Unusual Secretory Pathways: From Bacteria to Man

194 Pages·1997·5.93 MB·English

by  Karl Kuchler, Anna Rubartelli, Barry Holland (auth.)

MoLECULAR
BIOLOGY
INTELLIGENCE
UNIT
UNUSUAL
SECRETORY PATHWAYS:
FROM BACTERIA TO MAN
Karl Kuchler
Department of Molecular Genetics
University and Biocenter ofVienna
Vienna, Austria
Anna Rubartelli
Istituto Nazionale per la
Ricerca sul Cancro
Servizio di Patologia Clinica
Genova, Italy
Barry Holland
Institut de Genetique et Microbiologie
Universite Paris XI
Orsay, France
Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg GmbH
MOLECULAR BIOLOGY INTELLIGENCE UNIT
UNUSUAL SECRETORY PATHWAYS: FROM BACTERIA TO MAN
R.G. LANDES COMPANY
Austin, Texas, U.S.A.
International Copyright© 1997 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
Originally published by Springer-Verlag in 1997
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1997
All rights reserved.
No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any
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tion storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher.
~Springer
ISBN 978-3-662-22583-7 ISBN 978-3-662-22581-3 (eBook)
DOI 10.1007/978-3-662-22581-3
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rr======CONTENTS
====~
1. Protein Secretion in Gram-Negative Bacteria ............................. 1
Andrea de Lima Pi menta, Mark A. Blight, Christian Chervaux
and I. Barry Holland
Introduction ....................................................................................... 1
I. Two-Step Secretion Pathways: The GSP ........................................ 4
II. One-Step Secretion Pathways ..................................................... 18
III. Hemolysin Secretion from E. coli .............................................. 22
2. Unusual Protein Secretion and Translocation Pathways
in Yeast: Implication of ABC Transporters ......................... 49
Karl Kuchler and Ralf Egner
I. Introduction .................................................................................. 49
II. Unusual Protein Export Across the Yeast
Plasma Membrane .................................................................... 54
III. Unusual Protein Translocation Across Intracellular
Membranes ................................................................................ 65
IV. Conclusion and Perspectives ..................................................... 73
3. Secretion of Mammalian Proteins That Lack
a Signal Sequence ................................................................... 87
Anna Rubartelli and Roberto Sitia
I. Introduction .................................................................................. 87
II. Leaderless Proteins Secreted by Mammalian Cells .................... 91
Ill. Molecular Mechanisms ............................................................ 100
IV. What Are the Functional Roles of Leaderless Secretion? ....... 104
4. The Transporters Associated with Antigen
Processing (TAP) ................................................................. 115
Robert Tampe, Stefanie Urlinger, Kurt Pawlitschko
and Stephan Uebel
I. Introduction ................................................................................ 115
II. Structural Organization ofTA P ................................................ 117
III. Substrate Selectivity of TAP ..................................................... 124
IV. Proteins Associated with TAP ................................................. 125
V. TAP Function in Human Pathogenesis .................................... 126
5. Mammalian ABC Transporters and Leaderless Secretion:
Facts and Speculations ........................................................ 137
Yannick Hamon, Marie Fran~oise Luciani
and Giovanna Chimini
I. Introduction ................................................................................ 137
II. ABC Transporters in Mammals ................................................ 138
III. The Structure of Mammalian ABC Transporters:
Rules and Exceptions .............................................................. 139
IV. ABC Transporters and Unusual Secretory Processes ............. 142
V. Conclusion and Speculation ..................................................... 152
6. Secretory Lysosomes and the Production of Exosomes ......... 161
Grara Raposo, Michel Vidal and Hans Geuze
I. Introduction ................................................................................ 161
II. Current Research ....................................................................... 168
III. Conclusions and Perspectives .................................................. 177
Index .............................................................................................. 185
r.:==:==== EDITORS========:;-]
Karl Kuchler
Department of Molecular Genetics
University and Biocenter of Vienna
Vienna, Austria
chapter 2
Anna Rubartelli
Istituto Nazionale per la
Ricerca sul Cancro
Servizio di Patologia Clinica
Genova, Italy
chapter 3
Barry Holland
Institut de Genetique et Microbiologie
U niversite Paris XI
Orsay, France
chapter 1
t====== CONTRIBUTORS=====::j
Mark A. Blight RalfEgner
Institut de Genetique Department of Molecular Genetics
et Microbiologie University and Biocenter
Universite Paris XI of Vienna
Orsay, France Vienna, Austria
chapter 1 chapter 2
Christian Chervaux Hans Geuze
Institut de Genetique Department of Cell Biology
et Microbiologie Institute for Biomembranes
Universite Paris XI Utrecht University
Orsay, France Utrecht, The Netherlands
chapter 1 chapter 6
Giovanna Chimini Yannick Hamon
Centre d'Immunologie Centre d'Immunologie
INSERM-CNRS INSERM -CNRS
de Marseille Luminy de Marseille Luminy
chapter 5 chapter 5
Marie Franyoise Luciani Roberto Sitia
Centre d'Immunologie Immunologia Molecolare
INSERM -CNRS DIBIT-HSR
de Marseille Luminy Milan, Italy
chapter 5 chapter 3
Kurt Pawlitschko Robert Tampe
Max-Planck-Institut Max-Planck-Institut
fur Biochemie fur Biochemie
Martinsried, Germany Martinsried, Germany
chapter4 chapt~r4
Andrea de Lima Pimenta Stephan Uebel
Institut de Genetique et Max-Planck-Institut
Microbiologie fur Biochemie
Universite Paris XI Martinsried, Germany
Orsay, France chapter4
chapter 1
Stefanie Urlinger
Graya Raposo Max-Planck-Institut
Institut Curie fur Biochemie
Section de Recherche Martinsried, Germany
Paris, France chapter4
chapter6
Michel Vidal
Univ. Montpellier II
Montpellier, France
chapter 6
=====PREFACE=====
C
ell growth, differentiation, development and inter-and intra-cellular
communication of all living cells or organisms depend upon highly
coordinated secretory processes. The classical, N-terminal signal se
quence-dependent secretory pathway accounts for constitutive protein
export or in response to certain extracellular stimuli, for regulated se
cretion of polypeptides through secretory granules. However, it is in
creasingly appreciated and recognized that mechanisms for protein se
cretion must exist that operate independently and/or in parallel to the
usual classical secretory pathways, as they do not require the presence of
typical hydrophobic signal peptides or involve classical storage granules.
Notably, many of these processes have major implications in the pathol
ogy of human disease, including auto-immune and infectious disease,
cancer and hereditary abnormalities.
Thus, this book will provide a comprehensive discussion of cur
rently known mechanisms of unusual routes for protein secretion as
described from bacteria to man. Secretion ofbacterial proteases and tox
ins such as hemolysin will be covered in detail. Peptide pheromone se
cretion in lower eukaryotes such as yeast will also be reviewed. In addi
tion, we shall deal with the function of the mammalian peptide trans
porters required for antigen presentation. Facts and myths about pos
sible release mechanisms for mammalian cytokines such as interleukin-1
and the fibroblast growth factors will be extensively discussed. More
over, novel vesicular transport pathways in cells of the immune system
such as those involved in the generation of cell-surface targeted exosomes
will be discussed in detail. Finally, by analogy to bacterial and yeast ATP
binding cassette transporters involved in unconventional secretory path
ways, individual chapters of this book are devoted to discuss a hypoth
esized function of mammalian ABC transporters in the secretion of
polypeptides and proteins via hitherto unknown secretory pathways.
=====CHAPTER 1
=====
PROTEIN SECRETION IN
GRAM-NEGATIVE BACTERIA
Andrea de Lima Pimenta, Mark A. Blight,
Christian Chervaux and I. Barry Holland
I. INTRODUCTION
S
ince the initial characterization of the hemolysin secretion system (Hly)
from the Gram-negative bacterium, E. coli, byW. Goebel's group in the late
1970s, there has been a surprising proliferation of discoveries of distinct pro
tein secretion mechanisms in many Gram-negative bacteria. Both for the Hly
system and for other secretion pathways, developments have been the most
dramatic over the last 5 years and, therefore, in this review we have placed most
detailed emphasis upon this period up to approximately mid-1996. Previous
reviews have generally agreed on the classification of secretion Types I, II, III,
indicated in this review. Here (see also reference 5), we have proposed a classi
fication for additional pathways: Type IV (auto-transporter systems like the
IgA pathway); Type V for surface pilins (E. coli Pap system), the functionally
related Type Va, although not homologous with the pilin system, are trans
ported from the perip lasm via a single outer membrane "translocator" protein;
Type VI for the special case of the filamentous phage (nucleo-protein) secre
tory pathway. The secretion of flagellar proteins on to the cell surface, although
not discussed in this review, could be considered yet another pathway (for re
view see reference Sa). However, the biogenesis of the flagellum involves at least
eight proteins with homology to proteins of the Type III pathway. We empha
size that Types IV-VI, as defined here, are useful working classifications but a
generally agreed classification for these secretion pathways in the literature has
not yet emerged. What can be generally agreed upon is that Types I, III and VI
are one step processes with translocation from cytoplasm directly on to the cell
surface or to the medium, while other pathways employ a two-step mechanism
involving initial export to the periplasm targeted by an N-terminal signal via
Unusual Secretory Pathways: From Bacteria to Man, edited by Karl Kuchler,
Anna Rubartelli and Barry Holland.© 1997 R.G. Landes Company.