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Unveiling the North Korean Economy: Collapse and Transition PDF

341 Pages·2017·1.96 MB·English
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Unveiling the North Korean Economy Collapse and Transition North Korea is one of the most closed and secretive societies in the world.Despiteahighlevelofinterestfromtheoutsideworld,wehave very little detailed information about how the country functions economically. In this valuable book for both academic and policy- makingcircles,Byung-YeonKimoffersthemostcomprehensiveand systematicanalysisofthepresent-dayNorthKoreaneconomyinthe context of economic systems and transition economics. The book addresses what is really happening in the North Korean economy, why it has previously failed and how the country can make the transition to a market economy. It takes advantage of not only carefully reconstructed macroeconomic data but also rich, new data at the micro level, such as quantitative surveys of North Korean refugees settled in South Korea and surveys of Chinese companies thatinteractheavilywithNorthKorea. byung-yeon kim isaprofessorintheDepartmentofEconomicsat Seoul National University. He has been recognised with the T. S. Ashton Prize from the Economic History Society of the United Kingdom and the Chungram Award from the Korean Economic Association and as Distinguished Researcher in Humanities and SocialSciencesbytheNationalResearchFoundationoftheRepublic ofKorea.HeisaregularcolumnistonNorthKoreanissuesinaSouth Koreannewspaper,theJoongAngDaily. Unveiling the North Korean Economy Collapse and Transition byung-yeon kim SeoulNationalUniversity UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 314–321, 3rd Floor, Plot 3, Splendor Forum, Jasola District Centre, Ne w Delhi– 110025, India 4843/24,2ndFloor,AnsariRoad,Daryaganj,Delhi–110002,India 79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107183797 DOI:10.1017/9781316874882 ©Byung-YeonKim2017 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2017 3rdprinting 2 017 PrintedintheUnitedKingdombyClays,StIvesplc AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ISBN978-1-107-18379-7Hardback ISBN978-1-316-63516-2Paperback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. Contents ListofFigures pagevii ListofTables viii Acknowledgements xi Introduction 1 1 AnEvaluationoftheSocialistEconomy 6 1.1 EconomicSystems 6 1.2 ThePerformanceoftheSocialistEconomy 11 1.3 HouseholdsinSocialistEconomies 21 1.4 FirmsinSocialistEconomies 25 1.5 SustainabilityandCollapseoftheSocialist Economy 29 2 TheNorthKoreanEconomy 41 2.1 TheNorthKoreanSocialistEconomicSystem 41 2.2 PerformanceoftheNorthKoreanSocialist EconomicSystem 70 2.3 Households:SurvivinginInformalMarkets 91 2.4 Firms:SurvivingwithMarketsandForeignTrade 123 2.5 RegimeStabilityinNorthKorea:Corruption andMarkets 173 3 TransitionoftheNorthKoreanEconomy 217 3.1 AnOverviewoftheTransitionExperience 217 3.2 MacroeconomicStabilisationandLiberalisation 251 v vi contents 3.3 PrivatisationandNewEntryofFirms 270 3.4 EconomicIntegrationwithSouthKorea 278 Conclusion 301 References 305 Index 323 Figures 1.1 TheCapitalistEconomicSystem page8 1.2 TheSocialistEconomicSystem 9 2.1 GDPPerCapitaIndicesofSouthKoreaandNorth Korea,1953–1980 81 2.2 TrendsoftheNorthKoreanGDP:Estimatesfrom thisStudyandtheBankofKorea(1989=100) 83 A.2.1 Export,ImportandTotalTradeofNorthKorea, 1990–2014 164 A.2.2 TheAmountofMainExportItemsofNorthKorea andtheirSharesinTotalExport 166 A.2.3 TheAmountofMainImportItemsofNorthKorea andtheirSharesinTotalImport 169 A.2.4 TheSharesofNorthKoreanExportbyMajor TradingPartners 171 A.2.5 TheSharesofNorthKoreanImportbyMajor TradingPartners 172 2.3 DifferencesinSupportforaMarketEconomy DependingonMarketActivities 196 3.1 TheChannelsofFoodSupplyinNorthKorea 253 3.2 OfficialandInformalMarketExchangeRates inNorthKorea,1996–2015 261 3.3 ThePatternsofExchangeRateRegimeMovements ofSomeSelectedTransitionCountries 262 3.4 StagesofEconomicTransitionandIntegration 289 vii Tables 2.1 TheJuly1stEconomicManagementImprovement Measures:ComparisonofPracticesandPolicies beforeandaftertheirImplementation page52 2.2 ComparisonofReformsinNorthKoreawiththose inFormerSocialistCountries 54 2.3 NumberandPatternofSpotGuidanceInstances PerformedbyKimJong-il,1994–2009 61 2.4 CharacteristicsoftheEconomicSystemsin ThreeSocialistCountries:TheSovietUnion,China andNorthKorea 68 2.5 AnnualGrowthRates,IndustrialStructureand GDPPerCapitaofNorthKorea,1954–2013 74 2.6 EstimatesofAnnualGrowthRatesandGDPPer CapitaofNorthKorea,1990–2013 84 2.7 NumberandGenderCompositionofNorth KoreanRefugees(Persons,PerCent) 95 2.8 SummaryStatisticsofSurveyDataComparedwith thePopulationCensus 97 2.9 ParticipationRatesintheOfficialandInformal Economy 100 2.10 OfficialEconomicActivitiesofNorthKorean Households 102 2.11 InformalEconomicActivitiesofNorthKorean Households 104 2.12 InformalEconomicActivities:ComparisonofOur SurveyswithPopulationCensus 105 2.13 AnnualNominalHouseholdIncomeofNorthKorean RefugeesandShareoftheIncomeComponentsin NorthKorea,2006–2009 108 viii list of tables ix 2.14 AnnualAverageIncomePerCapitaofNorthKorean Refugees,2006–2009(KPW,US$) 109 2.15 ShareofRespondentsWhoIdentifiedEachChannel astheMostImportantforObtainingFood 112 2.16 ShareoftheRespondentsWhoIdentifiedEachChannel astheMostImportantforObtaining ConsumerGoods 114 2.17 ImportanceofChannelsforObtainingFood 117 2.18 ImportanceofChannelsforObtainingConsumer Goods 118 A.2.1 EstimatedConsumerPriceIndexandInflationRates inNorthKorea 122 2.19 RelianceofStateFirmsonMarkets 128 2.20 BusinessTypesofFirms 135 2.21 NumberofTradingFirmsDoingBusinesswithNorth KoreabyInstitutionandTypeofOwner 137 2.22 CharacteristicsandPerformanceofFirmsDoing BusinesswithNorthKorea 139 2.23 DeterminantsoftheCurrentProfitabilityofFirms DoingBusinesswithNorthKorea 143 2.24 DeterminantsoftheExpectedProfitofFirmsDoing BusinesswithNorthKorea 147 2.25 FutureoftheNorthKoreanEconomy(PerCent) 150 2.26 PredictabilityofLaws,PoliciesandRegulations (PerCent) 152 2.27 AdherencetotheTermsoftheContract(PerCent) 154 2.28 AdvantagesandConstraintsinDoingBusiness withNorthKorea 155 2.29 IntentiontoChangetheVolumeofBusinesswith NorthKorea(PerCent) 158 2.30 ReasonsforGivingBribes 185 2.31 MainBribe-Takers 187 2.32 TrendsintheShareofSpendingonBribesasa ProportionofTotalExpenditures 189 x list of tables 3.1 ProsandConsofBig-BangandGradualism 220 3.2 TheFeaturesofChineseTransitioninComparison withEasternEuropeanTransition 245 3.3 ComparisonofWagesofNorthKoreanWorkers 256 3.4 TheExperiencesofUtilisingBanksandInformal CreditofNorthKoreanRefugees 267 3.5 CasesofUnificationandIntegration 279 3.6 ProposedPoliciesatEachStageofTransitionand Integration 290 3.7 VariousEstimatesofUnificationCostsofthe TwoKoreas 294 3.8 VariousEstimatesofBenefitsofUnificationof theTwoKoreas 295

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