Unveiled Voices, Unvarnished Memories: The Cromwell Family in Slavery And Segregation, 1692-1972

367 Pages·2006·1.72 MB·English

by  Adelaide M. Cromwell

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Unveiled Voices
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The Cromwell Family in Slavery ———
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17 and Segregation, 1692 -1972 ———
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Adelaide M. Cromwell
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24 Introduction by Anthony Cromwell Hill
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University of Missouri Press
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Columbia and London
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Copyright©2007by
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TheCuratorsoftheUniversityofMissouri
8 UniversityofMissouriPress,Columbia,Missouri65201
PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica
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Allrightsreserved
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData [-4], (4)
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Cromwell,AdelaideM.
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Unveiledvoices,unvarnishedmemories:theCromwellfamilyinslaveryand
14 segregation,1692–1972/AdelaideM.Cromwell;introductionbyAnthony
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CromwellHill.
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p.cm. ———
16 Includesindex. * 114.64151pt PgVar
17 ISBN-13:978-0-8262-1676-2(hardcover:alk.paper) ———
ISBN-10:0-8262-1676-5(hardcover:alk.paper)
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1.Cromwellfamily. 2.Cromwellfamily—Correspondence. 3.AfricanAmerican
19 families. 4.Socialnetworks—UnitedStates—Casestudies. 5.Cromwell, * PgEnds: PageBreak
JohnW.(JohnWesley),b.1846—Correspondence. 6.Cromwell,JohnWesley,
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1883–1971—Correspondence. 7.AfricanAmericans—Biography.
21 8.Philadelphia(Pa.)—Biography. 9.Washington(D.C.)—Biography. [-4], (4)
22 10.Americanletters. I.Title.
E185.96.C7572006
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929'.20973—dc22 2006027685
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(cid:2)(cid:2)Thispapermeetstherequirementsofthe
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AmericanNationalStandardforPermanenceofPaper
26 forPrintedLibraryMaterials,Z39.48,1984.
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Designer:KristieLee
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16 Willis Hodges Cromwell * 252.78403pt PgVar
17 and Elizabeth Carney Cromwell ———
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mygreat-grandparents
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whobrokethebondsofslavery
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Contents
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[First Page]
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Preface ........................................................ ix
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Genealogical Chart .........................................xii Lines: 0 to 40
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AnthonyCromwellHill .......................................... 1
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Chapter 1
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Slavery:IntheGripoftheMaster,1692–1851........................ 15
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Chapter 2
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Philadelphia:TheCityofBrotherlyLove? .......................... 32
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Chapter 3
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TheCromwellFamilyintheCityofBrotherly
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Love,1851–1926 ................................................46
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Chapter 4
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TheCromwellFamilyinWashington’s
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“SecretCity,”1871–1972 .........................................78
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Chapter 5
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JohnWesleyCromwellSr.:
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TheLightThatGlowed .........................................96
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viii Contents
1 Chapter 6
2 “AmbitionforPlaceorFameIsNotMyBesettingFolly”:
3 LettersfromOteliaCromwelltoJohnWesleyCromwellSr. .......... 131
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5 Chapter 7
6 “JohnHadNeverGivenMeaMoment’sUneasiness”:Letters
7 fromJohnWesleyCromwellJr.toJohnWesleyCromwellSr. ......... 157
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9 Chapter 8
10 TheTwoJournalists:TheFriendshipbetween
11 JohnEdwardBruceandJohnWesleyCromwellSr. ................. 210
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13 Chapter 9
14 TheTwoHistorians:TheFriendshipbetweenTheophilus
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15 GouldStewardandJohnWesleyCromwellSr. ..................... 295
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17 Epilogue...................................................... 319 ———
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Appendix
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20 NotesonPeopleMentioned..................................... 321
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22 Index ......................................................... 331
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Preface
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13 ThisisthestoryofhowoneAfricanAmericanfamilyandakeyfigureinthat
14 family, John Wesley Cromwell, my grandfather, established and maintained a
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15 networkoffamily,friends,andassociatesthroughtheyears.Itisalsoatestimony
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16 totheimportanceofthewritingandkeepingofletters. 2.612pt PgVar
17 Throughout his life, my grandfather kept most, if not all, of his correspon- ———
18 dence,aswellasadiary,ajournal,newspaperclippings,andbooks.Thetieswith Normal Page
19 his family—his brothers, his father, and his children—were sustained through PgEnds: TEX
20 letters. These letters are written to him and, with supporting documentation,
21 areexclusivelyconcernedwithfamilymatters.
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22 IncludedherealsoareotherletterswrittentoGrandfatherthatrevealhisac-
23 tivities and concerns beyond the family. Chapters 8 and 9 contain selections of
24 hisextensivecorrespondencewithJohnE.Bruce,afellowjournalistandamateur
25 historian,andTheophilusGouldSteward,aclergyman,chaplain,andauthor.
26 In preserving these letters and in writing this book, I have tried to keep the
27 faith of my great-grandfather, Willis Hodges Cromwell, my grandfather, John
28 WesleyCromwellSr.,andmyauntOteliaCromwell.Thishasbeenalongjour-
29 ney, and for that reason, I am indebted to many, many people: my son, An-
30 thonyCromwellHill,forhisinformativeandsensitiveintroductiontothiswork;
31 WilliamO.Banner,whohasbeenmyfriendsincewewerestudentsatHarvard,
32 for critically reading the first part of the manuscript; and Michael R.Winston,
33 thecoauthoroftheDictionaryofAmericanNegroBiography,forreadingtheen-
34 tire manuscript and offering many important suggestions for its improvement,
35 whichIhavegratefullyfollowed.
36 Myindebtednessextendstonumerouspersonalfriendsandprofessionalswho
37 respondedtomyrequestsforhelp:EdwardHowell,ThelmaTruittHowell,my
38 cousin Darrell R. Gordon, and Charles L. Blockson helped me in my descrip-
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