the book. Publishing Process Manager Technical Editor AvE4EvA MuViMix Records Cover Designer Published December 11, 2015 ISBN-10: 953-51-2195-2 ISBN-13: 978-953-51-2195-4 Спизжено у ExLib: avxhome.se/blogs/exLib C ontents Preface Chapter 1 Cochlear Model for Hearing Loss by Miriam Furst Chapter 2 Classification of Hearing Loss by Waleed B. Alshuaib, Jasem M. Al-Kandari and Sonia M. Hasan Chapter 3 Up to Date on Etiology and Epidemiology of Hearing Loss by Larissa Vilela Pereira and Fayez Bahmad Jr. Chapter 4 Advances in Genetic Diagnosis and Treatment of Hearing Loss — A Thirst for Revolution by Sidheshwar Pandey and Mukeshwar Pandey Chapter 5 Hearing Loss in Infectious and Contagious Diseases by Luiz Alberto Alves Mota, Paula Cristina Alves Leitão, Paulo Marcelo Freitas de Barros and Ana Maria dos Anjos Carneiro Leão Chapter 6 Hearing Loss and the Voice by Ana Cristina Coelho, Daniela Malta Medved and Alcione Ghedini Brasolotto Chapter 7 Hearing Impairment in Professional Musicians and Industrial Workers — Profession-Specific Auditory Stimuli Used to Evoke Event-Related Brain Potentials and to Show Different Auditory Perception and Processing by Edeltraut Emmerich, Marcus Engelmann, Melanie Rohmann and Frank Richter VI Contents Chapter 8 A Combination of EGb 761 and Soft Laser Therapy in Chronic Tinnitus by Klára Procházková, Ivan Šejna, Petr Schalek, Jozef Rosina and Aleš Hahn Chapter 9 Technological Advances in Universal Neonatal Hearing Screening (UNHS) by Stavros Hatzopoulos, Henryk Skarzynski and Piotr H Skarzynski Chapter 10 Bilateral Cochlear Implants, Minimizing Auditory Rehabilitation by Miguel A. Hyppolito and Eduardo T. Massuda Preface "Update on Hearing Loss" encompasses both the theoretical background on the different forms of hearing loss and a detailed knowledge on state-of-the-art treatment for hearing loss, written for clinicians by specialists and researchers. Realizing the complexity of hearing loss has highlighted the importance of interdisciplinary research. Therefore, all the authors contributing to this book were chosen from many different specialties of medicine, including surgery, psychology, and neuroscience, and came from diverse areas of expertise, such as neurology, otolaryngology, psychiatry, and clinical and experimental audiology. Chapter 1 Cochlear Model for Hearing Loss Miriam Furst Additional information is available at the end of the chapter http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/61189 Abstract In many psychoacoustical tasks, hearing-impaired subjects display abnormal audiograms and poor understanding of speech compared to normal listeners. Existing models that ex‐ plain the performance of the hearing impaired indicate that possible sources for cochlear hearing loss may be the dysfunction of the outer and inner hair cells. In this study, a model of the auditory system is introduced. It includes two stages: (1) a nonlinear time domain cochlear model with active outer hair cells that are driven by the tectorial mem‐ brane motion and (2) a synaptic model that generates the auditory nerve instantaneous rate as a response to the basilar membrane motion and is affected by the inner hair cell transduction efficiency. The model can fit both a normal auditory system and an abnor‐ mal auditory system with easily induced pathologies. In typical psychoacoustical detection experiments, the ability of subjects to perceive a minimum difference in a physical property is measured. We use the model presented here to predict these performances by assuming that the brain behaves as an optimal pro‐ cessor that estimates a particular physical parameter. The performance of the optimal processor is derived by calculating its lower bound. Since neural activity is described as a nonhomogeneous Poisson process whose instantaneous rate was derived, the Cramer– Rao lower bound can be analytically obtained for both rate coding and all information coding. We compared the model predictions of normal and abnormal cochleae to human thresh‐ olds of pure tones in quiet and in the presence of background noise. Keywords: Cochlear model, outer hair cell, audiogram, hearing impairment, auditory nerve 1.Introduction When sound waves enter the ear, they cause the basilar membrane (BM) that is located in the inner ear to vibrate. Since each place on the BM is tuned to a specific characteristic frequency