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SOILS REPORT No. 15 1967
SOILS
of the
LAC DU BONNET AREA
R. E. SMITH and W. A. EHRLICH
with a Section on Forestry
bY
S. C. ZOLTAI
Department of Forestry of Canada
With a Soi1 Map covering Townships 10 to 11 in Ranges 9 to 14 E.P.M.,
Townships 12 to 14 in Ranges 9 to 13 E.P.M., Townships 15 to 16 in
Ranges 5 to 13 E.P.M., Township 17 in Ranges 7 to 13 E.P.M., Town-
ship 18 in Ranges 7 to 11 E.P.M., Township 19 in Ranges 7 to 9 E.P.M.
and Township 20, Range 7 E.P.M.
MANITOBA SOIL SURVEY
CANADA DEPARTMENT of AGRICULTURE
MANITOBA DEPARTMENT of AGRICULTURE
LANDS BRANCH, MANITOBA DEPARTMENT of MINES AND NATURAL RESOURCES
AND
DEPARTMENT OF SOIL SCIENCE, THE UNIVERSITY OF MANITOBA
Report published by the Manitoba Departnzent of Agriculture.
Map published by Canada Department of Agriculture.
Preface
THE REPORT OF THE SOILS of the Lac du Bonnet Area is the fifteenth
in a series of reports devoted to the description of the soils of Manitoba.
The purpose of the report is to supply basic information about the
soils of the area, such as their distribution, characteristics and capa-
bilities for the production of agricultural and forest crops. The
publication consists of two parts; a report and a colored map.
Soil series and phases of series were mapped wherever the scale of
mapping permitted. These map units were used mainly within the
flat, smooth lacustrine basins. However, in most of the area, soil
senes occurred in small, intricate patterns and could not be shown
separately on the map. The map units are, therefore, mostly complexes
of two or more series that occur within an outlined area.
The soil map indicates the distribution and area of the soi1 map
units. It is published at the scale of one inch equals two miles. Town-
ship and Range numbers are shown along the margin of the map. Soil
mapping units are identified by color and letter designations. Com-
plexes are colored the same as one of the included series, usually the
dominant member. A key to color and letter designations appears in
the descriptive legend.
The report is divided into six parts. Part 1 describes the location
and extent of the area, the population distribution and transportation
facilities. Part II describes the physical features including relief,
drainage, geology, climate and vegetation. Part III presents a key
to the soils of the area, describes the general soil areas and gives a
detailed description of the physical, morphological and agronomie
features of each soi1 series. Part IV presents a grouping of soils into
agricultural land-use capability classes, subclasses and units, indicating
the suitability of each soi1 for regional crops; outlines briefly the
history of land settlement and describes present agricultural land-
use. Part V, prepared by members of the Canada Department of
Forestry, provides a general knowledge of forest conditions and history,
as well as estimated productivity and required reproduction practices
for the soils of the area. A grouping of soil series into forest land-use
capability classes, subclasses and units is also presented. Part VI
describes the kinds and relative degree of soil limiting factors affecting
land-use for specific recreational needs.
Acknowledgements
THE STUDY OF THE SOILS in the Lac du Bonnet Area was conducted
as a joint project of the Canada Department of Agriculture; the
Manitoba Department of Agriculture; the Lands Branch, Mani-
toba Department of Mines and Natural Resources and the
Department of Soi1 Science, The University of Manitoba.
Acknowledgment is made to Mr. H. J. Hortie, Canada Depart-
ment of Agriculture; Dr. R. A. Hedlin, Department of Soi1 Science,
The University of Manitoba; and Mr. S. C. Zoltai, Canada Depart-
ment of Forestry, for their critical review of the report.
The soils were mapped by G. S. Emmond, J. H. Lovering,
W. Michalyna, G. F. Mills, W. Pettapiece and R. E. Smith, under
the direction of Dr. W. A. Ehrlich. Those assisting with the field
work were: F. Eslinger, E. Gould, K. Kirkpatrick and G. Raymer.
Miss S. Malt assisted m the recording of the field and laboratory
data and in the preparation of the report.
The final drafting and printing of the map was undertaken by
the Cartographie Section of the Soi1 Research Institute, Canada
Department of Agriculture, Ottawa.
Grateful acknowledgment is also made to C. C. Thomson,
Regional Director and Mr. S. C. Zoltai, Canada Department of
Forestry, Winnipeg, for the preparation of the section on forestry.
Contents
Page
Preface ................................................................ 3
Acknowledgments ........................................................ 4
PART 1
GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF AREA
A. Location and Extent ................................................... 13
B. Population. ......................................................... 13
C. Transportation and Markets ............................................ 13
PART II
FACTORS AFFECTING SOIL FORMATION
A. Relief and Drainage. ................................................. 15
B. Geology and Soi1 Parent Material ....................................... 15
(i) Geology of the Underlying Rocks. .................................... 15
(ii) Surface Deposits and Physiographic Areas. ............................ 19
C. Climate ............................................................. 20
(i) Temperature. ..................................................... 20
(ii) Precipitation ...................................................... 21
D. Vegetation .......................................................... 22
PART III
SOILS
A. The Soil Profile ....................................................... 24
B. Soil Classification. .................................................... 26
C. Soil Mapping ........................................................ 26
D. General Soil Areas. .................................................. 30
(1) Morris-Thalberg Group ............................................ 30
(2) Osborne-Glenmoor Group ......................................... 30
(3) Libau-Pine Valley Group .......................................... 30
(4) Whitemouth-Framnes Group ........................................ 30
(5) Lakeland Group ................................................. 31
(6) Carrick-St. Labre Group ........................................... 31
(7) Sandilands-Woodbridge Group ..................................... 31
(8) Lonesand-Wintergreen Group ...................................... 31
(9) Richer Complex .................................................. 31
(10) Indian Bay Complex .............................................. 32
(11) Organic Soils .................................................... 32
(12) Grave1 and Sand Beaches ......................................... 32
E. Description of Soil Series and Mapping Units .............................. 32
Key to Soils and their Estimated Acreages. ................................ 33
Alluvium ............................................................ 32
Contents-Continued
Page
Aneda Series. ....................................................... 32
Arnes Series. ........................................................ 35
Balmora I Series ...................................................... 36
Birch Point Series. .................................................... 37
Caliento Series. ...................................................... 38
Carrick Series, ....................................................... 39
Deep Peat Soi1 Complex ............................................... 40
Dencross Series. ..................................................... 44
Elma Series. ......................................................... 45
Foley Series. ........................................................ 46
Framnes Series. ...................................................... 47
Fyala Series. ........................................................ 48
Glenfields Series. .................................................... 50
Glenmoor Series. .................................................... 51
Hadashville Series. ................................................... 52
Indian Bay Complex. ................................................. 54
Kerry Series. ........................................................ 54
Kipling Series. ....................................................... 55
Ladywood Series. .................................................... 56
Lakeland Series. ..................................................... 57
Leary Complex ...................................................... 58
Lee River Series. ..................................................... 59
Lettonia Series. ...................................................... 60
Libau Series. ........................................................ 61
Lonesand Series ...................................................... 62
Lorteau Series. ...................................................... 63
Lundar Series. ....................................................... 65
Malonton Series. ..................................................... 65
Marsh Complex ...................................................... 66
McArthur Series. ..................................................... 66
Medika Series. ...................................................... 67
Meleb Series. ....................................................... 68
Middlebro Series. .................................................... 69
Morris Series, ....................................................... 69
Osborne Series. ...................................................... 71
Peguis Series. ....................................................... 72
Pine Ridge Series. .................................................... 73
Pine Valley Series. ................................................... 74
Piney Series ......................................................... 75
Plum Ridge Series. ................................................... 76
Red River Series. ..................................................... 77
Richer Complex ...................................................... 78
Rock ................................................................ 79
St. Labre Series. .................................................... 79
St. Norbert Series. ................................................... 80
Sandilands Series. .................................................... 81
Contents - Continued
Page
Shallow Peat Complex ................................................ 82
Sirko Series. ........................................................ 83
Sundown Series. ..................................................... 85
Tarno Series. ........................................................ 85
Thalberg Series. ..................................................... 86
Vassar Series. ....................................................... 87
Wampum Series. ..................................................... 88
Wentland Series. .................................................... 89
Whitemouth Series. ................................................... 90
W intergreen Series ................................................... 91
Woodridge Series. ................................................... 92
PART IV
AGRICULTURE
A. Soi1 Capability Classification for Agriculture. .............................. 94
B. History of Settlement .................................................. 97
C. Area and Present Use of Farmland ...................................... 98
D. General Observations. ................................................ 101
PART V
FORESTRY
A. Forest History ........................................................ 102
B. Forest Conditions. .................................................... 102
C. Estimated Productivity and Reproduction of Forest Tree Species. .............. 103
D. Forest Land-Use Capability ............................................ 107
E. References .......................................................... 110
F. Glossary ........................................................... 110
PART VI
RECREATION
APPENDIX
Glosrarv of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
List of Tables
Table
No. Page
1. Population of Towns and Villages of 50 Persons and Over
(Canada Census, 1961 and 1956) .............................................................................. 13
2. Description of Surface Deposits Occurring in the Lac du Bonnet Area.. .............. 19
3. Monthly and Annual Averages of Temperatures Expressed in Degrees
Fahrenheit Recorded at Great Falls, Indian Bay, Seven Slsters and
Winnipeg ...................................................................................................................... 2:
4. Frost Free Days ..............................................................................................................
5. Mean Monthly Precipitation in Inches Recorded at Great Falls,
Winnipeg and Indian Bay (1931-1960) .................................................................... 22
6. Definition of Soi1 Horizon Symbols .............................................................................. 25
7. Classification of Soils as Mapped in the Lac du Bonnet Area ................................ 26
8. Key to Soils and their Estimated Acreages in the Lac du Bonnet Area .............. 33
9. Analysis of Aneda Clay Loam. ..................................................................................... zi
10. Analysis of Arnes Clay ..................................................................................................
11. Analysis of Balmoral Clay Loam .................................................................................. 36
12. Analysis of Birch Point Very Fine Sandy Loam.. ...................................................... 37
13. Analysis of Caliento Fine Sand .................................................................................... 39
14. Analysis of Carrick Loamy Fine Sand ........................................................................ 40
15. Analysis of an Acid Fibrous Moss Peat ...................................................................... ii
16. Analysis of a Fibrous Fen Peat ....................................................................................
17. &xJysis of Dencross Clay ............................................................................................ 45
18. Analysis of Elma Very Fine Sandy Loam, Clay Substrate Phase .......................... 46
19. Analysis of Foley Loamy Very Fine Sand. ................................................................. 47
20. Analy& of Framnes Clay., ............................................................................................ 49
21. Analysis of Fyala Clay ..................................................................................................
22. Analysis of Glenfields Clay Loam... .............................................................................. 50
23. Analysis of Glenmoor Clay ............................................................................................ .5:
24. Analysis of Hadashville Clay Substrate Phase. .........................................................
25. Analysis of Kerry Fine Sand.. ...................................................................................... Et
26. Analysis of Kipling Clay Loam ....................................................................................
27. Analysis of Ladywood Very Fine Sandy Loam .......................................................... 57
28. Analysis of Lakeland Clay Loam. ................................................................................ 57
29. Analysis of Lee River Clay ............................................................................................ 61
30. Analysis of Lettonia Clay ...................... ........................................................................
31. Analysis of Libau Clay .................................................................................................. 61
32. Analysis of Lonesand Fine Sand. ................................................................................. 64
33. Analysis of Lorteau Clay ..............................................................................................
34. Analysis of Lundar Clay Loam .................................................................................... 65
35. Analysis of Malonton Fine Sand.. ................................................................................ 66
36. Analysis of McArthur Very Fine Sandy Loams ........................................................ 67
37. Analysis of Medika Loam .............................................................................................. 67
38. Analysis of Meleb Loam ................................................................................................
39. Analysis of Middlebro Clay .......................................................................................... 7($
40. Analysis of Morris Clay ................................................................................................
41. Analysis of Osborne Clay., ............................................................................................ 71
42. Analysis of Peguis Clay .................................................................................................. ;i
43. Analysis of Pine Ridge Fine Sand ................................................................................
44. Analysis of Pine Valley Till Substrate Phase., .......................................................... 74
45. Analysis of Piney Loam. ............................................................................................... 75
46. Analysis of Plum Ridge Silt Loam., ............................................................................ 76
List of Tables
N.a o’”
Page
47. Analysis of Red River Clay ...................................................................................7..7.. ...
48. Analysis of St. Labre Fine Sand. ...........................................................................7..9.. ..
49. Analysis of St. Norbert Clay .................................................................................8..0.. ...
50. Analysis of Sandilands Fine Sand. .........................................................................8..2.. ..
51. Analysis of a Moderately DecomposedS hallow Peat. ............................................8..4.
52. Analysis of Sirko Series. ........................................................................................8..4.. .....
53. Analysis of Tarno Clay .........................................................................................8..5.. .....
54. Analysis of Thalberg Clay .....................................................................................8..7.. ...
55. Analysis of Wampum Fine Sand... ........................................................................8..9.. ...
56. Analysis of Wentland Very Fine Sandy Loam .......................................................8..9.
57. Analysis of Whitemouth Clay Loam ......................................................................9..1.. ..
58. Analysis of Wintergreen Fine Sand.... ....................................................................9..2.. ..
59. Analysis of Woodridge Fine Sand. .........................................................................9..3.. ..
60. Number, Area and Average Size of Farms by Municipalities and Local
Govemment Districts, Canada Census, 1961, 1956, 1951..................................9..9
61. Utilization of Farmland in the Lac du Bonnet Area Expressed as Per
Cent of AcreageH eld in Farms, Canada Census, 1961......................................9..9
62. Average Yields of Field Crops in Manitoba Crop Reporting District
No. 12 (Eastern) 1939 to 1962.. ... ..................... .......... .................... .........................1. 00
63. Number of Horses, Cattle, Sheep,S. wine and Poultry by Municipality
and Local Govemment District m the Lac du Bonnet Area Expressed
as Average Numbers per Farm, Canada Census Data, 1961... ..........................1. 01
64. Area Classification by Land Ter-nu-eE, astem Subsection,L owlands South
Forest Section. .................................................................................................1..0..2.. ......
65. Softwood and Hardwood Volume by Size Classesa nd by Land Tenure,
Eastem Subsection, Lowlands South Forest Section. ........................................1..0. 3
66. Five-Year Average of Timber tut in Agassiz and Belair For-estR eserve.... ............ 103
67. Forest Productivity of Soi1 Series... ....... ................................................................1..0..5..
68. Common and Scientific Names of Tree SpeciesU sed in the Text. ........................1. 11
69. Estimated Degreeo f Limitation of the Soils in the Lac du Bonnet Area
for a Number of Outdoor Recreational Uses. ....................................................1..1..3.