Table Of Content

1 Summary table of survey implementation and the survey population, Lao Social Indicator Survey II, 2017 Survey sample and implementation Sample frame 2015 Population and Questionnaires Household Housing Census Women (age 15-49) Men (age 15-49) - Updated December, 2016 to Children under five February, 2017 Children age 5-17 Water Quality Testing Interviewer training June-July, 2017 Fieldwork July-November, 2017 Survey sample Households Children under five - Sampled 23,299 - Eligible 11,812 - Occupied 22,443 - Mothers/caretakers interviewed 11,720 - Interviewed 22,287 - Response rate (Per cent) 99.2 - Response rate (Per cent) 99.3 Women (age 15-49) Children age 5-17 - Eligible for interviews 26,103 - Eligible 15,494 - Interviewed 25,305 - Mothers/caretakers interviewed 15,435 - Response rate (Per cent) 96.9 - Response rate (Per cent) 99.6 Men (age 15-49) Water Quality Testing The Lao Social Indicator Survey II (LSIS II) was carried out in 2017 by Lao Statistics Bureau (LSB) in collaboration with - Eligible for interviews 12,694 - Eligible 3,495 Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education and Sport, as part of the Global Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) - Interviewed 12,017 - Interviewed 3,346 Programme. Technical support was provided by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), with government funding - Response rate (Per cent) 94.7 - Response rate (Per cent) 95.7 and financial support of UNICEF and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), European Union (EU), Luxembourg Government, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC), World Food Programme (WFP), and United Nations Development Programmes (UNDP), World Health Organisation (WHO) and Survey population Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA). USAID provided technical support for the data collection and analysis Average household size 4.7 Percentage of population living in on anaemia. - Urban areas 32.4 Percentage of population under: - Rural areas 67.6 The Global MICS Programme was developed by UNICEF in the 1990s as an international multi-purpose household survey - Age 5 10.8 - Rural with road 86.0 programme to support countries in collecting internationally comparable data on a wide range of indicators on the - Age 18 39.4 - Rural without road 14.0 situation of children and women. MICS surveys measure key indicators that allow countries to generate data for use in Percentage of women age 15-49 years with policies, programmes, and national development plans, and to monitor progress towards the Sustainable Development at least one live birth in the last 2 years 16.7 Goals (SDGs) and other internationally agreed upon commitments. The LSIS II presents up-to date information for assessing the situation of children, women and men as well as to provide data for monitoring progress towards existing strategies and action plans including the 8th National Socio-Economic Development Plan (NSEDP) 2016-2020, update the status of the provincial social development indicators and track the graduation of the country from the category of Least Developed Country by 2020. The objective of this report is to facilitate the timely dissemination and use of results from the LSIS II. The report contains detailed information on the methodology of the survey, and tables following MICS standard and templates. For more information on the Global MICS Programme, please go to mics.unicef.org. Suggested citation: Lao Statistics Bureau. 2018. Lao Social Indicator Survey II 2017, Survey Findings Report. Vientiane, Lao PDR: Lao Statistics Bureau and UNICEF. P a g e | iii II Summary table of survey implementation and the survey population, Lao Social Indicator Survey II, 2017 Survey sample and implementation Sample frame 2015 Population and Questionnaires Household Housing Census Women (age 15-49) Men (age 15-49) - Updated December, 2016 to Children under five February, 2017 Children age 5-17 Water Quality Testing Interviewer training June-July, 2017 Fieldwork July-November, 2017 Survey sample Households Children under five - Sampled 23,299 - Eligible 11,812 - Occupied 22,443 - Mothers/caretakers interviewed 11,720 - Interviewed 22,287 - Response rate (Per cent) 99.2 - Response rate (Per cent) 99.3 Women (age 15-49) Children age 5-17 - Eligible for interviews 26,103 - Eligible 15,494 - Interviewed 25,305 - Mothers/caretakers interviewed 15,435 - Response rate (Per cent) 96.9 - Response rate (Per cent) 99.6 Men (age 15-49) Water Quality Testing The Lao Social Indicator Survey II (LSIS II) was carried out in 2017 by Lao Statistics Bureau (LSB) in collaboration with - Eligible for interviews 12,694 - Eligible 3,495 Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education and Sport, as part of the Global Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) - Interviewed 12,017 - Interviewed 3,346 Programme. Technical support was provided by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), with government funding - Response rate (Per cent) 94.7 - Response rate (Per cent) 95.7 and financial support of UNICEF and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), European Union (EU), Luxembourg Government, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC), World Food Programme (WFP), and United Nations Development Programmes (UNDP), World Health Organisation (WHO) and Survey population Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA). USAID provided technical support for the data collection and analysis Average household size 4.7 Percentage of population living in on anaemia. - Urban areas 32.4 Percentage of population under: - Rural areas 67.6 The Global MICS Programme was developed by UNICEF in the 1990s as an international multi-purpose household survey - Age 5 10.8 - Rural with road 86.0 programme to support countries in collecting internationally comparable data on a wide range of indicators on the - Age 18 39.4 - Rural without road 14.0 situation of children and women. MICS surveys measure key indicators that allow countries to generate data for use in Percentage of women age 15-49 years with policies, programmes, and national development plans, and to monitor progress towards the Sustainable Development at least one live birth in the last 2 years 16.7 Goals (SDGs) and other internationally agreed upon commitments. The LSIS II presents up-to date information for assessing the situation of children, women and men as well as to provide data for monitoring progress towards existing strategies and action plans including the 8th National Socio-Economic Development Plan (NSEDP) 2016-2020, update the status of the provincial social development indicators and track the graduation of the country from the category of Least Developed Country by 2020. The objective of this report is to facilitate the timely dissemination and use of results from the LSIS II. The report contains detailed information on the methodology of the survey, and tables following MICS standard and templates. For more information on the Global MICS Programme, please go to mics.unicef.org. Suggested citation: Lao Statistics Bureau. 2018. Lao Social Indicator Survey II 2017, Survey Findings Report. Vientiane, Lao PDR: Lao Statistics Bureau and UNICEF. P a g e | iii III Table of contents Summary table of survey implementation and the survey population, ............................................................... iii Table of contents .................................................................................................................................................. iv List of abbreviations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... xi Foreword .............................................................................................................................................................. xiii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................. xiv I. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................ .....1 1.2 Survey objectives ........................................................................................................................ 1 II.Sample and survey methodology ................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Sample design ............................................................................................................................. 3 2.2 Questionnaires ............................................................................................................................ 3 2.3 Training and fieldwork ................................................................................................................. 5 2.4 Data collection method ................................................................................................................6 III.Indicators and definitions ............................................................................................................. 8 IV.Sample coverage and characteristics of respondents .................................................................. 23 SR.1. Results of interviews ......................................................................................................... 23 Table SR.1.1: Results of household, women's, men's, under-5's and children age 5-17's interviews ........................................................................................................... 24 SR.2. Housing and household characteristics ............................................................................. 26 Table SR.2.1: Housing characteristics ................................................................................... 26 Table SR.2.2: Household and personal assets ...................................................................... 28 Table SR.2.3: Wealth quintiles ............................................................................................. 30 SR.3. Household composition .................................................................................................... 30 Table SR.3.1: Household composition .................................................................................. 31 SR.4. Age structure of household population ............................................................................. 32 Table SR.4.1: Age distribution of household population by sex ............................................ 32 SR.5. Respondents’ background characteristics ......................................................................... 32 Table SR.5.1W: Women's background characteristics .......................................................... 33 Table SR.5.1M: Men's background characteristics ............................................................... 34 Table SR.5.2: Children under 5's background characteristics ................................................ 35 Table SR.5.3: Children age 5-17's background characteristics .............................................. 37 SR.6. Literacy ............................................................................................................................. 38 Table SR.6.1W: Literacy (women) ....................................................................................... 39 Table SR.6.1M: Literacy (men) ............................................................................................ 40 SR.7. Migratory status ............................................................................................................... 41 Table SR.7.1W: Migratory status of women ......................................................................... 42 Table SR.7.1M: Migratory status of men .............................................................................. 46 SR.10. Mass media and ICT .......................................................................................................... 50 Table SR.9.1W: Exposure to mass media (women) .............................................................. 50 Table SR.9.1M: Exposure to mass media (men) .................................................................. 51 Table SR.9.2: Household ownership of ICT equipment and access to internet ...................... 52 IV Table SR.9.3W: Use of ICT (women) .................................................................................... 53 Table of contents Table SR.9.3M: Use of ICT (men) ......................................................................................... 55 Table SR.9.4W: ICT skills (women) ...................................................................................... 57 Table SR.9.4M: ICT skills (men) ........................................................................................... 59 Summary table of survey implementation and the survey population, ............................................................... iii SR.10. Tobacco and alcohol use ................................................................................................. 61 Table of contents .................................................................................................................................................. iv Table SR.10.1W: Current and ever use of tobacco (women) ............................................... 62 Table SR.10.1M: Current and ever use of tobacco (men) .................................................... 64 List of abbreviations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... xi Table SR.10.2W: Age at first use of cigarettes and frequency of use (women) .................... 66 Table SR.10.2M: Age at first use of cigarettes and frequency of use (men) ......................... 67 Foreword .............................................................................................................................................................. xiii Table SR.10.3W: Use of alcohol (women) ........................................................................... 68 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................. xiv Table SR.10.3M: Use of alcohol (men) ................................................................................ 69 SR.11. Children's living arrangements ........................................................................................ 70 Table SR.11.1: Children's living arrangements and orphanhood ........................................... 71 I. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Table SR.11.2: Children's living arrangements and co-residence with parents ..................... 72 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................ .....1 Table SR.11.3: Children not in parental care ........................................................................ 73 1.2 Survey objectives ........................................................................................................................ 1 V. Survive ........................................................................................................................................ 76 II.Sample and survey methodology ................................................................................................... 3 Table CS.1: Early childhood mortality rates .......................................................................... 76 2.1 Sample design ............................................................................................................................. 3 Table CS.2: Early childhood mortality rates by socioeconomic characteristics ...................... 77 2.2 Questionnaires ............................................................................................................................ 3 Table CS.3: Early childhood mortality rates by demographic characteristics ........................ 78 2.3 Training and fieldwork ................................................................................................................. 5 Table CS.1: Children ever born, children surviving and proportion dead .............................. 76 2.4 Data collection method ................................................................................................................6 Table CS.2: Infant and under-5 mortality rates by time since first birth groups of women.... 77 Table CS.3: Infant and under-5 mortality rates by background characteristics ..................... 78 III.Indicators and definitions ............................................................................................................. 8 Figure CS.1: Trend in under-5 mortality rates ...................................................................... 79 IV.Sample coverage and characteristics of respondents .................................................................. 23 VI.Thrive – Reproductive and maternal health ................................................................................ 81 SR.1. Results of interviews ......................................................................................................... 23 TM.1. Fertility ............................................................................................................................ 81 Table SR.1.1: Results of household, women's, men's, under-5's and children Table TM.1.1: Fertility rates................................................................................................ .81 age 5-17's interviews ........................................................................................................... 24 TM.2. Early childbearing ............................................................................................................ 82 SR.2. Housing and household characteristics ............................................................................. 26 Table TM.2.1: Adolescent birth rate and total fertility rate .................................................. 82 Table SR.2.1: Housing characteristics ................................................................................... 26 Table TM.2.2W: Early childbearing (young women) ............................................................ 84 Table SR.2.2: Household and personal assets ...................................................................... 28 Table TM.2.2M: Early fatherhood (young men) .................................................................. 85 Table SR.2.3: Wealth quintiles ............................................................................................. 30 Table TM.2.3W: Trends in early childbearing (women) ....................................................... 86 SR.3. Household composition .................................................................................................... 30 Table TM.2.3M: Trends in early fatherhood (men) .............................................................. 88 Table SR.3.1: Household composition .................................................................................. 31 TM.3. Family planning ............................................................................................................... 90 SR.4. Age structure of household population ............................................................................. 32 Table TM.3.1: Use of contraception (currently married/in union) ....................................... 91 Table SR.4.1: Age distribution of household population by sex ............................................ 32 Table TM.3.2: Use of contraception (currently unmarried/not in union) ............................. 93 SR.5. Respondents’ background characteristics ......................................................................... 32 Table TM.3.3: Need for contraception (currently married/in union) ................................... 95 Table SR.5.1W: Women's background characteristics .......................................................... 33 Table TM.3.4: Need for contraception (currently unmarried/not in union) ......................... 97 Table SR.5.1M: Men's background characteristics ............................................................... 34 TM.4. Antenatal care ................................................................................................................. 99 Table SR.5.2: Children under 5's background characteristics ................................................ 35 Table TM.4.1: Antenatal care coverage ............................................................................. 100 Table SR.5.3: Children age 5-17's background characteristics .............................................. 37 Table TM.4.2: Number of antenatal care visits and timing of first visit ............................... 101 SR.6. Literacy ............................................................................................................................. 38 Table TM.4.3: Content of antenatal care ........................................................................... 103 Table SR.6.1W: Literacy (women) ....................................................................................... 39 TM.5. Neonatal tetanus ........................................................................................................... 104 Table SR.6.1M: Literacy (men) ............................................................................................ 40 Table TM.5.1: Neonatal tetanus protection ....................................................................... 105 SR.7. Migratory status ............................................................................................................... 41 TM.6. Delivery care ................................................................................................................. 106 Table SR.7.1W: Migratory status of women ......................................................................... 42 Table TM.6.1: Place of delivery .......................................................................................... 106 Table SR.7.1M: Migratory status of men .............................................................................. 46 Table TM.6.2: Assistance during delivery and caesarean section ....................................... 108 SR.10. Mass media and ICT .......................................................................................................... 50 TM.7. Birthweight.................................................................................................................... 110 Table SR.9.1W: Exposure to mass media (women) .............................................................. 50 Table TM.7.1: Infants weighed at birth .............................................................................. 110 Table SR.9.1M: Exposure to mass media (men) .................................................................. 51 TM.8. Postnatal care ................................................................................................................ 112 Table SR.9.2: Household ownership of ICT equipment and access to internet ...................... 52 Table TM.8.1: Post-partum stay in health facility ............................................................... 113 Table TM.8.2: Post-natal health checks for newborns ........................................................ 114 V Table TM.8.3: Post-natal care visits for newborns within one week of birth....................... 116 Table TM.8.4: Thermal care for newborns ......................................................................... 118 Table TM.8.5: Cord cutting and care .................................................................................. 120 Table TM.8.6: Content of postnatal care for newborns ...................................................... 122 Table TM.8.7: Post-natal health checks for mothers .......................................................... 124 Table TM.8.8: Post-natal care visits for mothers within one week of birth ......................... 126 Table TM.8.9: Post-natal health checks for mothers and newborns ................................... 127 TM.10. Sexual behaviour ......................................................................................................... 129 Table TM.10.1W: Sex with multiple partners (women) ..................................................... 129 Table TM.10.1M: Sex with multiple partners (men) .......................................................... 131 Table TM.10.2W: Key sexual behaviour indicators (young women) ................................... 132 Table TM.10.2M: Key sexual behaviour indicators (young men) ........................................ 134 TM.11. HIV .............................................................................................................................. 136 Table TM.11.1W: Knowledge about HIV transmission, misconceptions about HIV, and comprehensive knowledge about HIV transmission (women) .................................... 137 Table TM.11.1M: Knowledge about HIV transmission, misconceptions about HIV, and comprehensive knowledge about HIV transmission (men) ......................................... 139 Table TM.11.2W: Knowledge of mother-to-child HIV transmission (women) .................... 141 Table TM.11.2M: Knowledge of mother-to-child HIV transmission (men) ......................... 143 Table TM.11.3W: Attitudes towards people living with HIV (women) ............................... 145 Table TM.11.3M: Attitudes towards people living with HIV (men) .................................... 147 Table TM.11.4W: Knowledge of a place for HIV testing (women) ...................................... 149 Table TM.11.4M: Knowledge of a place for HIV testing (men) ........................................... 151 Table TM.11.5: HIV counselling and testing during antenatal care ..................................... 153 Table TM.11.6W: Key HIV and AIDS indicators (young women) ......................................... 155 Table TM.11.6M: Key HIV and AIDS indicators (young men) ............................................. 157 TM.13. Anemia ........................................................................................................................ 159 Table TM.13.1: Women's coverage of hemoglobin testing................................................. 160 Table TM.13.2: Prevalence of anemia in women ............................................................... 162 TM.14. Abortion ...................................................................................................................... 164 Table TM.14.1: Induced abortion rates ............................................................................. 164 Table TM.14.2: Pregnancy Outcomes ................................................................................ 165 Table TM.14.3: Method of Abortion, Lao PDR, 2017 .......................................................... 167 VII.Thrive – Child health, nutrition and development ................................................................... 172 TC.1. Immunisation ................................................................................................................. 172 Table TC.1.1: Vaccinations in the first years of life ............................................................ 173 Table TC.1.2: Vaccinations by background characteristics ................................................. 174 TC.2. Disease episodes ............................................................................................................ 176 Table TC.2.1: Reported disease episodes .......................................................................... 177 TC.3. Diarrhoea ....................................................................................................................... 178 Table TC.3.1: Care-seeking during diarrhoea ..................................................................... 179 Table TC.3.2: Feeding practices during diarrhoea .............................................................. 180 Table TC.3.3: Oral rehydration solutions, government-recommended homemade fluid and zinc … ................................................................................................................. 182 Table TC.3.4: Oral rehydration therapy with continued feeding and other treatments ....................................................................................................... 183 Table TC.3.5: Source of ORS and zinc ................................................................................ 185 TC.4. Household energy use .................................................................................................... 186 Table TC.4.1: Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for cooking ...................... 187 Table TC.4.2: Primary reliance on solid fuels for cooking ................................................... 189 Table TC.4.3: Polluting fuels and technologies for cooking by type and characteristics of cookstove and place of cooking ...................................................... 191 VI Table TM.8.3: Post-natal care visits for newborns within one week of birth....................... 116 Table TC.4.4: Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for space heating ............. 193 Table TM.8.4: Thermal care for newborns ......................................................................... 118 Table TC.4.5: Type of space heater mainly used and presence of chimney ........................ 195 Table TM.8.5: Cord cutting and care .................................................................................. 120 Table TC.4.6: Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for lighting ....................... 197 Table TM.8.6: Content of postnatal care for newborns ...................................................... 122 Table TC.4.7: Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for cooking, Table TM.8.7: Post-natal health checks for mothers .......................................................... 124 space heating, and lighting .............................................................................................. 199 Table TM.8.8: Post-natal care visits for mothers within one week of birth ......................... 126 TC.5. Symptoms of acute respiratory infection ........................................................................ 201 Table TM.8.9: Post-natal health checks for mothers and newborns ................................... 127 Table TC.5.1: Care-seeking for and antibiotic treatment of symptoms of acute TM.10. Sexual behaviour ......................................................................................................... 129 respiratory infection (ARI) ................................................................................................ 202 Table TM.10.1W: Sex with multiple partners (women) ..................................................... 129 TC.6. Malaria .......................................................................................................................... 203 Table TM.10.1M: Sex with multiple partners (men) .......................................................... 131 Table TC.6.1: Household possession of mosquito nets ...................................................... 204 Table TM.10.2W: Key sexual behaviour indicators (young women) ................................... 132 Table TC.6.2: Source of mosquito nets .............................................................................. 205 Table TM.10.2M: Key sexual behaviour indicators (young men) ........................................ 134 Table TC.6.3: Access to an insecticide-treated net (ITN) – number TM.11. HIV .............................................................................................................................. 136 of household members .................................................................................................... 207 Table TM.11.1W: Knowledge about HIV transmission, misconceptions about HIV, Table TC.6.4: Access to an insecticide-treated net (ITN) – background and comprehensive knowledge about HIV transmission (women) .................................... 137 characteristics .................................................................................................................. 208 Table TM.11.1M: Knowledge about HIV transmission, misconceptions about HIV, Table TC.6.5: Use of mosquito nets by the household population ..................................... 209 and comprehensive knowledge about HIV transmission (men) ......................................... 139 Table TC.6.6: Use of existing ITNs ..................................................................................... 210 Table TM.11.2W: Knowledge of mother-to-child HIV transmission (women) .................... 141 Table TC.6.7: Use of mosquito nets by children ................................................................ 211 Table TM.11.2M: Knowledge of mother-to-child HIV transmission (men) ......................... 143 Table TC.6.8: Use of mosquito nets by pregnant women .................................................. 213 Table TM.11.3W: Attitudes towards people living with HIV (women) ............................... 145 Table TC.6.9: Use of Intermittent Preventive Treatment for malaria (IPTp Table TM.11.3M: Attitudes towards people living with HIV (men) .................................... 147 by women during pregnancy ........................................................................................... 215 Table TM.11.4W: Knowledge of a place for HIV testing (women) ...................................... 149 Table TC.6.10: Care-seeking during fever .......................................................................... 216 Table TM.11.4M: Knowledge of a place for HIV testing (men) ........................................... 151 Table TC.6.11: Treatment of children with fever ............................................................... 217 Table TM.11.5: HIV counselling and testing during antenatal care ..................................... 153 Table TC.6.12: Diagnostics and anti-malarial treatment of children .................................. 219 Table TM.11.6W: Key HIV and AIDS indicators (young women) ......................................... 155 Table TC.6.13: Source of anti-malarial .............................................................................. 221 Table TM.11.6M: Key HIV and AIDS indicators (young men) ............................................. 157 TC.7. Infant and young child feeding ....................................................................................... 222 TM.13. Anemia ........................................................................................................................ 159 Table TC.7.1: Initial breastfeeding .................................................................................... 224 Table TM.13.1: Women's coverage of hemoglobin testing................................................. 160 Table TC.7.2: Newborn feeding ......................................................................................... 226 Table TM.13.2: Prevalence of anemia in women ............................................................... 162 Table TC.7.3: Breastfeeding status .................................................................................... 229 TM.14. Abortion ...................................................................................................................... 164 Table TC.7.4: Duration of breastfeeding ........................................................................... 230 Table TM.14.1: Induced abortion rates ............................................................................. 164 Table TC.7.5: Age-appropriate breastfeeding .................................................................... 231 Table TM.14.2: Pregnancy Outcomes ................................................................................ 165 Table TC.7.6: Introduction of solid, semi-solid, or soft foods ............................................. 232 Table TM.14.3: Method of Abortion, Lao PDR, 2017 .......................................................... 167 Table TC.7.7: Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices ............................................ 233 Table TC.7.8: Bottle feeding .............................................................................................. 235 VII.Thrive – Child health, nutrition and development ................................................................... 172 TC.8. Malnutrition .................................................................................................................. 236 TC.1. Immunisation ................................................................................................................. 172 Table TC.8.1: Nutritional status of children ....................................................................... 238 Table TC.1.1: Vaccinations in the first years of life ............................................................ 173 TC.9. Salt iodisation ................................................................................................................ 240 Table TC.1.2: Vaccinations by background characteristics ................................................. 174 Table TC.9.1: Iodized salt consumption ............................................................................. 240 TC.2. Disease episodes ............................................................................................................ 176 TC.10. Early childhood home environment ............................................................................. 241 Table TC.2.1: Reported disease episodes .......................................................................... 177 Table TC.10.1: Support for learning .................................................................................. 242 TC.3. Diarrhoea ....................................................................................................................... 178 Table TC.10.2: Learning materials ..................................................................................... 244 Table TC.3.1: Care-seeking during diarrhoea ..................................................................... 179 Table TC.10.3: Inadequate supervision ............................................................................. 245 Table TC.3.2: Feeding practices during diarrhoea .............................................................. 180 TC.11. Early childhood development index ............................................................................. 247 Table TC.3.3: Oral rehydration solutions, government-recommended homemade Table TC.11.1: Early child development index ................................................................... 248 fluid and zinc … ................................................................................................................. 182 TC.12. Anemia of children ....................................................................................................... 249 Table TC.3.4: Oral rehydration therapy with continued feeding Table TC.12.1: Children's coverage of hemoglobin testing ................................................. 250 and other treatments ....................................................................................................... 183 Table TC.12.2: Prevalence of anemia in children ................................................................ 252 Table TC.3.5: Source of ORS and zinc ................................................................................ 185 TC.4. Household energy use .................................................................................................... 186 Table TC.4.1: Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for cooking ...................... 187 Table TC.4.2: Primary reliance on solid fuels for cooking ................................................... 189 Table TC.4.3: Polluting fuels and technologies for cooking by type and characteristics of cookstove and place of cooking ...................................................... 191 VII VIII.Learn ..................................................................................................................................... 255 LN.1. Early childhood education .............................................................................................. 255 Table LN.1.1: Early childhood education ........................................................................... 256 Table LN.1.2: Participation rate in organised learning ....................................................... 257 LN.2. Attendance .................................................................................................................... 258 Table LN.2.1: School readiness ......................................................................................... 259 Table LN.2.2: Primary school entry ................................................................................... 260 Table LN.2.3: Primary school attendance and out of school children ................................. 261 Table LN.2.4: Lower secondary school attendance and out of school adolescents ............ 263 Table LN.2.5: Age for grade .............................................................................................. 265 Table LN.2.6: Upper secondary school attendance and out of school youth ...................... 268 Table LN.2.7: Gross intake, completion and effective transition rates ............................... 269 Table LN.2.8: Parity indices ............................................................................................... 272 LN.3. Parental involvement ..................................................................................................... 274 Table LN.3.1: Support for child learning at school ............................................................. 275 Table LN.3.2: School-related reasons for inability to attend class ...................................... 277 Table LN.3.3: Learning environment at home ................................................................... 279 IX.Protection from violence and exploitation ............................................................................... 283 PR.1. Birth registration ........................................................................................................... 283 Table PR.1.1: Birth registration ......................................................................................... 284 PR.2. Child discipline ............................................................................................................... 285 Table PR.2.1: Child discipline ............................................................................................ 286 Table PR.2.2: Attitudes toward physical punishment ........................................................ 287 PR.3. Child labour ................................................................................................................... 288 Table PR.3.1: Children's involvement in economic activities ............................................. 289 Table PR.3.2: Children's involvement in household chores ................................................ 291 Table PR.3.3: Child labour ................................................................................................. 292 PR.4. Child marriage ............................................................................................................... 293 Table SR.4.1W: Child marriage and polygyny (women) ..................................................... 294 Table SR.4.1M: Child marriage and polygyny (men) .......................................................... 296 Table SR.4.2W: Trends in child marriage (women) ............................................................ 298 Table SR.4.2M: Trends in child marriage (men) ................................................................. 299 Table SR.4.3: Spousal age difference ................................................................................ 300 PR.8. Attitudes toward domestic violence ............................................................................... 301 Table PR.8.1W: Attitudes toward domestic violence (women) .......................................... 301 Table PR.8.1M: Attitudes toward domestic violence (men) ............................................... 302 X. Live in a safe and clean environment ......................................................................................... 306 WS.1 Drinking water ............................................................................................................... 306 Table WS.1.1: Use of improved and unimproved water sources ....................................... 307 Table WS.1.2: Use of basic and limited drinking water services ......................................... 309 Table WS.1.3: Person collecting water .............................................................................. 310 Table WS.1.4: Time spent collecting water ....................................................................... 312 Table WS.1.5: Availability of sufficient drinking water when needed ................................ 313 Table WS.1.6: Quality of source drinking water ................................................................ 314 Table WS.1.7: Quality of household drinking water .......................................................... 315 Table WS.1.8: Safely managed drinking water services ..................................................... 316 Table WS.1.9: Household water treatment ....................................................................... 317 WS.2 Handwashing ................................................................................................................. 318 Table WS.2.1: Handwashing facility with soap and water on premises .............................. 319 VIII VIII.Learn ..................................................................................................................................... 255 WS.3 Sanitation ...................................................................................................................... 321 LN.1. Early childhood education .............................................................................................. 255 Table WS.3.1: Use of improved and unimproved sanitation facilities ................................ 322 Table LN.1.1: Early childhood education ........................................................................... 256 Table WS.3.2: Use basic and limited sanitation services .................................................... 324 Table LN.1.2: Participation rate in organised learning ....................................................... 257 Table WS.3.3: Emptying and removal of excreta from improved pit latrines and LN.2. Attendance .................................................................................................................... 258 septic tanks ...................................................................................................................... 326 Table LN.2.1: School readiness ......................................................................................... 259 Table WS.3.4: Management of excreta from household sanitation facilities ..................... 328 Table LN.2.2: Primary school entry ................................................................................... 260 Table WS.3.5: Disposal of child's faeces ............................................................................ 329 Table LN.2.3: Primary school attendance and out of school children ................................. 261 Table WS.3.6: Drinking water, sanitation and handwashing ladders .................................. 330 Table LN.2.4: Lower secondary school attendance and out of school adolescents ............ 263 WS.4 Menstrual hygiene ......................................................................................................... 332 Table LN.2.5: Age for grade .............................................................................................. 265 Table WS.4.1: Menstrual hygiene management ................................................................ 333 Table LN.2.6: Upper secondary school attendance and out of school youth ...................... 268 Table WS.4.2: Exclusion from activities during menstruation............................................. 334 Table LN.2.7: Gross intake, completion and effective transition rates ............................... 269 Table LN.2.8: Parity indices ............................................................................................... 272 XI.Equitable chance in life ............................................................................................................ 337 LN.3. Parental involvement ..................................................................................................... 274 EQ.1 Child functioning ............................................................................................................ 337 Table LN.3.1: Support for child learning at school ............................................................. 275 Table EQ.1.1: Child functioning (children age 2-4 years) ................................................... 338 Table LN.3.2: School-related reasons for inability to attend class ...................................... 277 Table EQ.1.3: Use of assistive devices (children age 2-17 years) ........................................ 340 Table LN.3.3: Learning environment at home ................................................................... 279 EQ.2 Social transfers ............................................................................................................... 342 Table EQ.2.1W: Health insurance coverage (women) ....................................................... 343 IX.Protection from violence and exploitation ............................................................................... 283 Table EQ.2.1M: Health insurance coverage (men) ............................................................ 345 PR.1. Birth registration ........................................................................................................... 283 Table EQ.2.2: Health insurance coverage (children age 5-17 years) ................................... 347 Table PR.1.1: Birth registration ......................................................................................... 284 Table EQ.2.3: Health insurance coverage (children under age 5) ....................................... 349 PR.2. Child discipline ............................................................................................................... 285 Table EQ.2.4: Awareness and ever use of external economic support ............................... 351 Table PR.2.1: Child discipline ............................................................................................ 286 Table EQ.2.5: Coverage of social transfers and benefits: All household members ............. 352 Table PR.2.2: Attitudes toward physical punishment ........................................................ 287 Table EQ.2.6: Coverage of social transfers and benefits: Households in the PR.3. Child labour ................................................................................................................... 288 lowest two quintiles ......................................................................................................... 354 Table PR.3.1: Children's involvement in economic activities ............................................. 289 Table EQ.2.7: Coverage of social transfers and benefits: Children in all households .......... 359 Table PR.3.2: Children's involvement in household chores ................................................ 291 Table EQ.2.8: Coverage of school support programmes: Members age 5-24 in Table PR.3.3: Child labour ................................................................................................. 292 all households ................................................................................................................. 360 PR.4. Child marriage ............................................................................................................... 293 Table SR.4.1W: Child marriage and polygyny (women) ..................................................... 294 Appendices: Table SR.4.1M: Child marriage and polygyny (men) .......................................................... 296 Appendix A. Sample design ........................................................................................................... 363 Table SR.4.2W: Trends in child marriage (women) ............................................................ 298 Table SD.1: Distribution of Villages and households in sampling frame .............................. 364 Table SR.4.2M: Trends in child marriage (men) ................................................................. 299 Table SD.2: Sample allocation............................................................................................ 366 Table SR.4.3: Spousal age difference ................................................................................ 300 PR.8. Attitudes toward domestic violence ............................................................................... 301 Appendix B. List of personnel involved in the survey ..................................................................... 372 Table PR.8.1W: Attitudes toward domestic violence (women) .......................................... 301 Table PR.8.1M: Attitudes toward domestic violence (men) ............................................... 302 Appendix C. Estimates of sampling errors ..................................................................................... 383 Table SE.1: Sampling errors: Total sample ........................................................................ 384 X. Live in a safe and clean environment ......................................................................................... 306 Table SE.2: Sampling errors: Urban ................................................................................... 386 WS.1 Drinking water ............................................................................................................... 306 Table SE.3: Sampling errors: Rural .................................................................................... 388 Table WS.1.1: Use of improved and unimproved water sources ....................................... 307 Table SE.4: Sampling errors: Rural with road .................................................................... 390 Table WS.1.2: Use of basic and limited drinking water services ......................................... 309 Table SE.5: Sampling errors: Rural without road ............................................................... 392 Table WS.1.3: Person collecting water .............................................................................. 310 Table SE.6: Sampling errors: North ................................................................................... 394 Table WS.1.4: Time spent collecting water ....................................................................... 312 Table SE.7: Sampling errors: Central ................................................................................. 396 Table WS.1.5: Availability of sufficient drinking water when needed ................................ 313 Table SE.8: Sampling errors: South ................................................................................... 398 Table WS.1.6: Quality of source drinking water ................................................................ 314 Table SE.9: Sampling errors: Vientiane Capital .................................................................. 400 Table WS.1.7: Quality of household drinking water .......................................................... 315 Table SE.10: Sampling errors: Phongsaly ........................................................................... 402 Table WS.1.8: Safely managed drinking water services ..................................................... 316 Table SE.11: Sampling errors: Luangnamtha ..................................................................... 404 Table WS.1.9: Household water treatment ....................................................................... 317 Table SE.12: Sampling errors: Oudomxay .......................................................................... 406 WS.2 Handwashing ................................................................................................................. 318 Table SE.13: Sampling errors: Bokeo ................................................................................. 408 Table WS.2.1: Handwashing facility with soap and water on premises .............................. 319 Table SE.14: Sampling errors: Luangprabang .................................................................... 410 Table SE.15: Sampling errors: Huaphanh .......................................................................... 412 Table SE.16: Sampling errors: Xayabury ............................................................................ 414 Table SE.17: Sampling errors: Xiengkhuang ...................................................................... 416 IX

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LSIS II follows the first LSIS I survey which was carried out in 2011-12 jointly by the Ministry of Health (MoH) and the Lao Statistics Bureau (LSB) of the.
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1 Summary table of survey implementation and the survey population, Lao Social Indicator Survey II, 2017 Survey sample and implementation Sample frame 2015 Population and Questionnaires Household Housing Census Women (age 15-49) Men (age 15-49) - Updated December, 2016 to Children under five February, 2017 Children age 5-17 Water Quality Testing Interviewer training June-July, 2017 Fieldwork July-November, 2017 Survey sample Households Children under five - Sampled 23,299 - Eligible 11,812 - Occupied 22,443 - Mothers/caretakers interviewed 11,720 - Interviewed 22,287 - Response rate (Per cent) 99.2 - Response rate (Per cent) 99.3 Women (age 15-49) Children age 5-17 - Eligible for interviews 26,103 - Eligible 15,494 - Interviewed 25,305 - Mothers/caretakers interviewed 15,435 - Response rate (Per cent) 96.9 - Response rate (Per cent) 99.6 Men (age 15-49) Water Quality Testing The Lao Social Indicator Survey II (LSIS II) was carried out in 2017 by Lao Statistics Bureau (LSB) in collaboration with - Eligible for interviews 12,694 - Eligible 3,495 Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education and Sport, as part of the Global Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) - Interviewed 12,017 - Interviewed 3,346 Programme. Technical support was provided by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), with government funding - Response rate (Per cent) 94.7 - Response rate (Per cent) 95.7 and financial support of UNICEF and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), European Union (EU), Luxembourg Government, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC), World Food Programme (WFP), and United Nations Development Programmes (UNDP), World Health Organisation (WHO) and Survey population Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA). USAID provided technical support for the data collection and analysis Average household size 4.7 Percentage of population living in on anaemia. - Urban areas 32.4 Percentage of population under: - Rural areas 67.6 The Global MICS Programme was developed by UNICEF in the 1990s as an international multi-purpose household survey - Age 5 10.8 - Rural with road 86.0 programme to support countries in collecting internationally comparable data on a wide range of indicators on the - Age 18 39.4 - Rural without road 14.0 situation of children and women. MICS surveys measure key indicators that allow countries to generate data for use in Percentage of women age 15-49 years with policies, programmes, and national development plans, and to monitor progress towards the Sustainable Development at least one live birth in the last 2 years 16.7 Goals (SDGs) and other internationally agreed upon commitments. The LSIS II presents up-to date information for assessing the situation of children, women and men as well as to provide data for monitoring progress towards existing strategies and action plans including the 8th National Socio-Economic Development Plan (NSEDP) 2016-2020, update the status of the provincial social development indicators and track the graduation of the country from the category of Least Developed Country by 2020. The objective of this report is to facilitate the timely dissemination and use of results from the LSIS II. The report contains detailed information on the methodology of the survey, and tables following MICS standard and templates. For more information on the Global MICS Programme, please go to mics.unicef.org. Suggested citation: Lao Statistics Bureau. 2018. Lao Social Indicator Survey II 2017, Survey Findings Report. Vientiane, Lao PDR: Lao Statistics Bureau and UNICEF. P a g e | iii II Summary table of survey implementation and the survey population, Lao Social Indicator Survey II, 2017 Survey sample and implementation Sample frame 2015 Population and Questionnaires Household Housing Census Women (age 15-49) Men (age 15-49) - Updated December, 2016 to Children under five February, 2017 Children age 5-17 Water Quality Testing Interviewer training June-July, 2017 Fieldwork July-November, 2017 Survey sample Households Children under five - Sampled 23,299 - Eligible 11,812 - Occupied 22,443 - Mothers/caretakers interviewed 11,720 - Interviewed 22,287 - Response rate (Per cent) 99.2 - Response rate (Per cent) 99.3 Women (age 15-49) Children age 5-17 - Eligible for interviews 26,103 - Eligible 15,494 - Interviewed 25,305 - Mothers/caretakers interviewed 15,435 - Response rate (Per cent) 96.9 - Response rate (Per cent) 99.6 Men (age 15-49) Water Quality Testing The Lao Social Indicator Survey II (LSIS II) was carried out in 2017 by Lao Statistics Bureau (LSB) in collaboration with - Eligible for interviews 12,694 - Eligible 3,495 Ministry of Health and Ministry of Education and Sport, as part of the Global Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS) - Interviewed 12,017 - Interviewed 3,346 Programme. Technical support was provided by the United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF), with government funding - Response rate (Per cent) 94.7 - Response rate (Per cent) 95.7 and financial support of UNICEF and United Nations Population Fund (UNFPA), European Union (EU), Luxembourg Government, United States Agency for International Development (USAID), Swiss Development Cooperation (SDC), World Food Programme (WFP), and United Nations Development Programmes (UNDP), World Health Organisation (WHO) and Survey population Japanese International Cooperation Agency (JICA). USAID provided technical support for the data collection and analysis Average household size 4.7 Percentage of population living in on anaemia. - Urban areas 32.4 Percentage of population under: - Rural areas 67.6 The Global MICS Programme was developed by UNICEF in the 1990s as an international multi-purpose household survey - Age 5 10.8 - Rural with road 86.0 programme to support countries in collecting internationally comparable data on a wide range of indicators on the - Age 18 39.4 - Rural without road 14.0 situation of children and women. MICS surveys measure key indicators that allow countries to generate data for use in Percentage of women age 15-49 years with policies, programmes, and national development plans, and to monitor progress towards the Sustainable Development at least one live birth in the last 2 years 16.7 Goals (SDGs) and other internationally agreed upon commitments. The LSIS II presents up-to date information for assessing the situation of children, women and men as well as to provide data for monitoring progress towards existing strategies and action plans including the 8th National Socio-Economic Development Plan (NSEDP) 2016-2020, update the status of the provincial social development indicators and track the graduation of the country from the category of Least Developed Country by 2020. The objective of this report is to facilitate the timely dissemination and use of results from the LSIS II. The report contains detailed information on the methodology of the survey, and tables following MICS standard and templates. For more information on the Global MICS Programme, please go to mics.unicef.org. Suggested citation: Lao Statistics Bureau. 2018. Lao Social Indicator Survey II 2017, Survey Findings Report. Vientiane, Lao PDR: Lao Statistics Bureau and UNICEF. P a g e | iii III Table of contents Summary table of survey implementation and the survey population, ............................................................... iii Table of contents .................................................................................................................................................. iv List of abbreviations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... xi Foreword .............................................................................................................................................................. xiii Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................. xiv I. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................ .....1 1.2 Survey objectives ........................................................................................................................ 1 II.Sample and survey methodology ................................................................................................... 3 2.1 Sample design ............................................................................................................................. 3 2.2 Questionnaires ............................................................................................................................ 3 2.3 Training and fieldwork ................................................................................................................. 5 2.4 Data collection method ................................................................................................................6 III.Indicators and definitions ............................................................................................................. 8 IV.Sample coverage and characteristics of respondents .................................................................. 23 SR.1. Results of interviews ......................................................................................................... 23 Table SR.1.1: Results of household, women's, men's, under-5's and children age 5-17's interviews ........................................................................................................... 24 SR.2. Housing and household characteristics ............................................................................. 26 Table SR.2.1: Housing characteristics ................................................................................... 26 Table SR.2.2: Household and personal assets ...................................................................... 28 Table SR.2.3: Wealth quintiles ............................................................................................. 30 SR.3. Household composition .................................................................................................... 30 Table SR.3.1: Household composition .................................................................................. 31 SR.4. Age structure of household population ............................................................................. 32 Table SR.4.1: Age distribution of household population by sex ............................................ 32 SR.5. Respondents’ background characteristics ......................................................................... 32 Table SR.5.1W: Women's background characteristics .......................................................... 33 Table SR.5.1M: Men's background characteristics ............................................................... 34 Table SR.5.2: Children under 5's background characteristics ................................................ 35 Table SR.5.3: Children age 5-17's background characteristics .............................................. 37 SR.6. Literacy ............................................................................................................................. 38 Table SR.6.1W: Literacy (women) ....................................................................................... 39 Table SR.6.1M: Literacy (men) ............................................................................................ 40 SR.7. Migratory status ............................................................................................................... 41 Table SR.7.1W: Migratory status of women ......................................................................... 42 Table SR.7.1M: Migratory status of men .............................................................................. 46 SR.10. Mass media and ICT .......................................................................................................... 50 Table SR.9.1W: Exposure to mass media (women) .............................................................. 50 Table SR.9.1M: Exposure to mass media (men) .................................................................. 51 Table SR.9.2: Household ownership of ICT equipment and access to internet ...................... 52 IV Table SR.9.3W: Use of ICT (women) .................................................................................... 53 Table of contents Table SR.9.3M: Use of ICT (men) ......................................................................................... 55 Table SR.9.4W: ICT skills (women) ...................................................................................... 57 Table SR.9.4M: ICT skills (men) ........................................................................................... 59 Summary table of survey implementation and the survey population, ............................................................... iii SR.10. Tobacco and alcohol use ................................................................................................. 61 Table of contents .................................................................................................................................................. iv Table SR.10.1W: Current and ever use of tobacco (women) ............................................... 62 Table SR.10.1M: Current and ever use of tobacco (men) .................................................... 64 List of abbreviations………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………... xi Table SR.10.2W: Age at first use of cigarettes and frequency of use (women) .................... 66 Table SR.10.2M: Age at first use of cigarettes and frequency of use (men) ......................... 67 Foreword .............................................................................................................................................................. xiii Table SR.10.3W: Use of alcohol (women) ........................................................................... 68 Acknowledgements ............................................................................................................................................. xiv Table SR.10.3M: Use of alcohol (men) ................................................................................ 69 SR.11. Children's living arrangements ........................................................................................ 70 Table SR.11.1: Children's living arrangements and orphanhood ........................................... 71 I. Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Table SR.11.2: Children's living arrangements and co-residence with parents ..................... 72 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................................ .....1 Table SR.11.3: Children not in parental care ........................................................................ 73 1.2 Survey objectives ........................................................................................................................ 1 V. Survive ........................................................................................................................................ 76 II.Sample and survey methodology ................................................................................................... 3 Table CS.1: Early childhood mortality rates .......................................................................... 76 2.1 Sample design ............................................................................................................................. 3 Table CS.2: Early childhood mortality rates by socioeconomic characteristics ...................... 77 2.2 Questionnaires ............................................................................................................................ 3 Table CS.3: Early childhood mortality rates by demographic characteristics ........................ 78 2.3 Training and fieldwork ................................................................................................................. 5 Table CS.1: Children ever born, children surviving and proportion dead .............................. 76 2.4 Data collection method ................................................................................................................6 Table CS.2: Infant and under-5 mortality rates by time since first birth groups of women.... 77 Table CS.3: Infant and under-5 mortality rates by background characteristics ..................... 78 III.Indicators and definitions ............................................................................................................. 8 Figure CS.1: Trend in under-5 mortality rates ...................................................................... 79 IV.Sample coverage and characteristics of respondents .................................................................. 23 VI.Thrive – Reproductive and maternal health ................................................................................ 81 SR.1. Results of interviews ......................................................................................................... 23 TM.1. Fertility ............................................................................................................................ 81 Table SR.1.1: Results of household, women's, men's, under-5's and children Table TM.1.1: Fertility rates................................................................................................ .81 age 5-17's interviews ........................................................................................................... 24 TM.2. Early childbearing ............................................................................................................ 82 SR.2. Housing and household characteristics ............................................................................. 26 Table TM.2.1: Adolescent birth rate and total fertility rate .................................................. 82 Table SR.2.1: Housing characteristics ................................................................................... 26 Table TM.2.2W: Early childbearing (young women) ............................................................ 84 Table SR.2.2: Household and personal assets ...................................................................... 28 Table TM.2.2M: Early fatherhood (young men) .................................................................. 85 Table SR.2.3: Wealth quintiles ............................................................................................. 30 Table TM.2.3W: Trends in early childbearing (women) ....................................................... 86 SR.3. Household composition .................................................................................................... 30 Table TM.2.3M: Trends in early fatherhood (men) .............................................................. 88 Table SR.3.1: Household composition .................................................................................. 31 TM.3. Family planning ............................................................................................................... 90 SR.4. Age structure of household population ............................................................................. 32 Table TM.3.1: Use of contraception (currently married/in union) ....................................... 91 Table SR.4.1: Age distribution of household population by sex ............................................ 32 Table TM.3.2: Use of contraception (currently unmarried/not in union) ............................. 93 SR.5. Respondents’ background characteristics ......................................................................... 32 Table TM.3.3: Need for contraception (currently married/in union) ................................... 95 Table SR.5.1W: Women's background characteristics .......................................................... 33 Table TM.3.4: Need for contraception (currently unmarried/not in union) ......................... 97 Table SR.5.1M: Men's background characteristics ............................................................... 34 TM.4. Antenatal care ................................................................................................................. 99 Table SR.5.2: Children under 5's background characteristics ................................................ 35 Table TM.4.1: Antenatal care coverage ............................................................................. 100 Table SR.5.3: Children age 5-17's background characteristics .............................................. 37 Table TM.4.2: Number of antenatal care visits and timing of first visit ............................... 101 SR.6. Literacy ............................................................................................................................. 38 Table TM.4.3: Content of antenatal care ........................................................................... 103 Table SR.6.1W: Literacy (women) ....................................................................................... 39 TM.5. Neonatal tetanus ........................................................................................................... 104 Table SR.6.1M: Literacy (men) ............................................................................................ 40 Table TM.5.1: Neonatal tetanus protection ....................................................................... 105 SR.7. Migratory status ............................................................................................................... 41 TM.6. Delivery care ................................................................................................................. 106 Table SR.7.1W: Migratory status of women ......................................................................... 42 Table TM.6.1: Place of delivery .......................................................................................... 106 Table SR.7.1M: Migratory status of men .............................................................................. 46 Table TM.6.2: Assistance during delivery and caesarean section ....................................... 108 SR.10. Mass media and ICT .......................................................................................................... 50 TM.7. Birthweight.................................................................................................................... 110 Table SR.9.1W: Exposure to mass media (women) .............................................................. 50 Table TM.7.1: Infants weighed at birth .............................................................................. 110 Table SR.9.1M: Exposure to mass media (men) .................................................................. 51 TM.8. Postnatal care ................................................................................................................ 112 Table SR.9.2: Household ownership of ICT equipment and access to internet ...................... 52 Table TM.8.1: Post-partum stay in health facility ............................................................... 113 Table TM.8.2: Post-natal health checks for newborns ........................................................ 114 V Table TM.8.3: Post-natal care visits for newborns within one week of birth....................... 116 Table TM.8.4: Thermal care for newborns ......................................................................... 118 Table TM.8.5: Cord cutting and care .................................................................................. 120 Table TM.8.6: Content of postnatal care for newborns ...................................................... 122 Table TM.8.7: Post-natal health checks for mothers .......................................................... 124 Table TM.8.8: Post-natal care visits for mothers within one week of birth ......................... 126 Table TM.8.9: Post-natal health checks for mothers and newborns ................................... 127 TM.10. Sexual behaviour ......................................................................................................... 129 Table TM.10.1W: Sex with multiple partners (women) ..................................................... 129 Table TM.10.1M: Sex with multiple partners (men) .......................................................... 131 Table TM.10.2W: Key sexual behaviour indicators (young women) ................................... 132 Table TM.10.2M: Key sexual behaviour indicators (young men) ........................................ 134 TM.11. HIV .............................................................................................................................. 136 Table TM.11.1W: Knowledge about HIV transmission, misconceptions about HIV, and comprehensive knowledge about HIV transmission (women) .................................... 137 Table TM.11.1M: Knowledge about HIV transmission, misconceptions about HIV, and comprehensive knowledge about HIV transmission (men) ......................................... 139 Table TM.11.2W: Knowledge of mother-to-child HIV transmission (women) .................... 141 Table TM.11.2M: Knowledge of mother-to-child HIV transmission (men) ......................... 143 Table TM.11.3W: Attitudes towards people living with HIV (women) ............................... 145 Table TM.11.3M: Attitudes towards people living with HIV (men) .................................... 147 Table TM.11.4W: Knowledge of a place for HIV testing (women) ...................................... 149 Table TM.11.4M: Knowledge of a place for HIV testing (men) ........................................... 151 Table TM.11.5: HIV counselling and testing during antenatal care ..................................... 153 Table TM.11.6W: Key HIV and AIDS indicators (young women) ......................................... 155 Table TM.11.6M: Key HIV and AIDS indicators (young men) ............................................. 157 TM.13. Anemia ........................................................................................................................ 159 Table TM.13.1: Women's coverage of hemoglobin testing................................................. 160 Table TM.13.2: Prevalence of anemia in women ............................................................... 162 TM.14. Abortion ...................................................................................................................... 164 Table TM.14.1: Induced abortion rates ............................................................................. 164 Table TM.14.2: Pregnancy Outcomes ................................................................................ 165 Table TM.14.3: Method of Abortion, Lao PDR, 2017 .......................................................... 167 VII.Thrive – Child health, nutrition and development ................................................................... 172 TC.1. Immunisation ................................................................................................................. 172 Table TC.1.1: Vaccinations in the first years of life ............................................................ 173 Table TC.1.2: Vaccinations by background characteristics ................................................. 174 TC.2. Disease episodes ............................................................................................................ 176 Table TC.2.1: Reported disease episodes .......................................................................... 177 TC.3. Diarrhoea ....................................................................................................................... 178 Table TC.3.1: Care-seeking during diarrhoea ..................................................................... 179 Table TC.3.2: Feeding practices during diarrhoea .............................................................. 180 Table TC.3.3: Oral rehydration solutions, government-recommended homemade fluid and zinc … ................................................................................................................. 182 Table TC.3.4: Oral rehydration therapy with continued feeding and other treatments ....................................................................................................... 183 Table TC.3.5: Source of ORS and zinc ................................................................................ 185 TC.4. Household energy use .................................................................................................... 186 Table TC.4.1: Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for cooking ...................... 187 Table TC.4.2: Primary reliance on solid fuels for cooking ................................................... 189 Table TC.4.3: Polluting fuels and technologies for cooking by type and characteristics of cookstove and place of cooking ...................................................... 191 VI Table TM.8.3: Post-natal care visits for newborns within one week of birth....................... 116 Table TC.4.4: Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for space heating ............. 193 Table TM.8.4: Thermal care for newborns ......................................................................... 118 Table TC.4.5: Type of space heater mainly used and presence of chimney ........................ 195 Table TM.8.5: Cord cutting and care .................................................................................. 120 Table TC.4.6: Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for lighting ....................... 197 Table TM.8.6: Content of postnatal care for newborns ...................................................... 122 Table TC.4.7: Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for cooking, Table TM.8.7: Post-natal health checks for mothers .......................................................... 124 space heating, and lighting .............................................................................................. 199 Table TM.8.8: Post-natal care visits for mothers within one week of birth ......................... 126 TC.5. Symptoms of acute respiratory infection ........................................................................ 201 Table TM.8.9: Post-natal health checks for mothers and newborns ................................... 127 Table TC.5.1: Care-seeking for and antibiotic treatment of symptoms of acute TM.10. Sexual behaviour ......................................................................................................... 129 respiratory infection (ARI) ................................................................................................ 202 Table TM.10.1W: Sex with multiple partners (women) ..................................................... 129 TC.6. Malaria .......................................................................................................................... 203 Table TM.10.1M: Sex with multiple partners (men) .......................................................... 131 Table TC.6.1: Household possession of mosquito nets ...................................................... 204 Table TM.10.2W: Key sexual behaviour indicators (young women) ................................... 132 Table TC.6.2: Source of mosquito nets .............................................................................. 205 Table TM.10.2M: Key sexual behaviour indicators (young men) ........................................ 134 Table TC.6.3: Access to an insecticide-treated net (ITN) – number TM.11. HIV .............................................................................................................................. 136 of household members .................................................................................................... 207 Table TM.11.1W: Knowledge about HIV transmission, misconceptions about HIV, Table TC.6.4: Access to an insecticide-treated net (ITN) – background and comprehensive knowledge about HIV transmission (women) .................................... 137 characteristics .................................................................................................................. 208 Table TM.11.1M: Knowledge about HIV transmission, misconceptions about HIV, Table TC.6.5: Use of mosquito nets by the household population ..................................... 209 and comprehensive knowledge about HIV transmission (men) ......................................... 139 Table TC.6.6: Use of existing ITNs ..................................................................................... 210 Table TM.11.2W: Knowledge of mother-to-child HIV transmission (women) .................... 141 Table TC.6.7: Use of mosquito nets by children ................................................................ 211 Table TM.11.2M: Knowledge of mother-to-child HIV transmission (men) ......................... 143 Table TC.6.8: Use of mosquito nets by pregnant women .................................................. 213 Table TM.11.3W: Attitudes towards people living with HIV (women) ............................... 145 Table TC.6.9: Use of Intermittent Preventive Treatment for malaria (IPTp Table TM.11.3M: Attitudes towards people living with HIV (men) .................................... 147 by women during pregnancy ........................................................................................... 215 Table TM.11.4W: Knowledge of a place for HIV testing (women) ...................................... 149 Table TC.6.10: Care-seeking during fever .......................................................................... 216 Table TM.11.4M: Knowledge of a place for HIV testing (men) ........................................... 151 Table TC.6.11: Treatment of children with fever ............................................................... 217 Table TM.11.5: HIV counselling and testing during antenatal care ..................................... 153 Table TC.6.12: Diagnostics and anti-malarial treatment of children .................................. 219 Table TM.11.6W: Key HIV and AIDS indicators (young women) ......................................... 155 Table TC.6.13: Source of anti-malarial .............................................................................. 221 Table TM.11.6M: Key HIV and AIDS indicators (young men) ............................................. 157 TC.7. Infant and young child feeding ....................................................................................... 222 TM.13. Anemia ........................................................................................................................ 159 Table TC.7.1: Initial breastfeeding .................................................................................... 224 Table TM.13.1: Women's coverage of hemoglobin testing................................................. 160 Table TC.7.2: Newborn feeding ......................................................................................... 226 Table TM.13.2: Prevalence of anemia in women ............................................................... 162 Table TC.7.3: Breastfeeding status .................................................................................... 229 TM.14. Abortion ...................................................................................................................... 164 Table TC.7.4: Duration of breastfeeding ........................................................................... 230 Table TM.14.1: Induced abortion rates ............................................................................. 164 Table TC.7.5: Age-appropriate breastfeeding .................................................................... 231 Table TM.14.2: Pregnancy Outcomes ................................................................................ 165 Table TC.7.6: Introduction of solid, semi-solid, or soft foods ............................................. 232 Table TM.14.3: Method of Abortion, Lao PDR, 2017 .......................................................... 167 Table TC.7.7: Infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices ............................................ 233 Table TC.7.8: Bottle feeding .............................................................................................. 235 VII.Thrive – Child health, nutrition and development ................................................................... 172 TC.8. Malnutrition .................................................................................................................. 236 TC.1. Immunisation ................................................................................................................. 172 Table TC.8.1: Nutritional status of children ....................................................................... 238 Table TC.1.1: Vaccinations in the first years of life ............................................................ 173 TC.9. Salt iodisation ................................................................................................................ 240 Table TC.1.2: Vaccinations by background characteristics ................................................. 174 Table TC.9.1: Iodized salt consumption ............................................................................. 240 TC.2. Disease episodes ............................................................................................................ 176 TC.10. Early childhood home environment ............................................................................. 241 Table TC.2.1: Reported disease episodes .......................................................................... 177 Table TC.10.1: Support for learning .................................................................................. 242 TC.3. Diarrhoea ....................................................................................................................... 178 Table TC.10.2: Learning materials ..................................................................................... 244 Table TC.3.1: Care-seeking during diarrhoea ..................................................................... 179 Table TC.10.3: Inadequate supervision ............................................................................. 245 Table TC.3.2: Feeding practices during diarrhoea .............................................................. 180 TC.11. Early childhood development index ............................................................................. 247 Table TC.3.3: Oral rehydration solutions, government-recommended homemade Table TC.11.1: Early child development index ................................................................... 248 fluid and zinc … ................................................................................................................. 182 TC.12. Anemia of children ....................................................................................................... 249 Table TC.3.4: Oral rehydration therapy with continued feeding Table TC.12.1: Children's coverage of hemoglobin testing ................................................. 250 and other treatments ....................................................................................................... 183 Table TC.12.2: Prevalence of anemia in children ................................................................ 252 Table TC.3.5: Source of ORS and zinc ................................................................................ 185 TC.4. Household energy use .................................................................................................... 186 Table TC.4.1: Primary reliance on clean fuels and technologies for cooking ...................... 187 Table TC.4.2: Primary reliance on solid fuels for cooking ................................................... 189 Table TC.4.3: Polluting fuels and technologies for cooking by type and characteristics of cookstove and place of cooking ...................................................... 191 VII VIII.Learn ..................................................................................................................................... 255 LN.1. Early childhood education .............................................................................................. 255 Table LN.1.1: Early childhood education ........................................................................... 256 Table LN.1.2: Participation rate in organised learning ....................................................... 257 LN.2. Attendance .................................................................................................................... 258 Table LN.2.1: School readiness ......................................................................................... 259 Table LN.2.2: Primary school entry ................................................................................... 260 Table LN.2.3: Primary school attendance and out of school children ................................. 261 Table LN.2.4: Lower secondary school attendance and out of school adolescents ............ 263 Table LN.2.5: Age for grade .............................................................................................. 265 Table LN.2.6: Upper secondary school attendance and out of school youth ...................... 268 Table LN.2.7: Gross intake, completion and effective transition rates ............................... 269 Table LN.2.8: Parity indices ............................................................................................... 272 LN.3. Parental involvement ..................................................................................................... 274 Table LN.3.1: Support for child learning at school ............................................................. 275 Table LN.3.2: School-related reasons for inability to attend class ...................................... 277 Table LN.3.3: Learning environment at home ................................................................... 279 IX.Protection from violence and exploitation ............................................................................... 283 PR.1. Birth registration ........................................................................................................... 283 Table PR.1.1: Birth registration ......................................................................................... 284 PR.2. Child discipline ............................................................................................................... 285 Table PR.2.1: Child discipline ............................................................................................ 286 Table PR.2.2: Attitudes toward physical punishment ........................................................ 287 PR.3. Child labour ................................................................................................................... 288 Table PR.3.1: Children's involvement in economic activities ............................................. 289 Table PR.3.2: Children's involvement in household chores ................................................ 291 Table PR.3.3: Child labour ................................................................................................. 292 PR.4. Child marriage ............................................................................................................... 293 Table SR.4.1W: Child marriage and polygyny (women) ..................................................... 294 Table SR.4.1M: Child marriage and polygyny (men) .......................................................... 296 Table SR.4.2W: Trends in child marriage (women) ............................................................ 298 Table SR.4.2M: Trends in child marriage (men) ................................................................. 299 Table SR.4.3: Spousal age difference ................................................................................ 300 PR.8. Attitudes toward domestic violence ............................................................................... 301 Table PR.8.1W: Attitudes toward domestic violence (women) .......................................... 301 Table PR.8.1M: Attitudes toward domestic violence (men) ............................................... 302 X. Live in a safe and clean environment ......................................................................................... 306 WS.1 Drinking water ............................................................................................................... 306 Table WS.1.1: Use of improved and unimproved water sources ....................................... 307 Table WS.1.2: Use of basic and limited drinking water services ......................................... 309 Table WS.1.3: Person collecting water .............................................................................. 310 Table WS.1.4: Time spent collecting water ....................................................................... 312 Table WS.1.5: Availability of sufficient drinking water when needed ................................ 313 Table WS.1.6: Quality of source drinking water ................................................................ 314 Table WS.1.7: Quality of household drinking water .......................................................... 315 Table WS.1.8: Safely managed drinking water services ..................................................... 316 Table WS.1.9: Household water treatment ....................................................................... 317 WS.2 Handwashing ................................................................................................................. 318 Table WS.2.1: Handwashing facility with soap and water on premises .............................. 319 VIII VIII.Learn ..................................................................................................................................... 255 WS.3 Sanitation ...................................................................................................................... 321 LN.1. Early childhood education .............................................................................................. 255 Table WS.3.1: Use of improved and unimproved sanitation facilities ................................ 322 Table LN.1.1: Early childhood education ........................................................................... 256 Table WS.3.2: Use basic and limited sanitation services .................................................... 324 Table LN.1.2: Participation rate in organised learning ....................................................... 257 Table WS.3.3: Emptying and removal of excreta from improved pit latrines and LN.2. Attendance .................................................................................................................... 258 septic tanks ...................................................................................................................... 326 Table LN.2.1: School readiness ......................................................................................... 259 Table WS.3.4: Management of excreta from household sanitation facilities ..................... 328 Table LN.2.2: Primary school entry ................................................................................... 260 Table WS.3.5: Disposal of child's faeces ............................................................................ 329 Table LN.2.3: Primary school attendance and out of school children ................................. 261 Table WS.3.6: Drinking water, sanitation and handwashing ladders .................................. 330 Table LN.2.4: Lower secondary school attendance and out of school adolescents ............ 263 WS.4 Menstrual hygiene ......................................................................................................... 332 Table LN.2.5: Age for grade .............................................................................................. 265 Table WS.4.1: Menstrual hygiene management ................................................................ 333 Table LN.2.6: Upper secondary school attendance and out of school youth ...................... 268 Table WS.4.2: Exclusion from activities during menstruation............................................. 334 Table LN.2.7: Gross intake, completion and effective transition rates ............................... 269 Table LN.2.8: Parity indices ............................................................................................... 272 XI.Equitable chance in life ............................................................................................................ 337 LN.3. Parental involvement ..................................................................................................... 274 EQ.1 Child functioning ............................................................................................................ 337 Table LN.3.1: Support for child learning at school ............................................................. 275 Table EQ.1.1: Child functioning (children age 2-4 years) ................................................... 338 Table LN.3.2: School-related reasons for inability to attend class ...................................... 277 Table EQ.1.3: Use of assistive devices (children age 2-17 years) ........................................ 340 Table LN.3.3: Learning environment at home ................................................................... 279 EQ.2 Social transfers ............................................................................................................... 342 Table EQ.2.1W: Health insurance coverage (women) ....................................................... 343 IX.Protection from violence and exploitation ............................................................................... 283 Table EQ.2.1M: Health insurance coverage (men) ............................................................ 345 PR.1. Birth registration ........................................................................................................... 283 Table EQ.2.2: Health insurance coverage (children age 5-17 years) ................................... 347 Table PR.1.1: Birth registration ......................................................................................... 284 Table EQ.2.3: Health insurance coverage (children under age 5) ....................................... 349 PR.2. Child discipline ............................................................................................................... 285 Table EQ.2.4: Awareness and ever use of external economic support ............................... 351 Table PR.2.1: Child discipline ............................................................................................ 286 Table EQ.2.5: Coverage of social transfers and benefits: All household members ............. 352 Table PR.2.2: Attitudes toward physical punishment ........................................................ 287 Table EQ.2.6: Coverage of social transfers and benefits: Households in the PR.3. Child labour ................................................................................................................... 288 lowest two quintiles ......................................................................................................... 354 Table PR.3.1: Children's involvement in economic activities ............................................. 289 Table EQ.2.7: Coverage of social transfers and benefits: Children in all households .......... 359 Table PR.3.2: Children's involvement in household chores ................................................ 291 Table EQ.2.8: Coverage of school support programmes: Members age 5-24 in Table PR.3.3: Child labour ................................................................................................. 292 all households ................................................................................................................. 360 PR.4. Child marriage ............................................................................................................... 293 Table SR.4.1W: Child marriage and polygyny (women) ..................................................... 294 Appendices: Table SR.4.1M: Child marriage and polygyny (men) .......................................................... 296 Appendix A. Sample design ........................................................................................................... 363 Table SR.4.2W: Trends in child marriage (women) ............................................................ 298 Table SD.1: Distribution of Villages and households in sampling frame .............................. 364 Table SR.4.2M: Trends in child marriage (men) ................................................................. 299 Table SD.2: Sample allocation............................................................................................ 366 Table SR.4.3: Spousal age difference ................................................................................ 300 PR.8. Attitudes toward domestic violence ............................................................................... 301 Appendix B. List of personnel involved in the survey ..................................................................... 372 Table PR.8.1W: Attitudes toward domestic violence (women) .......................................... 301 Table PR.8.1M: Attitudes toward domestic violence (men) ............................................... 302 Appendix C. Estimates of sampling errors ..................................................................................... 383 Table SE.1: Sampling errors: Total sample ........................................................................ 384 X. Live in a safe and clean environment ......................................................................................... 306 Table SE.2: Sampling errors: Urban ................................................................................... 386 WS.1 Drinking water ............................................................................................................... 306 Table SE.3: Sampling errors: Rural .................................................................................... 388 Table WS.1.1: Use of improved and unimproved water sources ....................................... 307 Table SE.4: Sampling errors: Rural with road .................................................................... 390 Table WS.1.2: Use of basic and limited drinking water services ......................................... 309 Table SE.5: Sampling errors: Rural without road ............................................................... 392 Table WS.1.3: Person collecting water .............................................................................. 310 Table SE.6: Sampling errors: North ................................................................................... 394 Table WS.1.4: Time spent collecting water ....................................................................... 312 Table SE.7: Sampling errors: Central ................................................................................. 396 Table WS.1.5: Availability of sufficient drinking water when needed ................................ 313 Table SE.8: Sampling errors: South ................................................................................... 398 Table WS.1.6: Quality of source drinking water ................................................................ 314 Table SE.9: Sampling errors: Vientiane Capital .................................................................. 400 Table WS.1.7: Quality of household drinking water .......................................................... 315 Table SE.10: Sampling errors: Phongsaly ........................................................................... 402 Table WS.1.8: Safely managed drinking water services ..................................................... 316 Table SE.11: Sampling errors: Luangnamtha ..................................................................... 404 Table WS.1.9: Household water treatment ....................................................................... 317 Table SE.12: Sampling errors: Oudomxay .......................................................................... 406 WS.2 Handwashing ................................................................................................................. 318 Table SE.13: Sampling errors: Bokeo ................................................................................. 408 Table WS.2.1: Handwashing facility with soap and water on premises .............................. 319 Table SE.14: Sampling errors: Luangprabang .................................................................... 410 Table SE.15: Sampling errors: Huaphanh .......................................................................... 412 Table SE.16: Sampling errors: Xayabury ............................................................................ 414 Table SE.17: Sampling errors: Xiengkhuang ...................................................................... 416 IX

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LSIS II follows the first LSIS I survey which was carried out in 2011-12 jointly by the Ministry of Health (MoH) and the Lao Statistics Bureau (LSB) of the.
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