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Unveiled Voices, Unvarnished Memories: The Cromwell Family in Slavery And Segregation, 1692-1972 PDF

367 Pages·2006·1.72 MB·English
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Preview Unveiled Voices, Unvarnished Memories: The Cromwell Family in Slavery And Segregation, 1692-1972

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 [First Page] 11 [-1], (1) 12 13 14 Unveiled Voices Lines: 0 to 19 15 ——— 16 Unvarnished Memories * 266.16801pt PgVar 17 > ——— 18 Normal Page 19 * PgEnds: PageBreak 20 21 [-1], (1) 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 BOOKCOMP,Inc.—UniversityofMissouriPress/Pagei/Printerproof/UnveiledVoices,UnvarnishedMemories/Cromwell 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 [-2], (2) 12 13 14 Lines: 19 to 20 15 ——— 16 0.0pt PgVar 17 ——— 18 Normal Page 19 PgEnds: TEX 20 21 [-2], (2) 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 BOOKCOMP,Inc.—UniversityofMissouriPress/Pageii/Printerproof/UnveiledVoices,UnvarnishedMemories/Cromwell 1 2 3 4 5 6 Unveiled Voices 7 8 9 Unvarnished Memories 10 11 > [-3], (3) 12 13 14 Lines: 20 to 71 15 The Cromwell Family in Slavery ——— 16 * 90.262pt PgVar 17 and Segregation, 1692 -1972 ——— 18 Normal Page 19 * PgEnds: PageBreak 20 21 [-3], (3) 22 Adelaide M. Cromwell 23 24 Introduction by Anthony Cromwell Hill 25 26 27 $| 28 29 30 University of Missouri Press 31 Columbia and London 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 BOOKCOMP,Inc.—UniversityofMissouriPress/Pageiii/Printerproof/UnveiledVoices,UnvarnishedMemories/Cromwell 1 2 3 4 5 6 Copyright©2007by 7 TheCuratorsoftheUniversityofMissouri 8 UniversityofMissouriPress,Columbia,Missouri65201 PrintedandboundintheUnitedStatesofAmerica 9 Allrightsreserved 10 5 4 3 2 1 11 10 09 08 07 11 LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData [-4], (4) 12 Cromwell,AdelaideM. 13 Unveiledvoices,unvarnishedmemories:theCromwellfamilyinslaveryand 14 segregation,1692–1972/AdelaideM.Cromwell;introductionbyAnthony Lines: 71 to 145 CromwellHill. 15 p.cm. ——— 16 Includesindex. * 114.64151pt PgVar 17 ISBN-13:978-0-8262-1676-2(hardcover:alk.paper) ——— ISBN-10:0-8262-1676-5(hardcover:alk.paper) 18 Normal Page 1.Cromwellfamily. 2.Cromwellfamily—Correspondence. 3.AfricanAmerican 19 families. 4.Socialnetworks—UnitedStates—Casestudies. 5.Cromwell, * PgEnds: PageBreak JohnW.(JohnWesley),b.1846—Correspondence. 6.Cromwell,JohnWesley, 20 1883–1971—Correspondence. 7.AfricanAmericans—Biography. 21 8.Philadelphia(Pa.)—Biography. 9.Washington(D.C.)—Biography. [-4], (4) 22 10.Americanletters. I.Title. E185.96.C7572006 23 929'.20973—dc22 2006027685 24 (cid:2)(cid:2)Thispapermeetstherequirementsofthe 25 AmericanNationalStandardforPermanenceofPaper 26 forPrintedLibraryMaterials,Z39.48,1984. 27 Designer:KristieLee 28 Typesetter:Bookcomp,Inc. 29 Printerandbinder:Thomson-Shore,Inc. Typeface:AdobeGaramond 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 BOOKCOMP,Inc.—UniversityofMissouriPress/Pageiv/Printerproof/UnveiledVoices,UnvarnishedMemories/Cromwell 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 [-5], (5) 12 13 $| 14 Lines: 145 to 170 15 ——— 16 Willis Hodges Cromwell * 252.78403pt PgVar 17 and Elizabeth Carney Cromwell ——— 18 Normal Page mygreat-grandparents 19 * PgEnds: PageBreak whobrokethebondsofslavery 20 21 [-5], (5) 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 BOOKCOMP,Inc.—UniversityofMissouriPress/Pagev/Printerproof/UnveiledVoices,UnvarnishedMemories/Cromwell 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 [-6], (6) 12 13 14 Lines: 170 to 171 15 ——— 16 0.0pt PgVar 17 ——— 18 Normal Page 19 PgEnds: TEX 20 21 [-6], (6) 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 BOOKCOMP,Inc.—UniversityofMissouriPress/Pagevi/Printerproof/UnveiledVoices,UnvarnishedMemories/Cromwell 1 2 3 4 5 6 Contents 7 8 9 $| 10 [First Page] 11 12 [-7], (1) Preface ........................................................ ix 13 14 Genealogical Chart .........................................xii Lines: 0 to 40 15 ——— 16 Introduction * 33.38994pt PgVar 17 ——— AnthonyCromwellHill .......................................... 1 18 Normal Page 19 * PgEnds: PageBreak Chapter 1 20 Slavery:IntheGripoftheMaster,1692–1851........................ 15 21 [-7], (1) 22 Chapter 2 23 Philadelphia:TheCityofBrotherlyLove? .......................... 32 24 25 Chapter 3 26 TheCromwellFamilyintheCityofBrotherly 27 Love,1851–1926 ................................................46 28 29 Chapter 4 30 TheCromwellFamilyinWashington’s 31 “SecretCity,”1871–1972 .........................................78 32 33 Chapter 5 34 JohnWesleyCromwellSr.: 35 TheLightThatGlowed .........................................96 36 37 38 vii BOOKCOMP,Inc.—UniversityofMissouriPress/Pagevii/Printerproof/UnveiledVoices,UnvarnishedMemories/Cromwell viii Contents 1 Chapter 6 2 “AmbitionforPlaceorFameIsNotMyBesettingFolly”: 3 LettersfromOteliaCromwelltoJohnWesleyCromwellSr. .......... 131 4 5 Chapter 7 6 “JohnHadNeverGivenMeaMoment’sUneasiness”:Letters 7 fromJohnWesleyCromwellJr.toJohnWesleyCromwellSr. ......... 157 8 9 Chapter 8 10 TheTwoJournalists:TheFriendshipbetween 11 JohnEdwardBruceandJohnWesleyCromwellSr. ................. 210 [-8], (2) 12 13 Chapter 9 14 TheTwoHistorians:TheFriendshipbetweenTheophilus Lines: 40 to 57 15 GouldStewardandJohnWesleyCromwellSr. ..................... 295 ——— 16 * 225.36395pt PgVar 17 Epilogue...................................................... 319 ——— 18 Normal Page Appendix 19 * PgEnds: PageBreak 20 NotesonPeopleMentioned..................................... 321 21 [-8], (2) 22 Index ......................................................... 331 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 BOOKCOMP,Inc.—UniversityofMissouriPress/Pageviii/Printerproof/UnveiledVoices,UnvarnishedMemories/Cromwell 1 2 3 4 5 6 Preface 7 8 9 $| 10 11 [-9], (3) 12 13 ThisisthestoryofhowoneAfricanAmericanfamilyandakeyfigureinthat 14 family, John Wesley Cromwell, my grandfather, established and maintained a Lines: 57 to 75 15 networkoffamily,friends,andassociatesthroughtheyears.Itisalsoatestimony ——— 16 totheimportanceofthewritingandkeepingofletters. 2.612pt PgVar 17 Throughout his life, my grandfather kept most, if not all, of his correspon- ——— 18 dence,aswellasadiary,ajournal,newspaperclippings,andbooks.Thetieswith Normal Page 19 his family—his brothers, his father, and his children—were sustained through PgEnds: TEX 20 letters. These letters are written to him and, with supporting documentation, 21 areexclusivelyconcernedwithfamilymatters. [-9], (3) 22 IncludedherealsoareotherletterswrittentoGrandfatherthatrevealhisac- 23 tivities and concerns beyond the family. Chapters 8 and 9 contain selections of 24 hisextensivecorrespondencewithJohnE.Bruce,afellowjournalistandamateur 25 historian,andTheophilusGouldSteward,aclergyman,chaplain,andauthor. 26 In preserving these letters and in writing this book, I have tried to keep the 27 faith of my great-grandfather, Willis Hodges Cromwell, my grandfather, John 28 WesleyCromwellSr.,andmyauntOteliaCromwell.Thishasbeenalongjour- 29 ney, and for that reason, I am indebted to many, many people: my son, An- 30 thonyCromwellHill,forhisinformativeandsensitiveintroductiontothiswork; 31 WilliamO.Banner,whohasbeenmyfriendsincewewerestudentsatHarvard, 32 for critically reading the first part of the manuscript; and Michael R.Winston, 33 thecoauthoroftheDictionaryofAmericanNegroBiography,forreadingtheen- 34 tire manuscript and offering many important suggestions for its improvement, 35 whichIhavegratefullyfollowed. 36 Myindebtednessextendstonumerouspersonalfriendsandprofessionalswho 37 respondedtomyrequestsforhelp:EdwardHowell,ThelmaTruittHowell,my 38 cousin Darrell R. Gordon, and Charles L. Blockson helped me in my descrip- ix BOOKCOMP,Inc.—UniversityofMissouriPress/Pageix/Printerproof/UnveiledVoices,UnvarnishedMemories/Cromwell

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When an industrious slave named Willis Hodges Cromwell earned the money to obtain liberty for his wife—who then bought freedom for him and for their children—he set in motion a family saga that resounds today. His youngest son, John Wesley Cromwell, became an educator, lawyer, and newspaper p
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