Untitled - Pakistan Climate Change Portal

237 Pages·2010·4.51 MB·English

2 Study on timber harvesting ban in NWFP, Pakistan
Disclaimer
This study was conducted in an independent manner.
The views expressed in this study do not present the
official position of the NWFP Forest Department and
the funding agency (SDC) but those of the Study Team
ISBN:
969-9082-02-x
Parts of this publication may be copied with proper citation in
favour of the Authors and the publishing organization
Integrated Natural Resource Management Project 3
This publication is based on 15 months continuous engagement of the team in collecting data,
analyses and documentation by the study team.
Initiated by:
Pak-Swiss Integrated Natural Resource Management Project (INRMP) on request of the NWFP Forest
Department in the first yearly planning workshop of the project, to conduct an independent study
The Study Team and Authors:
Dr. Knut M. Fischer (Team Leader)
Muhammad Hanif Khan
Alamgir Khan Gandapur
Abdul Latif Rao
Raja Muhammad Zarif
Hamid Marwat
Publication editing:
Arjumand Nizami
Syed Nadeem Bukhari
Fatima Daud Kamal
Layout:
Salman Beenish
Printing:
PanGraphics (Pvt) Ltd., Islamabad
Available from:
Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)
Intercooperation Delegation Office Pakistan
INRMP / NWFP Forest Department, Planning, Monitoring and Evaluation Circle, Peshawar
Cover photographs:
Aamir Rana
Amina Ijaz
Arjumand Nizami
Irshad Ali Mian
Roshan Ara
Tahir Saleem

Technical cooperation:
Intercooperation Head Office Berne, Switzerland and Pakistan
Pak-Swiss Integrated Natural Resource Management Project (INRMP)
GIS lab of Forest Planning and Monitoring Circle, NWFP Forest Department
Published by Intercooperation Pakistan through
Pak-Swiss Integrated Natural Resource Management Project (INRMP).
INRMP is funded by Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC)
4 Study on timber harvesting ban in NWFP, Pakistan
About Intercooperation
Intercooperation (IC) in Pakistan and worldwide has been actively engaged in forestry sector right from its
inception in 1982. In Pakistan, IC began its development career when Kalam Integrated Development Project
(KIDP) was mandated to the newly founded organization by Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation
(SDC). Since then, IC remained engaged in forestry at various levels with several stakeholders in the sector
including NWFP Forest Department, communities and civil society. For many years, SDC and IC remained
active players in Forestry Donors’ Coordination Group which took policy decisions on supporting institutional
reforms in NWFP Forest Department. Beside these direct supports extended to forestry sector in NWFP, IC
believes that people’s livelihoods are deeply attached with forestry resources and hence any management
practices and regimes have a direct influence on people living in and around forests. During its three decades
of long tenure in Pakistan, Intercooperation has implemented over twenty development projects in Pakistan,
particularly in the fields of natural resource management, mainly for SDC.
About Integrated Natural Resource Management Project (INRMP)
INRM project is funded by Swiss Government (SDC) and Government of NWFP and is jointly implemented by
NWFP Forest Department and Intercooperation. The project aims at collaborative working between different
NRM players (e.g. forestry, agriculture, livestock) for an integrated planning and management of natural
resources in a village. The project was founded on the interventions and lessons learned during the previous
forestry development projects (KIDP, Siran SFP, FMC, FSP), which had a major impact on reform process of
NWFP Forest Department. The project incepted in 2006 and will continue till June 2011. The project operates
in districts Lower Dir, Haripur and Mansehra of NWFP.
Integrated Natural Resource Management Project 5
LIST OF ABBREvIATIONS
ADB Asian Development Bank
AJK Azad Jammu & Kashmir
BL Barren Land
CBD Convention on Biodiversity Conservation
Cbm Carbon Budget Model
CCD Convention on Combating Desertification
CCF Chief Conservator of Forests
CIR Colour Infrared
CTA Chief Technical Advisor
DFFW Department of Forestry, Fisheries, and Wildlife
DFO Divisional Forest Officer
DFP Draft Forest Policy
ECOSOC The Economic and Social Council
EIA Environmental Impact Assessment
EPS Environmental Protection Society
ERTS Earth Resource Technology Satellite
EU The European Union
FAO Food and Agriculture Organization
FC Forestry Commission
FCS Forest Co-operative Societies
FD Forest Department
FDC Forest Development Corporation
FDCG Forestry Donors Coordination Group
FDF Forest Development Fund
FMC Forest Management Centre
FSMP Forestry Sector Master Plan
FSP Forestry Sector Project
FY Fiscal Year
GDP Gross Domestic Product
GIS Geographic Information System
GPS Global Positioning System
GTZ Deutsche Gesellschaft fuer Technische Zusammenarbeit
Ha Hectare
HESS Household Energy Strategic Study
HUJRA Holistic Understanding for Justified Research and Action
IC Intercooperation
IEE Initial Environmental Examination
IFM Intensive Forest Management
IGF Inspector General of Forests
IIED International Institute for Environment and Development
INRM Integrated Natural Resource Management Project
ITC Institutional Transformation Cell
IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature
JFM Joint Forest Management
JFMCs Joint Forest. Management Committees
KfW Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau
KIDP Kalam Integrated Development Project
KIFMP Kaghan Intensive Forest Management Project
LPG Liquefied petroleum gas
6 Study on timber harvesting ban in NWFP, Pakistan
MACP Mountain Areas Conservancy Project
MAF Million Acre-Feet
MAP Medicinal and Aromatic Plants
MD Moderately Deep
MDGs Millennium Development Goals
MEA Multilateral Environmental Agreements
Mill Million
MoE Federal Ministry of Environment
MSS Multispectral Scanner
NAs Northern Areas
NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration
NCS National Conservation Strategy
NEP National Environmental Policy
NGOs Non-Governmental Organizations
NLBI Non-Legally-Binding Instruments
NWFP North-West Frontier Province
PE&DD Planning, Environment and Development Department
PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency
PFRI Provincial Forest Resource Inventory
RF Reserve Forests
RFO Range Forest Officers
RGB Red, Green and Blue
RL Range Land
RNE Royal Netherlands Embassy
SAFI Sarhad Awami Forestry Ittehad
SDC Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation
SF Social Forestry
SFDP Siran Forest Development Projects
SPCS Sarhad Provincial Conservation Strategy
THBS The Timber Harvesting Ban Study
TM Thematic Mapper
UNCED United Nations Conference on Environment and Development
UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development
UNDP United Nations Development Programme
UNEP United Nations Environment Programme
UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
vDCs village Development Committees
vDP village Development Plans
vLUP village Land Use Planning
vOs village Organizations
WEHAB Water, Environment, Health, Agriculture and Biodiversity Program of the World
Summit on Sustainable Development (WSSD)
WFP World Food Programme
WOs Women Organizations
WP Working Plans
WPI Wholesale Price Index
WSSD World Summit on Sustainable Development
WWF World Wide Fund for Nature
Integrated Natural Resource Management Project 7
TABLE OF CONTENTS
FOREWORD 11
SUMMARY 12
Chapter 1 16
INTRODUCTION
1.1 THE PROBLEM 16
1.2 THE STUDY 17
(1) Study Concept 17
(2) Study Team 17
(3) Accomplishment of the Study 18
(4) Study Contents 18
Chapter 2 19
FORESTRY AND FOREST SITUATION PRIOR TO THE HARvESTINg BAN
2.1 FORESTRY 19
2.1.1 Forest Policy, Forest Laws, and Forest Administration 19
(1) Evolution of National Forest Policies 19
(2) Impacts of Forest Policy 20
(3) Forest Laws 20
(4) Organization of the Forest Department 21
(5) Summing Up 22
2.1.2 Multiplicity of Demands 22
(1) Demands Resulting from Legal Rights 22
(2) Factors of Illegal Commercial Exploitation 23
(3) Environmental Demands 23
(4) Summing Up 23
2.1.3 Initiatives to Improve Forest Planning and 24
Management prior to the Ban
(1) Donor-funded Projects 24
(2) Relevant Major Studies 25
(3) Summing Up 25
2.1.4 Timber Harvesting Systems Prior to the Ban 25
(1) Early Harvesting System 25
(2) Forest Development Corporation (FDC) 26
(3) Forest Co-operative Societies (FCS) 26
(4) Summing Up 26
2.2 FORESTS 1996 27
2.2.1 Data Sources, Baseline Study, and Basic Data 27
(1) Provincial Forest Resource Inventory (PFRI) and 27
Study Approach
(2) The Study-Area 1996 27
(3) Population and Households 1996 28
(4) General Land-Use 1996 29
(5) Population Density 1996 29
8 Study on timber harvesting ban in NWFP, Pakistan
2.2.2 Total Forest Area and Stock 29
(1) Total Forest Area 1996 29
(2) Area Distribution of Forests 1996 29
(3) Distribution of Forests by Density Class 29
(4) Forest Stock 1996 31
2.2.3 Features of Forest Conditions 1996 32
(1) Status of Forest and Wood Utilization 32
(2) Status of Regeneration 33
(3) Forest Health and vitality 33
(4) Biological Diversity 33
(5) Soil Depth and Humus 33
2.2.4 Wood Consumption/Supply gap 1996 33
Introduction 33
(1) Timber and Fire-wood Consumption Estimate 1996 34
(2) Timber and Fire-wood Supply Estimate 1996 35
(3) Estimate of Wood Supply from Forests 36
(4) Wood Consumption/Supply Gap 1996 36
(5) Summing Up 37
Chapter 3
TIMBER HARvESTINg BAN – DIRECTIvES, COMPLIANCES, AND 38
EFFECTIvENESS
3.1 BACKgROUND TO THE TIMBER HARvESTINg BAN 38
3.2 INITIAL BAN PERIOD: SEPTEMBER 1993 TO APRIL 1997 38
3.2.1 Directives 38
3.2.2 Compliances and Effectiveness 1993 to 1997 40
(1) Initial Donor Activities to Forest Sector Reforms 40
(2) Other Donors and Projects in the Forest Sector 41
(3) NGO Involvement 42
(4) Further Donor Support to the Sector Reform 42
(5) Initiation of the Reform Process 43
(6) Summing Up 44
3.3 FIRST EXTENSION OF THE BAN APRIL 1997 TO DECEMBER 1999 44
3.4 SECOND EXTENSION OF THE BAN IN JANUARY 2000 AND BAN 45
RELAXATION FOR 2001
3.4.1 Directives 45
3.4.2 Compliances and Effectiveness 2000 to 2001 46
3.5 THE BAN JANUARY 2002 TO 2008 46
3.5.1 Directives 46
3.5.2 Compliances and Effectiveness 2002 to 2008 46
(1) NWFP Forest Ordinance 2002 46
(2) Forestry Commission and Round Table 47
(3) Re-organization of the Forest Department 47
(4) Forest Planning 48
(5) Participatory Forest Management 48
(6) Forest Development Fund 48
(7) Forest Force 48
(8) Donors’ Response 49
Integrated Natural Resource Management Project 9
3.5.3 Forest Staff and Forest Stakeholders’ Perceptions 49
(1) Forest Staff Perceptions on Forest Sector Reforms 49
(2) Perceptions of Stakeholders on Harvesting Ban 49
3.6 HARvESTINg, MARKETINg, AND REvENUES DURINg 50
THE BAN PERIOD
(1) Harvesting 51
(2) Marketing and Timber Prices 52
(3) Revenues 53
(4) Summing Up 54
Chapter 4
THE FORESTS - DEMANDS AND SUPPLY 2008 55
4.1 CHANgINg ENvIRONMENTAL AWARENESS AND 55
ENvIRONMENTAL DEMANDS
(1) Growing Environmental Concerns 55
(2) International Commitments 56
(3) Summing Up 56
4.2 FORESTS 2008 and FOREST CHANgE 1996 to 2008 56
4.2.1 Basic Data 56
(1) Introduction 56
(2) Study Area 2008 56
(3) Growth of Population and Households 1996 to 2008 56
(4) Change in General Land-Use 1996 to 2008 57
(5) Population Density 2008 58
4.2.2 Total Forest Area and Stock 58
(1) Total Forest Area Changes 1996 to 2008 58
(2) Changes in Forest Area Distribution 1996 to 2008 59
(3) Changes in Distribution of Forests by Density Class and 60
Altitude 1996 to 2008
(4) Changes in Forest Stock 1996 to 2008 62
4.2.3 Wood Consumption/Supply gap 62
(1) Timber and Firewood Consumption Estimate 2008 62
(2) Timber and Fire-wood Supply Estimate 2008 63
(3) Estimate of Wood Supply from Forests 2008 64
(4) Wood Consumption/Supply Gap 2008 64
(5) Summing Up 65
4.2.4 Environmental Impacts 65
Chapter 5
CONCLUSIONS 66
Chapter 6 68
RECOMMENDATIONS
REFERENCES 69