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FRANZ JOSEFL AND
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© NORSPKO LARINTUTSTT 1I995
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POLARHÅNDBNOoK.8
FRANZ JOSEF LAND
EDITOR:S USAN BARR
NORSK UNIVERSOIFT Y
POLARINSTITUTT SALZBUARUGS,T RIA
OSLO 1995
Photograhpahvske i ndbleye cno ntribbuytt ehdfoe l lowing:
TrygvAea s
SusaBna rr
Ch.H obenreich
WojcieMcohs kai
!renSaa fronova
HeinSzl upetzky
HeinZzw ettler
Historpihcoatlo grafrpohmst hea rhei veosft hNeo rwegiPaonl aIrn stitute
andA ustriaarnc hiavnedsm useums.
Aidtso p ronounciation
Candc = corresptooEn ndg li'schh '
Sands=c orresptooEn ndg li'sshh '
©NorskP olarinsMtiidtduetltt,hg uant2se9 , 0 30O1s lo
Techniecdailt Aonrn:e moBrr ekke
Graphdiecs igVni:d aGrr imshei
Coveprh otHoe:i nSzl upetzky
Graphpirco ductGiroinm:s hGeria fiskLøer,e nskog
ISBN8 27-666-095-9
PrintJeudn 1e 995
2
CONTENTS
Forewo"r. d. ...".. ......"... .........".. . .. .."... ....... ...".. ...."............. ........5.. . .........
Geographpiocsailt ainodng enercahla racteroifts htei cs
FranJzo seLfa nda rchipe"l. a."g..o.." . ".. .." . ." ".. .".. . ...".. ..."....."... ..8.. ..
Clima.t.." e. ..".. .."... ... ........".. ....".. ........ ...........".... ......."....... ...... ." .. .1 .1. ....
Glacie.r.s. ."....".. ........ ...".. .."... ...".... .". .... ".. ..."... ............ .".. ........1..5 ." .... .
Geolog.y. ...".. .............. .......".. ......"... ................ .........2..2.. .................... .....
Freshwastyesrt e.m.."s . ......................... ... .. ... .. .......2..7.. .......... ....................
Soi.l. .........".. ."... .............."... ...".... .......... ................. "....... ......3..0.. ........ ....
Vegetat.i.o.n. ....".......................... .............3.2. .............................................
Marine environwmielndtl .ia.fen.d . ................". .3.8. ..................................
Theh istoorfwy e stearnc tiviinFt rya nJzo seLfa nd. ".............5. 9. .............
A his toroyft heA ustridains covoefrF yr anJzo seLfa nd" . .".". .....1.0.7. ......
Russian reisneF arracnJhzo seLfa nd". "." "" . .".. . ..".".. ....... ..."..1. 2.9. .........
Humani mpacatn de nvironmemnatnaalg eme.n.t. ..........1.4.8. .....................
Summariyn :N orwegi"a. n. ......".. .......................... ...1.5.7. ..........................
German... ......................................................................1...6. 0
Polis.h. .....".. ......"... .".... . ........... ..... .......1.6.4. ........................
Russi.a.n. ...".. .."... .". .. .". .. ".. ..""... .." .. "..." . "." " . .....1.6.7. ......
Frenc"h. " .. .". ..."."...".".".".". ."."" .."""". ".""." "."." .. . 1.7.0
Note"s. ."". . "." ""."". " . ".. .". .."....".". .. "... "... . ". " """""..."".. .". "" ".". .1.7.3
Authors:
SusaBna rre,t hnoloagnidps otl ahri storNioarnw,e giPaonl aIrn stitOustleo,.
Andr eGil azovskgijl,a cioloIgnissttio,tf uG teeo grapRhuys,s iAacna demoyf S ciences,
Moscow.
RasmusH anssoenn,v ironmemnatnaalg eNro,r wegiPaonl aIrn stitOustleo,.
VidaRri sdamle,t eoroloNgoirswte,g iPaonl aIrn stitOustleo,.
AleksanKdrre nkeg,l acioloIgnissttio,tf uG teeo grapRhuys,s iAacna demoyf S ciences,
Moscow.
BernarLde fauconnigelra,c ioloNgoirswte,g iPaonl aIrn stitOustleo,.
StefaNno rriesn,v ironmemnatnaalg eNro,r wegiPaonl aIrn stitSuvtael,b ard.
IrenSaa fronovbao,t aniIsnts,t iotfuB toet anRyu,s siAacna demoyf S ciences,
StP.e tersburg.
HeinSzl upetzgkeyo,g rapahnedgr l acioloIgnisstti,otf uG teeo grapUhnyi,v ersoift y
Salzburg.
LechS tempniewoirncizt,h oloDgeipstto.,f VertebErcaotleo &gy Z oologUyn,i versity
ofG dansk.
Jan·MarcWii:ns lawskmia,r inbei ologIinsstt,i otfuO tcee anograPpohlyi,As cha demy
ofS cience.
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FOREWORD
Thisp ublicaitsit ohner esuolfta ni debao m att hea nnuam!e etinnge ar
GdanskP,o lanodf s cientwiosrtksi nignt heE uropeaannd S ovie(tl ater
Russian) Arctic.
Theo penionfgt hef ormer UaSrSoRu n19d9 0 ledt oa s teerpi sienb oth
commerciaanlds cientaicfitci viintt yh eF ranJzo seLfa nda reaw,h ichha s
madet hec ompilatoifso unc ha handboao nka tursat!e pT.h el ascto mpar­
ablbeo oko ft hea rewaa sp ublisbhye tdh eN orwegiPaonl aIrn stitiunt e
1930a,tt het ime FrJaonszeL fa ndb ecamcel osteodo utsiders.
Int hep eriobde tweesnc,i entiinfifocr matifroonm thea rchipewlaasgo
mainluyn availaTbhleie n.t ernational cooonpt ehirhsaa tnidobno torki teos
filtlh eg apfr om 1930,a ndt op resebnott Sho viet/Rusasnidaw ne stern his­
torayn dp reseanctt ivities.
Theb ooki sn oti ntendteobd e a scientciofimcpe ndiumI.n steiatpd r e­
sentasn o vervioefwt heh istoarnydn atuorfeF ranJzo seLfa ndb aseodn
todayk'nso wledagned a vailalbiltee raIttui rsae i.m ebdo tah tt heg eneral
publwihco w isht ok nowm orea boutth inso rthemmaorscth ipelaangdto o,
functioansa b asifso rs cientiinsttesn dtiond gor eseairnct hh ea rea.
Thee diticnogm mittiespe a infulalwya roef t hed ilemmian volviend
presentiinnfgo rmataiboonu at v ulneraabrleeaS .u cha publicamtaiyo n
contribtuota efu rtheirn creaisnne u mbeorf v isitwohrisc hc anh avea
detrimeenffteaclot n t hee nvironmOenn tt.h eo thehra ndt hek nowledge
presenhteerdwe i lhlo pefullleya tdo a greatuenrd erstanodfti hneng e edt o
protebcott thh en atuarned t heh istorriecmaali onfsF ranJzo seLfa nd.
Thed iversoifta yu thowrhso h avem adet hibso okr eflectthsei ntema­
tionaloiftt hyes ubjebcott ihn t hep asatn dp reseTnhti.as s peicsta lseov i­
dencebdy t hes uppogritv etno a chietvheep ublicatTihoeen d.i ticnogm ­
mittweoeu lldi kteo t hantkh eN orwegiPaonl aIrn stifotru tpeu blishtihneg
book andt hefo llowiinngs titufotria odndsi tional fisnuapnpoctriotaw la rds
publication:
TheA ustriMainn istorfFy o reiAgfnf airs
TheP oliAscha demoyf S cience
StiftuunngdsF -orderungsgesedlelrUs ncihvaefrts Siatlaztb urg
(TheF oundatoifot nh eU niversoifSt ayl zburg).
Thefo llowicnogl leagautte hseN orwegiPaonl aIrn stiaturteae l stoh anked
for theihre lpa nda dvicwei tht hev ariomuasn uscriVpitdsa:Br a kken,
OliviBeoru issWoiun,fr ieDda llmanIna,nG jertPze,t eHra gevolØdy,v ind
A.H øydaLli,n Bnr yhJna cobsYeo ns,h ihiOdhet aO,t tSoa lvigsen.
SusaBna rHre,i nSzl upeatnzdJky a n-MaWr�csilna wsh
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