Untitled - Entomological Society of Canada

920 Pages·2010·50.61 MB·English

THE INSEOTS
AND ARAOHNIDS
OF OANADA
PART 14
The GrasshoPPers,
Crickets, and Related Insects
of Canada and Adjacent
Regions
Ulon aIa, DermaPtera,
Chel euto Ptera, NotoPte ra,
Dictuoptera, G rYl loPtera,
and CrthoPtera
Vernon R. Vickeryl and D' Keith McE' Kevanl
Charles D' Dondale, Scientific Adviser
Biosystematics Research Institute
Ottawa, Ontario
Research Branch
Agriculture Canada
Publication 1777 1985
I Ly-an Entomological Museum and Research Laboratory, Macdonald College of McGill
University, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Qu6bec
@ Minister of Supply and Services Canada 1986
Available in Canada throush
Associated Bookstores
and other booksellers
or by mail from
Canadian Government Publishing Centre
Supply and Services Canada
Ottawa. Canada KIA 0S9
Catalogue No. A42.42 I 1985-l4E
rsBN 0-660-l 1749-5
Canada: $36.95 Other Countries: $44.35
Price subject to change without notice
Canadian Cataloguing in Publication Data
Vickery, V. R. (Vernon Randolph)
The grasshoppers, crickets, and related
insects of Canada and adjacent regions
(The Insects and arachnids of Canada,
ISSN 0706-7313 ; pt. 14)
(Publication i 1777)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
l. Locusts - Canada. 2. Crickets - Canada.
I. Kevan, D. Keith McE. (Douglas Keith McEwan)
II. Canada. Agriculture Canada. Research
Branch. III. Title. IV. Series. V. Series:
Publication (Canada. Agriculture Canada).
English ; 1777.
1985 595.7'26
QL507.t.C3V5 C85_097201_9
Staff editor: Sheilah V. Balchin
The Insects and Arachnids of Canada
Part l. Collecting, Preparing, and Preserving Insects, Mites, and Spiders'
compiled by J. E. H. Martin, Biosystematics Research Institute, ottawa'
1977.182p . price: Canada $3.50, other countries $4.20 (Canadian funds).
Cat. No. A42-42/ 1977 -1.
Partie 1. Récolte, preparation et conservation des Insectes, des Acariens et
des Araign6.r, .compilpea r J.E.H. Martin, Institut de recherches biosys-
t6matiquis, Ottawa, 198i.205 p. Prix: $3.50 (Canada), i l'6tranger 54.20
(en devises canadiennes). Cat. No. A42-42-1977-lF'
Part2. The Bark Beetles of Canada and Alaska (Coleoptera: Scolytidae)'
bpyrDic.eE:. BCriagnhat,dJar', B$i1o1s.y9s5te, moathtiecsr Rceosuenatrrciehsln $st1it4u't3e5,o (ttCaawnaa,|d9i7a6n. 2f4unllpd.s)'
Cat. No. A42-42/ 1976-2.
Part 3. The Aradidae of Canada (Hemiptera: Aradidae), by R' Matsuda'
Biosystematics Research Institute, ottawa, 197'.r'. 116 p. Price: Canada $4.00,
other countries $4.80 (Canadian funds). Cat' No' A42-42/1977-3'
Part 4. The Anthocoridae of canada and Alaska (Heteroptera: Antho-
coridae), by L. A. Kelton, Biosystematics Research Institute, ottawa, 1978.
101 p. price: Canada 94.00, other countries $4.80 (Canadian funds)'
Cat. No. A42-42/ 1977 -4.
Part 5. The Crab Spiders of Canada and Alaska (Araneae: Philodromidae
and Thomisidae), by c. D. Dondale and J. H. Redner, Biosystematics
Research Institute, Ottawa, 1978.255 p' Price: Canada $7'50, other countries
$9.00 (Canadian funds)' Cat. No' A42-42/1978-5'
Part 6. The Mosquitoes of Canada (Diptera: Culicidae), by D' M' Wood'
P. T. Dang, and R. A. Ellis, Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, 1979'
390 p. Price: canada $8.00, other countries $9.60 (Canadian funds).
Cat. No. A42-42/ 1979-6.
Partie 7. Genera des Trichoptdres du Canada et des Etats adjacents, par
F. Schmid, Institut de recherches biosyst6matiques, ottawa, 1980. 296 p.
Prix: $7.75 (canada), d l'6tranger $9.30 (en devises canadiennes).
Cat. No. A42-42/1980-7F. (Available in French only')
Part 8. The Plant Bugs of the Prairie Provinces of Canada (Heteroptera:
Miridae), by L. A. Kelton, Biosystematics Research Institute, ottawa, 1980.
408 p. price:C anada $9.95, other countries $11.95 (Canadian funds).
Cat. No. A42-42/ 1980-8.
Part9. The Sac Spiders of Canada and Alaska (Araneae: Clubionidae and
Anyphaenidae), by C. D. Dondale and J. H. Redner, Biosystematics Research
ttrsiit.rte, Ottawa, 1982. lg4 p. Price: Canada $8.95, other countries $10.75
(Canadian funds). Cat. No. A42-42/1982-9F.
part 10. The Spittlebugs of canada (Homoptera: Cercopidae), by
K. G. A. Hamilton, Biosystematics Research Institute, Ottawa, 1982'
102 p. Price: canada $7.95, other countries $9.55 (canadian funds).
Cat. No. A42-42/ 1982-108.
Part 11. The Genera of Larval Midges of Canada (Diptera: chironomidae),
by D. R. oliver and M. E. Rousser, Biosystematics Research Institute,
ottarva, 1983. 263 p. Price: Canada $11.95, orher countries $14.35 (canadian
funds). Cat. No. A42-42-1983-ltE.
Part 12. The Families and Subfamilies of canadian chalcidoid wasps
(Hymenoptera: chalcidoidea), by c. M. yoshimoto, Biosystematics Research
Institute, ottawa, 1984. 149 p. price: canada $5.95, otirer countries $7.15
(Canadian funds). Cat. No. A42-42/1983-128.
Part 13. The carrion Beetles of Canada and Alaska (Coleoptera: Silphidae
and Agyrtidae), by R. S. Anderson and S. B. peck, Biosystematics Research
Institute, ottawa, 1985. l2l p. price: canada $7.00, other countries $8.40
(Canadian funds). Cat. No. A42-42-t985-13E.
(Prices subject to change wirhour notice.)
Contents
Acknowledgments ........ 8
Introduction 9
Review of literature to 1850 I2
Review of literature after 1850 20
Locust and grasshopper outbreaks ..... 20
Systematic and related literature 25
Anatomy 30
Collection, preparation, and preservation 3l
The orthopteroid orders, or Ulonata JI
Key to orders of Ulonata
Order Dermaptera-earwigs ..... 39
Key to superfamilies of Dermaptera . . . . . 4l
A')
Superfamily Spongiphoroidea
Key Ftoa mfaimlyi lAiensi soofla Sbipdoidnageip h.o..r.o.idea . 4A2''
Family Spongiphoridae .... 4()
Superfamily Forficuloidea 49
Family Forficulidae 49
Order Cheleutoptera-stick-insects
Family Heteronemiidae ...' 55
Order Notoptera-rock-crawlers 60
Family Grylloblattidae ..... 60
Order Dictuoptera-termites, mantids, and cockroaches . ' ' 66
Key to suborders of Dictuoptera . . . . . 68
Suborder Termitodea-termites 69
Key to families of Termitodea . . . . . 7l
Family Rhinotermitidae .... '72
Family Termopsidae 7'7
Family Kalotermitidae .. .. 81
.
Suborder Mantodea-mantids atJ
.
Family Mantidae 85
Key to subfamilies of Mantidae 6)
Subfamily Amelinae 86
Subfamily Mantinae 87
9l
Suborder Blattodea-cockroaches
Key to superfamilies of Blattodea 93
Superfamily Blattoidea 94
Family Blattidae 94
Superfamily Cryptocercoidea .... 101
Family Cryptocercidae ..... r02
Superfamily Ectobioidea 102
Key to families of Ectobioidea . . . . 103
.
Family Ectobiidae 103
Family Blattellidae 105
Key to subfamilies of Blattellidae . . . . 105
.
Subfamily Pseudophyllodromiinae 106
Subfamily Blattellinae 108
Order Grylloptera-katydids and crickets t'7
Key to suborders of Grylloptera . . . . . 19
Suborder Tettigoniodea r9
Key to infraorders of Tettigoniodea .. 20
Infraorder Stenopelmatidea .... 120
Key to superfamilies of Stenopelmatidea r2l
.
Superfamily Stenopelmatoidea . . t22
Family Stenopelmatidae .... t22
Superfamily Rhaphidophoroidea 126
.
Family Rhaphidophoridae 126
.
Key to subfamilies of Rhaphidophoridae 126
Subfamily Tropidischiinae .... t27
Subfamily Rhaphidophorinae r29
.
Subfamily Ceuthophilinae . . .. . 130
Subfamily Daihiniinae 158
Infraorder Tettigoniidea t59
Key to superfamilies of Tettigoniidea . . . . 160
Superfamily Hagloidea 161
Family Prophalangopsidae l6l
Superfamily Tetrigonioidea ...... 165
Key to families of Tettigonioidea . . 165
Family Phaneropteridae . ... ro/
Subfamily Phaneropterinae .... t61
Family Pseudophyllidae .... 186
Family Conocephalidae .... 189
Key to tribes of Conocephalidae . . . . 189
Tribe Copiphorini . 190
.
Tribe Conocephalini 196
Family Tettigoniidae 221
Key to subfamilies of Tettieoniidae 222
Subfamily Saginae 223
Subfamily Tettigoniinae 1nn
Suborder Gryllodea 245
Key to superfamilies of Gryllodea 141
Superfamily Cryllotalpoidea 1A-
Family Gryllotalpidae 1/1
Superfamily Grylloidea 251
Key to families of Grylloidea 251
Family Myrmecophilidae 252
Family Oecanrhidae ... )54
Family Trigonidiidae . . LIJ
Family Cryllidae 2'75
Key to subfamilies of o.'ll'o:: : :::: : 276
:: ::
Subfamily Nemobiinae : 2'76
Subfamily Gryllinae 289
Order Orthoptera-locusts and grasshoppers 296
Key to suborders of Orthoptera 298
Suborder Tridactylodea 299
Superfamily Tridactyloidea ..... 299
Family Tridactylidae 300
Suborder Tetrigodea 304
Key to families of Tetrigodea 305
Family Tetrigidae 305
Family Batrachideidae 318
Suborder Acridodea tzl
Key to families of Acridodea 321
Family Romaleidae 322
6
Family Acrididae 324
Key to subfamilies of Acrididae 1ZO
Subfamily Cyrtacanthacridinae 32-l
Subfamily Melanoplinae JJJ
Subfamily HyalopterYginae .. .. 43'7
Subfamily Locustinae 439
Key to tribes of Locustinae 410
Tribe Locustini ... 441
Tribe Epacromiini 525
Subfamily Gompho.cerinae .... 530
Key to tribes of Gomphocerinae . . . . 531
Tribe Orphulellini 532
.
Tribe Chrysochraontini 539
Tribe Gomphocerini . . 5s2
Figures 580
List of species recorded as adventives, temporary introductions,
or laboratory cultures .. 820
Glossary 823
References 834
Index to names of ulonate taxa . . 895
Index to plant hosts, parasites, and predators . '... 914
Acknowledgments
Many people have been involved with this project. We are indebted to
Dr. C.-C. Hsiung and Miss Diane E. Johnstone for many of the illustrations.
Dr. S. M. Ulagaraj assisted in the literature search. Mr. A. T. Finnamore,
Mrs. S. Wolter, and Mr. D. N. Duffy, employed in the Lyman Museum,
searched out the localities and prepared the range maps.
Dr. T. J. Walker, University of Florida, Gainesville; Dr. D. Otte,
Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, PA; Dr. G. K. Morris, Erindale
College, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ont.;and Dr. G. E. Kerr, formerly
of the same institution, were particularly generous in supplying locality data.
We also acknowledge the assistance of the following who allowed us
to borrow or to examine specimens at their institutions: Mr. J. E. H. Martin,
Canadian National Collection of Insects and Arachnids, Ottawa, Ont., who
was particularly helpful; Dr. A. B. Gurney (now retired), U.S. National
Museum of Natural History, Washington, DC; Dr. I. J. Cantrall and
Dr. T. H. Hubbeli (both norv retired), Museum of Zoology, University of
Michigan, Ann Arbor; the late Dr. H. J. Grant, the late Mr. J. A. G. Rehn,
and Dr. H. R. Roberts (now retired), Academy of Natural Sciences, phil-
adelphia, PA; Dr. P. J. Darlington (now retired), Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA; Dr. D. R. Ragge and Mrs. J.
Marshall, British Museum (Natural History), London; Dr. J. R. Beaudry,
Dr. J.-G. Pilon, and Mme Colloudon, Universit6 de Montr6al, Montr6al,
Qu6.; Dr. G. G. Wiggins, Royal Ontario Museum, Toronto; Dr. A. G.
Robinson, University of Manitoba, Winnipeg; Dr. H. McDonald, Agriculture
Canada, Winnipeg, Man.; the late Mr. A. R. Brooks, Agriculture Canada,
Saskatoon, Sask.; the late Dr. B. Hocking and Dr. G. E. Ball, University
of Alberta, E,dmonton; Dr. R. H. Handford (now retired), Agriculture
Canada, Kamloops, B.C.; Dr. G. G. E. Scudder, University of British
Columbia, Vancouver; and the staff (collectiveiy) of the British Columbia
Provincial Museum, Victoria.
Many people assisted by collecting specimens for the Lyman Entomo-
logical Museum collection. These include peter and Susan Arntfield,
Colin Boyle, Wayne Boyle, Alan Campbell, Lorne Crozier, Bert Finnamore,
P. Giorgio Fontana, Michel Guibord, Wyb Hoek, Glen Jamieson,
Kaye Kevan, Rowan Lalonde, Joe Lovrity, Dave Marsh, pak Haup Ng,
Bob Randell, A. C. Sheppard, Elsie Smythe, John Stainer, Bill Vickery,
Edwin vickery, and Sandra wolter. without their contributions the work
would have been much more incomplete.
Numerous others have assisted by donating or lending material to the
Lyman E,ntomological Museum. Particular thanks are due Dr. Luc Jobin,
Environment Canada, Forestry Service, Sainte-Foy, Qu6.; Dr. W. Edmonds,
Toronto, Ont.; and Dr. C. Chantal, formerly University of Waterloo,
Waterloo, Ont. (now Agriculture Canada, Ottawa, Ont.).
Acknowledgment must be made to the following for permission to repro-
duce published illustrations: the trustees of the British Museum (Natural
History); the editors of Danmarks Fauna; the editors of the california Insect
Survey; Masson S. A. Paris, the publisher of Chopard's Biologie des Orthop-
tdres; and the F6d6ration franqaise des Soci6t6s de Sciences Naturelles, paris.
8
The research was partially carried out under contract for the Research
Branch, Agriculture Canada; the report was prepared under the same
contract. The views, conclusions, and recommendations expressed herein are
those of the authors and not necessarily those of the Department'
lntroduction
The orthopteroid insects include the grasshoppers, locusts, crickets, and
their kind as well as cockroaches, mantids, termites, rock-crawlers (or gryllo-
blattids), earwigs, and stick-insects. Unlike such assemblages as "beetles"
(coleopiera), ,;bugs" (Hemiptera), or ,,flies" (Diptera), the orthoperoid
insects'have'no single vernacular name in any language that is applicable to
them all. A few languages do, nevertheless, possess single words that are used
to include most orthopleroid insects in that they refer to those forms which
leap, and which are commonly called by the Latin name "Saltatoria'" These
t.uping insects are the true locusts, grasshoppers, and- their immediate
relativ"es, and English is one of those few languages in which there is_a single,
succinct, expressive noun that covers them all. The word is "grigs." we may,
therefore, include under the umbrella of this almost obsolete name all insects
belonging to orders herein treated collectively.
Bu.tr ttr. term "insect" has changed its meaning several times over the
years, although all insects in the modern sense are included in the superphylum
Arthiopoda. Arthropoda is the name used to include the greater part of the
animal kingdom. It replaces the ambiguous "Insecta," used by I.innaeus
(1761) for a-il animals having a chitinous exoskeleton and segmented append-
ages. within this superphylum falls the phylum Entoma, whose name was
uied by Aristotle about 330 B.C. for the arthropods exclusive of crustaceans,
and which was resurrected by Latreille (1804) in1796 (although in a wider
sense than it is now used, for he included arachnids and some other animals)'
Among the Entoma we recognize subphyla, the largest of which is the
Uniramia of Manton. This includes all arthropods that have primarily
unbranched appendages and whose respiratory mechanism is basically a
ramifying and usually anastomosing system of tubules, or tracheae. They
are ali land-based or clerived from terrestrial ancestors (unlike the arachnids
which, although now mainly terrestrial, have a marine origin)' The great
majority of the Uniramia constitute the infraphylum Dicera, or Atelocerata,
of Latreille. These include the superclass Myriapoda, e'g', centipedes and
millipedes, as well as the six-legged arthropods, or superclass Hexapoda' It
shouid. however, be remembered that there are some arthropods (mainly in
the immature stages) that are not Hexapoda, although they have six legs,
just as there are many Hexapoda (again, mainly in the immature stages) that
are not six-legged.
Orthopteioid insects belong to what we may call supercohort Neoptery-
gota, i.e., th.y ur. insects in which the wings (if present) are capable of being
iolded backward to lie along the dorsum of the body. The Neopterygota may
be subdivided into cohorts, the orthopteroids falling into what other early
workers called the Polynephria, or Polyneoptera' The Polynephria are
Neopterygota in which the excretory Malpighian tubules discharging into the