Update 1991

591 Pages·1991·22.657 MB·English

by  O. S. Hoekstra, A. A. van Lambalgen, L. G. Thijs (auth.), Prof. Jean Louis Vincent (eds.)

14 Update in Intensive Care
and Emergency Medicine
Edited by J. L.Vincent
Update 1991
Edited by
J. L.Vincent
With 109 Figures and 74 Tables
Springer-Verlag
Berlin Heidelberg New York
London Paris Tokyo
Hong Kong Barcelona
. Budapest
Prof. Jean Louis Vincent Clinical Director
Department of Intensive Care
Erasme Hospital
Free University of Brussels
Route de Lennik 808
B-1070 Brussels, Belgium
ISBN-13:978-3-540-53672-7 e-ISBN-13:978-3-642-84423-2
DOl: 10.1007/978-3-642-84423-2
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Contents
Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Abdominal Interposed Between Thoracic Compressions
During Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
(O.S. Hoekstra, A.A.van Lambalgen, and L.G. Thijs) . 3
The Resuscitation of Submersion Victims: WET-CPR?
(J. J. Bierens, J. J. van Zanten, and M. van Berkel) . . . . 11
Vasopressor Therapy in Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
(K. H. Lindner) ........................ 18
Myocardial Infarction
Bolus Administration of Thrombolytic Agents
(A.A.J.Adgey and J.A.Purvis) ........ . 27
Cardioversion and Defibrillation: The Esophageal Approach
(A.A.J.Adgey, P.P.McKeown, and J.McC Anderson) ... 34
Origins, Evolution, and Prognosis of Acute Myocardial
Ischemic Syndromes: Focus on Non-Q-Wave Myocardial
Infarction (J.Ferlinz) ..................... 44
Cardiovascular Support
Effects of Therapy on Regional Blood Flow
in Heart Failure (c. V. Leier) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 65
Effects of Dopamine Receptor Agonists on Cardiovascular
and Renal Function (M.F.Lokhandwala) . . . . . . . . . .. 74
Inappropriateness of "Inotropic" Support with Epinephrine
(M.I.M.Noble) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81
Dobutamine Withdrawal (c. V. Leier and P. F. Binkley) 90
Oxygen Derived Parameters in Acute Heart Failure
(c. Richard and J. L. Teboul) ............. 97
Should Lactic Acidosis Be Corrected? (J.A.Russell) 105
VI Contents
Circulatory Shock
Oxygen Transport Pattern in Hemorrhagic
and Septic Patients (w. J. Kox and F. Christ) .. 113
Classification of Shock in the Intensive Care Unit Using
Transesophageal Two-Dimensional Echocardiography
(J.J.Koolen, C.A. Visser, and H. B. van Wezel) ..... .. 120
Cardiac Alterations in Septic Shock: Pathophysiology,
Diagnosis, Prognostic, and Therapeutic Implications
(A. B.J. Groeneveld, A.J.Schneider, and L. G. Thijs) 126
Improvement of Tissue Oxygenation with Enoximone
in Septic Shock (w. J. Kox and C. Brydon) ..... 137
Blood Flow and Adrenergic Drugs in Septic Shock
(J. Takala and E. Ruokonen) ............ . 144
Gastro-intestinal Mucosal Injury in Shock
(U.Haglund) ................ . 153
Optical Spectroscopy for the Measurement
of Tissue Hypoxia (c. [nee and H.A. Bruining) 161
Sepsis and ARDS
Oxygen Delivery and Consumption in Adult Respiratory
Distress Syndrome and Sepsis (J.A.Russell) ........ 175
The Respiratory Distress Syndrome in Adults
with Gram-negative Sepsis (M.A. Martin) . . . . . . . . 182
Bronchoalveolar Lavage (BAL) in Adult Respiratory
Distress Syndrome (ARDS) (A.Artigas and X. Castella) 192
Mediators of ARDS: A "Magic" Funnel
(M.Antonelli, G. Vivino, and A. Gasparetto) ....... 198
Is There an Analogy Between Sepsis and Strenuous
Physical Exercise in the Process of Neutrophil Activation
in Man: A Working Hypothesis?
(G. Camus, J. Pincemail, and M. Lamy) ............ 206
Interactions Between Cytokines and Vascular Wall: Effect
on the Contractile Function (A. Tedgui and C. Bernard) . 213
Modulation of the Cytokine Response in Sepsis
(Y.Fong and S. F. Lowry) ................. .223
The Orchestra of Mediators in the Pathogenesis of Septic
Shock: A Review (c. E. Hack and L. G. Thijs) ........ 232
Contents VII
Ways to Interfere with Lethal Cytokinemia
(J. W. M. van der Meer, W. L. Blok, and P. Barrera) .247
Cytokines: Role in Human Metabolism
(H. P. Sauerwein, T. van der Poll, and J.A. Romijn) . 254
Clinical Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor in Septic Shock
(J. Cohen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 262
Tumor Necrosis Factor and the Disbalance Between
Coagulant and Anticoagulant Mechanisms in Septicemia
(T. van der Poll, M. Levi, and J. H. van Deventer) . . . . . . . 269
Heart-Lung Interactions
Hemodynamic Variable Analysis During Mechanical
Ventilation: Defining the Steady State (M.R.Pinsky) .277
Pulsatile Flow Pulmonary Hemodynamics (R. Naeije) . 291
Acute Left Ventricular Dysfunction During Weaning
from Mechanical Ventilation (J.L. Teboul and C.Richard) . 297
Vasodilating Therapy in ARDS
(P. Radermacher and B. Santak) .............. . 306
Respiratory Failure
Intensive Care Management of Life-Threatening
Status Asthmaticus (M. Sydow and H. Burchardi) . 313
leu
Assessment of Respiratory Mechanics in Patients
(J.Milic-Emili and N. T.Eissa) .............. . 324
Diagnosis of Respiratory Muscle Dysfunction
(J. W. Fitting) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .329
Respiratory Workload During Mechanical Ventilation
(A. Rossi, R. Poggi, and R. Brandolese) . . . . . . . . . . . 339
Alternative Modalities for Ventilatory Support
(J. Villar and A.S.Slutsky) .......... . .345
Severe Infections
Diagnosis of Lung Infection in Intensive Care Unit
Patients Using the Protected Specimen Brush Technique
(J. Chastre, J. Y. Fagon, and C. Lamer) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357
VIII Contents
The Protected Minialveolar Lavage Technique
for the Diagnosis of Nosocomial Pneumonia
(J.-J.Rouby, P.Poete, and L.Bodin) ..... .365
Selective Decontamination in I CU Patients:
Benefits and Doubts (R. van Dalen) . . . . . . 379
Mechanisms of Resistance to p-Lactam Antibiotics
(J.P. Quinn) .............. 387
< • • • • • • • • • •
Ho Do We Select Bacterial Resistance in the ICU?
(J. C. Pechere) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 396
Intravenous Fluids
Clinical Use of Hydroxyethyl Starches (J.F.Baron) . 403
Small Volume Hypertonic Resuscitation in Uncontrolled
Hemorrhage (M.Rocha e Silva, 1. T. Velasco, and R.Prist) . 415
Small Volume Hypertonic Resuscitation: The Conceptional
Basis for Volume Therapy in Septic Shock
(U.Kreimeier and L.Frey) .................... 423
Renal Failure
Susceptibility of the Kidney to Hypoxia
(S. N. Heyman, Z. Greenfeld, and M. Brezis) .435
Continuous Renal Replacement Therapy (S. K. Wedel) . 444
Emergency
Initial Management of Trauma Patients
(A.K. T. Conn, C.J.McCabe, and R.L. Warren) .457
Emergency Treatment of Multiple Trauma in Children
(G. Foltin and A. Cooper) ................. . 469
Use and Misuse of Flumazenil in Clinical Toxicology
(P. Lheureux, M. Vranckx, and R.Askenasi) . . . . . . . . 482
Neurologic Crisis
Lung Dysfunction After Head Injury
(R. Demling and R. Riessen) ................... 493
Contents IX
Cerebral Circulatory Monitoring (D. S. Prough) .504
Venous Oxygen Saturation in the Jugular Bulb (P.Hans) . 516
Cerebral Blood Flow Velocity Using Doppler Techniques
(J.Berre, O.De Witte, and J.J.Moraine) . . . . . 522
Treatment of Tetanus (P. D. Potgieter) . . . . . . . . . 530
Plasma Exchange in the Guillain-Barre Syndrome
(J. C. Raphael, S. Chevret, and D. Elkharrat) .......... 540
Sedation and Paralysis
Sedation in Intensive Care (M. McD Fisher and R. F. Raper) . 549
Using Neuromuscular Blocking Agents in ICU:
A Need for More Control? (A.d'Hollander) ....... . 559
Current Issues
Evaluation of Iatrogenic Complications in Intensive Care
Units (T.Giraud, J.-F.Dhainaut, and J.J.Lanore) ...... 567
Use of a Probability Model for Predicting ICU Outcome
(S. Lemeshow, D. Teres, and J. Klar) .......... . 574
Enteral Nutrition and Infection: Benefits and Risks
(S. K. Pingleton) .................... . 581
Approach to the Patient with Severe Liver Failure
(G.A.Levy, S. W.Chung, and P.A.Sheiner) ..... .590
List of Contributors
Adgey, A. A. J. Binldey, P. F.
Department of Cardiology, Royal Victoria Department of Cardiology, Ohio State
Hospital, Grosvenor Road, Belfast BT12 University College of Medicine,
6BA, Northern Ireland 1654 Upham Drive, 669 Means Hall,
Columbus, OH 43210-1228, USA
Antonelli, M.
Department of Anesthesiology and Blok, W.L.
Intensive Care, University "La Sapienza", Department of General Internal Medicine,
Viale del Policlinico, 00161 Rome, Italy University Hospital, P.O. Box 9101,
6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands
Artigas, A.
Bodin, L.
Department of Intensive Care, Hospital
Surgical Critical Care Unit, University
de Sabadell, Edifici Tauli Parc Tauli,
Hospital Paris VI, 83 bd de l'Hopital,
08208 Sabadell, Spain
75651 Paris Cedex 13, France
Askenasi, R. Brandolese, R.
Emergency Department, Erasme University Department of Internal Medicine,
Hospital, Route de Lennik 808, Ospedale Maggiore di Borgo Trento,
1070 Brussels, Belgium 37126 Verona, Italy
Baron, J. F. Brezis, M.
Department of Anesthesiology, Renal Unit, Department of Medicine, Beth
Pitie-Salpetriere Hospital, Israel Hospital & Harvard Medical School,
47 bd de l'Hopital, 75013 Paris, France 330 Brookline Avenue, Boston, MA 02215,
USA
Barrera, P.
Department of General Internal Medicine, Brnining, H. A.
University Hospital, P.O. Box 9101, Department of Surgery, Dijkzigt Hospital,
6500 HB Nijmegen, The Netherlands Dr. Molewaterplein 40,
3015 GD Rotterdam, The Netherlands
Bernard, C.
Brydon, C.
INSERM Ul41, Hopital Lariboisiere,
Department of Anesthesia, Charing Cross
41 bd de la Chapelle, 75010 Paris Cedex 10,
Hospital, Fulham Palace Road,
France
London W6 8RF, United Kingdom
Berre, J. Burchardi, H.
Department of Intensive Care, Erasme Department of Anesthesiology, University
University Hospital, Route de Lennik 808, Hospital, Robert-Koch-Strasse 40,
1070 Brussels, Belgium 3400 Gottingen, Germany
Bierens, J. J. Camus, G.
Department of Anesthesiology, Sint Laboratory of Human Applied Physiology,
Maartensgasthuis, Tegelseweg 210, ISEPK B 21, University of Liege,
5912 BL Venlo, The Netherlands 4000 Liege 1, Belgium '
XII List of Contributors
Castella, X. Eissa, N. T.
Department of Intensive Care, Hospital Meakins-Christie Laboratories,
de Sabadell, Edifici Tauli Pare Tauli, McGill University, 3626 St. Urbain Street,
08208 Sabadell, Spain Montreal, Quebec H2X 2P2, Canada
Chastre, J. Elkharrat, D.
Department of Intensive Care, Department of Intensive Care, Raymond
Bichat Hospital, 46 rue Henri Huchard, Poincare Hospital, 92380 Garches, France
75018 Paris, France
Fagon, J. Y.
Chevret, S, Department of Intensive Care, Bichat
Department of Biostatistics, Saint-Louis Hospital, 46 rue Henri Huchard,
Hospital, 1 ave Claude Vellefaux, 75018 Paris, France
75475 Paris Cedex 10, France
Ferlinz, J.
Department of Internal Medicine,
Christ, F.
Department of Anesthesia, Charing Cross Providence Hospital, 16001 West Nine
Hospital, Fulham Palace Road, Mile Road, P.O. Box 2043, Southfield,
London W6 8RF, United Kingdom MI 48037, USA
Fitting, J. W.
Chung, S. W.
Department of Pneumology, CHU
Department of Medicine, Toronto General
Vaudois, lOll Lausanne, Switzerland
Hospital, 200 Elizabeth Street, GWE-3-538,
Toronto, Ontario M5G 2C4, Canada
Foltin, G.
Department of Pediatric Emergency,
Cohen, J.
Bellevue Hospital Center, 27th Street and
Infectious Diseases Unit, Hammersmith
First Avenue, New York, NY 10016, USA
Hospital, Du Cane Road, London
W12 ONN, United Kingdom
Fong, Y.
Department of Surgery,
Conn, A. K. T.
New York Hospital-Cornell Medical Center,
Emergency Department, Massachusetts
525 East 68th Street, F-2016, New York,
General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114, USA
NY 10021, USA
Cooper, A.
Frey, L.
Department of Pediatric Surgical Critical
Department of Anesthesiology, Klinikum
Care, Harlem Hospital Center, 506 Lennox
Grosshadern, Marchioninistrasse 15,
Avenue, New York, NY 10037, USA
8000 Munchen 70, Germany
Demling, R. Gasparetto, A.
Department of Surgery, Longwood Area Department of Anesthesiology and
Trauma Center, 75 Francis Street, Intensive Care, University "La Sapienza",
Boston, MA 02115, USA Viale del Policlinico, 00161 Rome, Italy
De Witte, O. Giraud, T.
Department of Neurosurgery, Erasme Department of Intensive Care, CHU
University Hospital, Route de Lennik 808, Cochin Port Royal, 27 rue du Faubourg
1070 Brussels, Belgium St Jacques, 75674 Paris Cedex 14, France
Dhainaut, J.-F. Greenfeld, Z.
Department of Intensive Care, CHU Department of Medicine, Hadassah
Cochin Port Royal, 27 rue du Faubourg University Hospital, Mount Scopus,
St Jacques, 75674 Paris Cedex 14, France Jerusalem 24035, Israel
d'Hollander, A. Groeneveld, A. B. J.
Department of Anesthesiology, Erasme Department of Intensive Care, Free
University Hospital, Route de Lennik 808, University Hospital, De Boelelaan 1117,
1070 Brussels, Belgium 1081 HV Amsterdam, The Netherlands