'kCnkoyh varj iQlyh Ñf"k Ñf"k [kuu ,d gh ekSle esa ,d gh [ksr ij nks ;k en` k dk s tkrs u]s iQly as mxku s vkjS i'kvq kas i`Foh ls okf.kfT;d n`f"V ls cgqewY; vf/d iQlyksa dks bdêsò mxkus dh osQ ikyu&iks"k.k dk foKku ,oa dykA [kfutksa dh izkfIr ls tqM+h ,d vkfFkZd iFz kkA fØ;kA owQidh [kuu varjkZ"Vªh; O;kikj dks;yk] cgqewY; iRFkjksa vkSj yksgs tSls [kqyh [knku eq[;r% vius vkf/D; mRiknksa osQ [kfutksa dks [kksnus osQ fy, i`Foh esa [kyq k mR[kuu ftle asdkVdj vkjS foLiQkVs d fofu;e vkSj vHkkoksa dks nwj djus osQ xgjk Hkwfexr fNæ djukA ,slh [kkuksa esa ls iRFkj izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA e fy, ns'kksa osQ chp pyus okyk O;kikjA ÅèokZ/j vkSj fr;Zd 'kSÝV vkSj fofHkUu Lrjksa ij {kSfrt lqjaxsa gksrh gSaA xgu Ñf"k h vk;kr Ñf"k] ftlesa vf/d mit izkIr djus T ,d ns'k esa fdlh vU; ns'k ls ykbZ xbZ [kku ([knku) osQ mís'; ls izfr bdskbZ {ks=k esa iw¡th oLr,q A¡ dk;s yk] ykgS &v;Ld vkjS cgeq Yw ; RiRFkj vkjS Je dh cMih+ ek=kk dk i;z kxs fd;k tSls [kfutksa dks fudkyus osQ fy, tkrk gSA l b vkfFkZd Hkwxksy i`Foh esa dh xbZ [kqnkbZA [Ekqys [kuu dks Hkwxksy dk og i{k vFkok 'kk[kk gS NksM+dj [kku dk vfHkizk; lkekU;r% puyoklh i'kqpkj.k ftle as ykxs k as oQs thfodkis ktuZ dh fofèk;kas C yksxksa osQ thou dk <ax ftlesa mUgsa Hkwfexr [kuu ls fy;k tkrk gSA e as ,d LFkku l s nlw j s LFkku ij ikb Z tkus p vius i'kqvksa] mudh vFkZO;oLFkk osQ N okyh lekurkvksa vkSj fHkUurkvksa dks [kfut vk/kj osQ fy, pjkxkgksa dh ryk'k esa e mtkxj djus okyh euq"; dh vkfFkZd iF` oh dh Hk&w iiVZ h e as ik;k tku s okyk ckj&ckj ,d LFkku ls nwljs LFkku ij r fØ;kvksa ij iM+us okys HkkSfrd vkSj© inkFk]Z ftudk vf/dk'a k pêkðuk asoQs foijhr vius fuokl dks LFkkukarfjr djuk lkaLÑfrd i;kZoj.k osQ izHkkoksa dk viuk ,d jklk;fud l;a kts u gkrs k gAS iM+rk gSA e vè;;u fd;k tkrk gSA [kfutb v;Ld tux.kuk m|ksx i`Foh ls izkIr viuh dPph voLFkk esa fuf'pr vkfFkdZ vkjS lkekftd vkd¡ Mk+as Je foHkktu vkSj e'khuksa osQ O;kid /krAq lfgr fdlh fn, x, {ks=k dh fdlh o iz;ksx ls vfHkyf{kr Øfed mRiknuA le; varjky ij dh xbZ tula[;k dh t [kfut b±/u vkf/dkfjd x.kukA vk|S kfs xd Økfa r dks;yk vkSj isVªksfy;e tSls v/kfRod t fofuekZ.k dk gLrpkfyr ;a=kksa ls ÅtkZ [kfut] ftudk b±/u osQ :i esa iz;ksx tula[;k ?kuRo o pkfyr e'khuk as e as ifjoruZ 18oh a 'krkCnh fd;k tkrk gSA fdlh {ks=k dh fuf'pr bdkb]Z tlS s ,d osQ eè; esa nbXySaM esa vkjaHk gqvkA oxZ fdyksehVj esa clus okys fuokfl;ksa [kfut rsy dh vkSlr la[;kA Ír&q ioz kl i`Foh esa ik, tkus okys gkbMªksdkcZu osQ i'kqikydksa dk vius i'kqvksa osQ lkFk Bkls ] xlS h; vFkok rjy :ik as dk feJ.kA thfodk Ñf"k@fuokZg Ñf"k ioZrksa dh vksj rFkk ioZrksa ls fHkUu lkekU;r% bls isVªksfy;e osQ :i esa okf.kfT;d Ñf"k osQ foijhr] ftlesa tyok;q okys izns'kksa osQ chp Írqor tkuk tkrk gSA ;g 1859 esa gh ,d mRiknksa dk cM+s iSekus ij O;kikj fd;k xeukxeuA okf.kfT;d mRikn cukA tkrk gS] og Ñf"k ftlesa mlosQ mRiknksa dk eq[;r% fdlku osQ ?kj esa gh [kuuμdk laxzg.k vFkok mUgsa miyCèk isQ”ksaMk miHkksx dj fy;k tkrk gSA djkus ls lacaf/r fØ;k,¡A czkthy esa dgok dk ,d ckxkuA Vªd iQkfe±x izkÑfrd lalk/u iQly pØ.k uxjh; osaQnzksa osQ pkjksa vksj yksxksa dh [kfut fu{kis ] feêhð dh mojZ rk] bekjrh fdlh fn, x, Hkw&Hkkx ij fofHkUu nSfud ek¡xksa dks iwjk djus osQ fy, ydMh+] b/± u] ty] lHa kkO; ty 'kfDr] iQlyk as dk ,d Øfed vuØq e.k rkfd lfCt;k as dk mxkuk Vdª iQkfex± dgykrk eRL; vkSj oU; thou bR;kfn tSlk en` k dh mojZ rk oQs lekiu dk s jkds k tk gSA ;g ck”kkj vkSj iQkeZ osQ chp ,d izÑfr }kjk iznÙk /uA losQA Vªd }kjk ,d jkr esa r; dh xbZ nwjh }kjk fu;af=kr gksrk gSA ifjogu ckxokuh (m|ku Ñf"k) d O;fDr;ksa vkSj oLrqvksa dks ,d LFkku ls [ksrksa esa IkQlysa mxkus dh rqyuk esa] e Msjh iQkfe±x nwljs LFkku ij ys tkus dk dk;ZA izk;% NksVs&NksVs Hkw&[kaMksa ij lfCt;ksa Ñf"k dk og izdkj ftlesa eq[; è;ku vkSj iQyksa dk mxkukAh i;koZ j.k n/q k: i'kvq k asoQs itz uu vkjS ikyu&ik"sk.k T s ifjLFkku vFkok n'kk,¡ ftlesa O;fDr eqDr ekxZ ij fn;k tkrk gSA Ñf"k IkQlysa eq[;r% bu i'kqvksa dks f[kykus osQ fy, mxkbZ vFkok oLrq okl djrs gRSa vkSj vius pkSM+s egikekxZ ftu ij mijyh ;kstud l y{k.kk@asLo:i dk fodkl djr s gAaS bloQs lM+osaQ cukdj vkj&ikj dh lM+dksa ls tkrh gSaA b E varxZr HkkSfrd vkSj lkaLÑfrd nksuksa cpk tkrk gS rkfd fdlh ,d fn'kk esa f}rh;d fØ;k,¡ rRo vkrs gSaA u eqM+us ij lqxe vkSj rhoz ;krk;kr C m|kxs tk s ikzFkfed fØ;kvk as }kjk miyC/ lqfuf'pr gks losQA p i'kqpkj.krk oLrqvksa dks euq"; osQ fy, izR;{k :i N ls vf/d mi;ksxh eky esa :ikarj.k ,d vFkZO;oLFkk tkes osQoy i'kqvksa ij egkekxZ djrs gSaA fuHkjZ djrh gAS tcfd ?keq ra w i'kpq kj.krk nwjLFk LFkkuksa dks tksM+us okyh r © eq[;r% fuokZg osQ fy, dh tkrh gS] lkoZtfud lM+dA jk"Vªh; egÙo dh uxjhdj.k vkèkqfud jSap okf.kfT;d i'kqpkj.krk ,slh lM+d dks jk"Vªh; egkekxZ dgk e yksxksa dk NksVs xzkeh.k vFkok Ñf"k dk mnkgj.k izLrqr djrs gSaA tkrk gSA b leqnk;ksa vFkok xk¡oksa ls cM+s 'kgjksa esa ljdkj] O;kikj] ifjogu vkjS fofu ek.Z k iÙku egkuxj o tgk”kksa ij ;kf=k;ksa dks p<+kus vkSj ,d cgqr fo'kky uxj vFkok ns'k osQ tSls fofHkUu fØ;kdykiksa esa jks”kxkj iku s oQs fy, ykxs k as dk lketkU; xeukxeuA mrkjus] eky osQ ynku vkSj mrjku fdlh f”kys esa tula[;k dk laoqQyu vkjS ukHS kkj oQs HkMa kj.k dh oQqN lfqoèkkvkas tk s i'z kklu] okf.kT; vFkok m|kxs k as tlS h ;g dLcksa vkSj uxj ksa esa oqQy tula[;k osQ c<+rs gq, vtuqikr osQ lkanz.k dks Hkh ls ;qDr iksrkJ; dk ,d okf.kfT;d fdlh fØ;k dk LFkku vFkok eq[; bafxr djrko gSA HkkxA oQasæ gkrs k gAS ;g lkekU;r% ,d fo'kky i'pizns'k dk iks"k.k djrk gSA n iksrkJ; fu;kZr ,d ns'k ls nwljs ns'k dks izsf"kr oLrq,¡A xgjs ty dk ,d foLrh.kZ Hkkx tgk¡ fefJr Ñf"k ikrs ] lkxj vkjS ikzÑfrd y{k.kk as vFkok Ñf"k dk ,d izdkj ftlesa ,d lkFk izkFkfed fØ;k Ñf=ke dk;ks± ls mRiUu egkrjaxksa ls IkQlyksa dks mxk;k vkSj i'kqvksa dks ikyk izÑfr }kjk iznÙk oLrqvksaμmnkgj.kr% laj{k.k izkIr djus osQ fy, lqj{kkiwoZd tkrk gSA ;s nksuksa fØ;k,¡ vFkZO;oLFkk esa Ñf"k] eRL;u] okfudh] vk[ksV vFkok yaxj Mkyrs gSaA egÙoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkrh gSaA 112 ekuo Hkwxksy osQ ewy fl¼kar jklk;fud moZjd izpkyu dj jgs foaQgha nks LFkkuksa osQ okyh Ñf"k dh fof/] ftlesa e`nk esa ikS/ksa osQ thou osQ fy, vko';d eè; okLrfod eæq k vFkok Lo.k Z bR;kfn vkæZrk dk laj{k.k oQjosQ lw[kk lgu iQkliQksjl] iksVkfl;e vkSj ukbVªkstu dk gLrkarj.k fd, fcuk Hkqxrku dh dj ldus okyh IkQlyksa dks mxk;k tSls jklk;fud rRoksa ls ;qDr izkÑfrd fof/ vFkok izfØ;kA tkrk gSA vFkok Ñf=ke ewy dk inkFkZA bUgsa feêðh esa mldh mRikndrk dks c<+kus foLrh.kZ Ñf"k leksPpjs[kh; tqrkbZ osQ fy, Mkyk tkrk gSA Ñf"k dh og i¼fr ftlesa fdlh fn, igkfM+;ksa osQ ik'oks± vFkok <ky;qDr x, {k=s k e as it¡w h vkjS Je dh vi{s kkÑr Hkwfe;ksa ij leksPpjs[kkvksa osQ lgkjs gy jSap de ek=kk dk fuos'k fd;k tkrk gSA pykuk vFkok tqrkb Z djuk vFkkrZ eq[; i'kqvksa osQ cM+s&cM+s iQkeZ] ftuesa ckM+ :i ls e`nk vkSj ty osQ laj{k.k dh d yxh gksrh gS] tgk¡ okf.kfT;d Lrj ij foo`r [kuu n`f"V ls <ky osQ Åij vkSj uhps dh e i'kqvksa dk iztuu vkSj ikyu fd;k ,d LFkku] tgk ¡ feêhð vkjS mloQs ckgjh vis{kk pkjksa vksj tqrkbZA h tkrk gAS ; s e[q ;r% l;a Dq r jkT; vefsjdk vkoj.k dks igys gVk;k tkrk gS vkSj esa ik, tkrs gSaA [kuu djosQ [kfut vFkok v;Ld dks TLFkkukarjh Ñf"k s izkIr fd;k tkrk gSA ,d izdkj ls ;g [ksrh dh ,slh fof/ ftlesa oqQN R i jksi.k Ñf"k cM+s iSekus ij [kuu gSA [kuu dh ;g o"kks± dh vlof/ rd ,d Hkw&[kaM iSQDVªh mRiknu ls feyrh&tqyrh cM+s fof/ foo`r [kuu dgykrh gSA ij [ksrhb dh tkrh gS] tc rd feVhð E iSekus dh ,dy iQlyh Ñf"kA ;g dh moZjrk vkaf'kd :i ls lekIr u izk;% cM+h laink] Hkkjh iw¡th fuos'k vkSj oLrq fofue; C ugha gks tkrh vFkok ml ij [kjirokj iQlyksa dks mxkus dh vk/qfud ,oa nks i{kksa osQ eè; ijLij ykHk osQ fy, ugha mx tkrsA blosQ i'pkr~ Hkwfe p oSKkfud rduhd vkSj O;kikj ls lkSns esa NVksdu] ½.k vFkok eqæk osQ dks izkÑfrd ouLifr osQ fy, NksM+ e vfHkyf{kr gksrh gSA iz;ksx osQ fcuk vkf/D; mRiknu dk fn;k tkrk gS] tcfd Ñf"k dgha izR;{k fofue;A r vkSj Hkh dh tkrh gSA le; osQ © O;kikj larqyu varjky ij tc izkÑfrd ouLifr ns'k osQ fu;kZr vkSj vk;kr osQ oqQy 'kL; pØ.ke (iQlyksa dk gsj&isQj) moZjrk dh iquLFkkZiuk dj nsrh gS] ewY;ksa osQ chp varjA vk;kr dh rqyuk e`nk mboZjrk dks cuk, j[kus osQ fy, rks ewy&Hkw&[kaM ij iqu% Ñf"k dh esa fu;kZr dk vkf/D; vuqowQy O;kikj ,d gh [krs ij fHkUu eklS ek as e as fofHkUu tkrh gSA larqyu vkSj mldk foykse izfrowQy iQlyksa dks vuqØe.k esa mxkukA o O;kikj larqyu dgykrk gSA LFkkuc¼ Ñf"k t 'kq"d Ñf"k Hkwfe osQ mlh VqdM+s ij yxHkx LFkk;h fons'k fofue; vi;kIZ r o"kk Z vkjS flpa kb Z dh lfqo/kvkas Ñf"k dh izFkk tks fLFkj Ñf"k ls fHkUu jk"Vªh; eqæk iz.kkfyt;ksa osQ varxZr ls oafpr oqQN izns'kksa esa viuk;h tkus feyrh&tqyrh gSA o n 'kCnkoy h 113 ekuo Hkwxksy ds ewy fl)kar d d{kk 12 e h T s R i l b E u C p N e r © e b o t t o n ISBN 81-7450-674-8 izFke laLdj.k Ik+Qjojh 2007 iQkYxqu 1928 lokZf/dkj lqjf{kr (cid:137) izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk bl izdk'ku osQ fdlh Hkkx dks Nkiuk rFkk iuq eæZq .k bysDVªkWfudh] e'khuh] iQksVksizfrfyfi] fjdkWfMZ±x vFkok fdlh vU; fof/ ls iqu% iz;ksx i¼fr }kjk mldk laxzg.k vFkok izlkj.k oftZr gSA vDrwcj 2007 dk£rd 1929 (cid:137) bl iqLrd dh fcØh bl 'krZ osQ lkFk dh xbZ gS fd izdk'kd dh iwoZ vuqefr osQ fcuk ;g iqLrd vius ewy vkoj.k vFkok ftYn osQ vykok fdlh vU; izdkj ls O;kikj }kjk iQjojh 2009 ek?k 1930 m/kjh ij] iqufoZØ; ;k fdjk, ij u nh tk,xh] u csph tk,xhA (cid:137) bl izdk'ku dk lgh ewY; bl i`"B ij eqfæzr gSA jcM+ dh eqgj vFkok fpidkbZ xbZ iphZ PD 10T RA (fLVdj) ;k fdlh vU; fof/ }kjk vafdr dksbZ Hkh la'kksf/r ewY; xyr gS rFkk ekU; ugha gksxkA jk"Vhª; 'kfS{kd vulq /a ku vkjS ifz'k{k.k ifj"kn~] 2007 ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ izdk'ku foHkkx osQ d (cid:31)(cid:31)(cid:31)(cid:31)(cid:31) dk;kZy; e u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- oSaQil h Jh vjfoan ekxZ u;h fnTYyh 110 016 iQkus % 011-26562708 s 108 100 iQhV jksM , gsyh ,DlVsasa'ku] gksLMsosQjs R i cuk'kda jh III bLVts l cSaxywj 560 085 iQkus % 080-26725740 b E uothou VªLV Hkou Mkd?kj uothou vgenkcknu 380 014 iQkus % 079-27541446 C lh-MCY;w-lh- oSaQil pfudV% /udy cl LVkWi ifugVh N dksydkrk 700 114 iQksu % 033-25530454 #- 70.00 e lh-MCY;w-lh- dkWEIySDl ekyhxkao r xqokgkVh 781021 iQkus % 0361-2674869 © e izdk'ku lg;ksx b vè;{k] izdk'ku foHkkx % isÕ;Vs hjktkoQqekj eq[; mRiknu vfèkdkjh% f'ko oqQekj o eq[; laiknd % 'osrk mIiy t eq[; O;kikj çCak/d % xkSre xkaxqyh lgk;d laiknd % js[kk vxzoky t o mRiknu lgk;d % jkts'k fiIiy ,u-lnh-bZ-vkj-Vh- okVjekoZQ 80 th-,l-,e- isij ij dkVkZsxzki+Qh vkoj.k ,oa lTtk eqfnzrA dkVkxsZ kzfiQ+d tks;y fxy fMT+kkbu ,talh izdk'ku foHkkx esa lfpo] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] Jh vjfoan ekxZ] u;h fnYyh fp=kakdu 110 016 }kjk izdkf'kr rFkk U;w pukc vkWiQlsV fçaVlZ] vfuy 'kekZ] o:uh flUgk lh&21] vk[s kyk bMa fLV;ª y] iQsTk+&] u;h fnYyh 110 020 I }kjk eqfnzrA vkeq[k jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;k Z dh :ijs[kk (2005) lq>krh g S fd cPpksa osQ LowQyh thou dks ckgj osQ thou ls tksM+k tkuk pkfg,A ;g fl¼kar fdrkch Kku dh ml fojklr osQ foijhr gS ftlosQ izHkkoo'k gekjh O;oLFkk vkt rd LowQy vkSj ?kj osQ chp varjky cuk, gq, gSA u;h jk"Vªh; ikB~;p;kZ ij vk/kfjr ikB~;ozQe vkjS ikB;~ iLq roQas bl cfqu;knh fopkj ij vey dju s dk i;z kl gAS bl i;z kl e as gj fo"k; dk s ,d e”kcrw nhokj ls ?ksj nsus vkSj tkudkjh dks jVk nsus dh izo`fÙk dk fojks/ 'kkfey gSA vk'kk gS fd ;s dne gesa jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr (1986) eas of.kZr cky&osaQfnzr O;oLFkk dh fn'kk esa dkI+kQh nwj rd ys tk,¡xsA bl iz;Ru dh liQyrk vc bl ckr ij fuHkZj gS fd LowQyksa osQ izkpk;Z vkSj vè;kid cPpksa dks dYiuk'khy xfrfof/;ksa vkSj lokyksa dh enn ls lh[kus vkSj lh[kus osQ nkSjku vius vuqHkoksa ij fopkj d djus dk volj nsrs gSaA gesa ;g ekuuk gksxk fd ;fn txg] le; vkSj vk”kknh nh tk, rks cPps cM+ksa }kjk lkSaih xbZ lwpuk&lkexzh ls tqM+dj vkSj tw>dj u, Kku dk l`tu djrs gSaA f'k{kk osQ fofo/ lkèkuksa e ,oa lzksrksa dh vuns[kh fd, tkus dk izeq[k dkj.k ikB~;iqLrd dks ijh{kk dk ,dek=k vk/kj cukus dh h izo`fÙk gSA ltZuk vkSj igy dks fodflr djus osQ fy, ”k:jh gS fd ge cPpksa dks lh[kus dh izfozQ;k esa iwjk Hkkxhnkj ekusa vkSj cuk,¡] mUgsa Kku dh fu/kZfjr [kqjkd dk xzkgd ekuuk NksM+ nsaAT s ;s mís'; LowQy dh nSfud f”kanxh vkSj dk;Z'kSyh esa dkI+kQh isQjcny dh ek¡x djrs gSaA nSfud R i le;&lkj.kh esa yphykiu mruk gh ”k:jh gS ftruh okf"kZd osQySaMj osQ vey esa pqLrh] ftlls f'k{k.k l osQ fy, fu;r fnuksa dh la[;k gdhdr cu losQA f'k{k.k vkSj ewY;kadu dh fof/;k¡ Hkh bl ckr dks r;b E djsaxh fd ;g ikB~;iqLrd LowQy esa cPpksa osQ thou dks ekufld ncko rFkk cksfj;r dh txg [kq'kh dk u vuqHko cukus esa fdruh izHkkoh fl¼ gksrh gSA cks> dh leL;k lCs fuiVus osQ fy, ikB~;ozQe fuekZrkvksa us fofHkUu pj.kksa esa Kku dk iqufuZ/kZj.k djrs le; cPpksa osQ euksfoKku ,oa vè;kiu osQ fy, miyC/ p le; dk è;ku j[kus dh igys ls vf/d lpsr dksf'k'Nk dh gSA bl dksf'k'k dks vkSj xgjkus osQ ;Ru esa ;g ikB~;iqLrd lksp&fopkj vkjS foLe;] NksVs lewgksa esa ckrphr ,oa cgl vekjS gkFk ls dh tkus okyh xfrfof/;ksa dks izkFkfedrk nsrh gSA r © ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- bl iqLrd dh jpuk osQ fy, cukbZ xbZ ikB~;iqLrd fuekZ.k lfefr osQ ifjJe osQ fy, o`QrKrk O;Dr djrh gSA ifj"kn~ lkekftd foKku ikB~;iqLerd lykgdkj lfefr osQ vè;{k ikzIs +ksQlj gfj oklnq os u vkjS bl ikB;~ iLq rd lfefr oQs e[q ; lykgdkj ikzIs+kQslj ,e- ,p- oQqj'S kh dh fo'k"sk vkHkkjh b gSA bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ fodkl esa dbZ f'k{kdksa us ;ksxnku fd;k] bl ;ksxnku dks laHko cukus oQs fy, ge muoQs ikzpk;k ±s oQs vkHkkjh gAaS ge mu lHkh lLa F kkvk as vkjS lxa Buk as oQs ifzr oQ`rK g aS ftUgkuas svius lla kèkuk]as lkexhz vkjS lg;kfsx;k as dh enn yus s e as ge as mnokjrkiow dZ lg;kxs fn;kA ge ekè;fed ,o a mPp f'k{kk foHkkx] ekuo lla k/u fodkl e=akky; }kjk ikzIs+kQslj e.` kky ehjh ,o a ikzIs+kQslj th-ih- n's kikMa sdh vè;{krk esa xfBr t fuxjkuh lfefr (ekfWuVfjxa deVs h ) oQs lnL;k as dk s viuk eYw ;oku le; vkjS lg;kxs nus s oQs fy, èkU;okn nsrs gSaA O;oLFkkxr lq/kjksa vtkSj vius izdk'kuksa esa fujarj fu[kkj ykus osQ izfr lefiZr ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- fVIif.k;ksa ,oa lq>koksa dok Lokxr djsxh ftuls Hkkoh la'kks/uksa esa enn yh tk losQA n fun's kd u;h fnYyh jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku 20 uoacj 2006 vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~ d e h T s R i l b E u C p N e r © e b o t t o n ikB;~ iLq rd fuek.Z k lfefr vè;{k] lkekftd foKku ikB~;iqLrd lykgdkj lfefr gfj oklqnsou] izksI+ksQlj] bfrgkl foHkkx] dydÙkk fo'ofo|ky;] dksydkrk eq[; lykgdkj ,e-,p- oqQjS'kh] izksI+ksQlj] {ks=kh; fodkl vè;;u osaQnz] tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky;] u;h fnYyh d lnL; e vfufUnrk nÙkk] yDs pjj] fnYyh LoQwy vkIW +kQ bdkWuksfeDl] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky;] fnYyh h T vuqi lsfd;k] jhMj] xkSgkVh fo'ofo|ky;] xqokgkVh s R i v'kksd fnokdj] ysDpjj] xouZesaV ih- th- dkWyst] xqM+xk¡o l b vksfMY;k dksfVugks] jhMj] vkj- ih- Mh- dkWyst] csyxke E u ,u- vkj- nk'k] jhMj] ,e- ,l- fo'ofo|ky; cM+kSnkC] oMksnjk p ,u- dkj] jhMj] jktho xk¡/h fo'ofo|ky;] bZVkuxj N ,u- ukxkHkw"k.ke] ikzsI+ksQlj] ,l- oh- fo'ofo|ky;] fr#ifr e r ,l- tghu vkye] ysDpjj] n;ky ©flag dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; e jatuk tlwtk] ih- th- Vh-] vkehZ ifCyd LowQy] /kSykoqQvk¡] u;h fnYyh b Lokxrk cklq] ysDpjj] ,l- ,l- oh- (ih- th-) dkWyst] gkiqM+ ¯gnh vuqokn o t v'kksd fnokdj] ysDpjj] xouZesaV ih- th- dkWyst] xqM+xk¡o fulkj vgen 'ks[k izkptk;Z (lsokfuo`r)] egkfo|ky; f'k{kk funs'kky;] jktLFkku o euh"kk f=kikBh] ysDpjj] oqQekmQ¡ fo'ofo|ky;] uSuhrky n lnL;&leUo;d ruq efyd] ysDpjj] lkekftd foKku ,oa ekufodh f'k{kk foHkkx] jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqlaèkku vkSj izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] u;h fnYyh vkHkkj jk"Vªh; 'kSf{kd vuqla/ku rFkk izf'k{k.k ifj"kn~] bl iqLrd osQ fodkl esa lg;ksx nsus gsrq :ik nkl] ih- th-Vh-] Mh-ih-,l-] vkj-osQ- iqje] u;h fnYyh dk vkHkkj O;Dr djrh gSA ifj"kn~] lfork flUgk] izksI+ksQlj ,oa foHkkxkè;{k] lkekftd foKku ,oa ekufodh f'k{kk foHkkx osQ izfr Hkh viuh o`QrKrk vfiZr djrh gS] ftUgksaus izR;sd Lrj ij bl ikB~;iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa viuk vewY; lg;ksx fn;kA ifj"kn~] ohj flag vk;Z] iz/ku oSKkfud vf/dkjh (vodk'k izkIr)] oSKkfud rFkk rduhdh 'kCnkoyh vk;ksx] ekuo lalk/u ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj_ fnus'k izrki flag] jhMj ,oa foHkkxkè;{k] Mh- ,-oh-ih-th- dkWyst] nsgjknwu] ujsanz Mckl] ysDpjj] ,l-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh-] gfj;k.kk_ nhikoyh c/okj] yDs pjj] ,l-lh-b-Zvkj-Vh-] gfj;k.kk_ jta u oQqekj pk/S jh] ih-th-Vh-] xoueZ Vas lgf'k{kk mPprj ekè;fed fo|ky;] [ksM+k Mkcjk] fnYyh ,oa laxhrk] ih-th-Vh-] xouZesaV lgf'k{kk mPprj ekè;fed fo|ky;] dk”khiqj] fnYyh dk Hkh vkHkkj O;Dr djrh g S ftUgksaus vuqokn osQ iqujh{k.k osQ gsrq dk;'Z kkykvksa esa Hkkx d fy;k vkSj viuk cgqewY; ;ksxnku fn;kA ifj"kn~] Hkkjrh; losZ{k.k foHkkx dks Hkh /U;okn nsrh gS ftlus ikB~;iqLrd esa izdkf'kr ekufp=kksa e dks izekf.kr fd;kA ifj"kn~ fuEu lHkh O;fDRk;ksa ,oa laxBuksa dk vkHkkj O;Dr djrh gS ftUgksaus bl h ikB~;iqLrd dks lgt cukus gsrq fofHkUu fp=k ,oa vU; ikB~; lkexzh miyC/ djokbZ%& ,e-,p- oqQjS'kh] ikzIs+ksQlj] {ks=kh; fodkl vè;;u osaQnz] tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky; dks fp=k T s 8-2 ,oa 10-8 osQ fy,_ lhek ekFkqj] jhMj] Jh vjfcanks dkWyst (lkaè;dkyhu)] u;h fnYyh dks fp=k 5- 15 (d)] 7-5 ,o a i"`B 1 ij fp=k oQs fy,_ oQ`".k ';kjs k.k dk s fp=k 5-13] 8-1 8-4] 8-15 10-1 ,o a 10- R i 2 osQ fy,_ vtZqu flag] Nk=k] fgUnw dkWyst] fnYyh fo'ofo|ky; dks fp=k 7-3 ,oa i`"B 92 ij lfp=k osQ fy,_ fuR;kuan 'kekZ] ikzIs+ksQlj ,oa foHkkxkè;{k] esfMdy dkWyst] jksgrd dks i`"B 55 ij bfp=k osQ E fy,_ Lokxrk ckl]q yDs pjj] ,l-,l-oh- (ih-th-) dkyW ts ] gkiMq + dk s fp=k 8-17] 9-2 ,o a 10-9 oQs fy,_ vksfMY;k dksfVugks] jhMj] vkj-ih-Mh- dkWyst] csyxke dks fp=k 7-4 osQ fy,_ vfHke;q uvczksy dks fp=k C 5-10 oQs fy,_ lehju c:vk dk s fp=k 9-1 oQs fy,_ 'ors k mIiy] ,u-lh-b-Zvkj-Vh- dk s fp=k 6-2 ([k)] 6-3] 8-12 ,o a 10-4 oQs fy,_ dY;k.k cuS th]Z ,u-lh-b-Zvkj-Vh- dk s fp=k 10-3] p10-5 ,o a 10-6 oQs fy,_ ok;W -oQs- xIqrk rFkk vkj-lh- nk'k] ,u-lh-b-Zvkj-Vh- Ndk s fp=k 5-17 (d)] 5-17 ([k) ,o a i"`B 65 ij fp=k osQ fy,_ ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- osQ iqjkus fp=kksa osQ ladyu dks fp=k 5-5] 5-9e] 5-11] 5-15([k)] 5-18] 6-4] 6-5] 6-6] 8-8] 8-13] 9-5] 9-6 ,oa i`" B 1] 31] 45 ,oa 82 ij fp=kksa osQ fy,_ vkbZ-Vh-Mh-lh-@i;ZVu r ea=kky;] Hkkjr ljdkj dks fp=k 5-1© ,oa 6-2([k) osQ fy,_ Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh; jktekxZ izkf/dj.k dks fp=k 8-3 osQ fy,_ foLrkj funs'kky;] o`Qf"k ea=kky; dks fp=k 5-3 ,oa 7-2 osQ fy,_ VkbEl vkW i +Q bafM;k] u;h fnYyh dks i`"B 12] 63 ,oa 69 ij lekpkjksa osQ fy,_e fc”kul LVSaMMZ dks i`"V 28 ,oa 75 ij fn, x, lekpkjk asoQs fy,_ fn fgUn wdk si"`B 75 ij fn, x, lekpkj oQs fy, ,o aocs lkbVZ b www.africa.upenn.edu dks fp=k 10-7 osQ fy,A ifj"kn~] vfuy 'kekZ ,oa ujfxl bLyke MhVhih vkWijsVj_ usgky vgen] eukst eksgu dkWih ,MhVj_ mesn flag xkSM+] izwI+kQ jhMj rFkk fnus'k oqQekj] daI;wVj bapktZ dk Hkh iqLrd dks vafre o :i nsus esa lgk;rk djus osQ fy, vkHkkj O;Dr djrk gSA izdk'ku foHkkx ,u-lh-bZ-vkj-Vh- dks iqLrd osQ fuekZ.k esa lg;ksx osQ fyt, gkfnZd vkHkkj O;Dr djrh gSA fuEufyf[kr fcanq bl ikB~;iqLrd esa bLrseky fd, x, Hkkjr osQ ekufp=kksa osQ fy, ykxw gSa t 1. © Hkkjr ljdkj dk izfrfyI;kfèkdkj] 2006 o vkUrfjd fooj.kksa dks lgh n'kkZus dk nkf;Ro izdk'kd dk gSA 2. leqnz esa Hkkjr dk tyizns'k] mi;qDr vkèkkj&js[kk ls ekis x, ckjg leqnzh ehy dh nwjh rd gSA 3. n p.Mhx<+] iatkc vkSj gfj;k.kk osQ iz'kklh eq[;ky; paMhx<+ esa gSA 4. bl ekufp=k esa v#.kkpy izns'k] vle vkSj es?kky; osQ eè; esa n'kkZbZ xbZ vUrjkZT;h; lhek,¡] mÙkjh iwohZ {ks=k 5. (iquxZBu) vfèkfu;e osQ fuokZpukuqlkj nf'kZr gS] ijarq vHkh lR;kfir gksuh gSA 1971 Hkkjr dh ckg;~ lhek,¡ rFkk lenq zrVh; j[s kk,¡ Hkkjrh; lo{Zs k.k foHkkx }kjk lR;kfir vfHky[s k@ièzkku ifzr l seys [kkrh gAS 6. bl ekufp=k esa mÙkjkapy ,oa mÙkjizns'k] >kj[kaM ,oa fcgkj vkSj NÙkhlx<+ ,oa eè;izns'k osQ chp dh jkT; lhek,a 7. laCakfèkr ljdkjksa }kjk lR;kfir ugha dh xbZ gSA bl ekufp=k esa nf'kZr ukeksa dk v{kjfoU;kl fofHkUu lw=kksa }kjk izkIr fd;k gSA 8.
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