Unsaturated soils : proceedings of the Fourth International Conference on Unsaturated Soils : April 2-6, 2006, Carefree, Arizona

1340 Pages·2006·83.36 MB·English

by  Caudia Zapata

GEOTECHNICAL SPECIAL PUBLICATION NO. 147
UNSATURATED SOILS
2006
VOLUME ONE
PROCEEDINGS OF THE FOURTH INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
ON UNSATURATED SOILS
April 2-6, 2006
Carefree, Arizona
SPONSORED BY
The Geo-Institute of the American Society of Civil Engineers
IN COOPERATION WITH
The International Society of Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical
Engineering, Committee TC6 on Unsaturated Soils
The Canadian Geotechnical Society
EDITED BY
Gerald A. Miller
Claudia E. Zapata
Sandra L. Houston
Delwyn G. Fredlund
ASCE
Published by the American Society of Civil Engineers
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Geotechnicai Special Publications
1 Terzaghi Lectures 48 Soil Suction Applications in Geotechnicai
1 Geotechnicai Aspects of Stiff and Hard Engineering
Clays 49 Soil Improvement for Earthquake Hazard
3 Landslide Dams: Processes, Risk, and Mitigation
Mitigation 50 Foundation Upgrading and Repair for
I Timber Bulkheads Infrastructure Improvement
9 Foundations & Excavations in Decomposed 51 Performance of Deep Foundations Under
Rock of the Piedmont Province Seismic Loading
II Dynamic Response of Pile Foundations- 52 Landslides Under Static and Dynamic
Experiment, Analysis and Observation Conditions-Analysis, Monitoring, and
14 Geotechnicai Aspects of Karst Terrains Mitigation
15 Measured Performance Shallow Foundations 53 Landfill Closures-Environmental
16 Special Topics in Foundations Protection and Land Recovery
17 Sou Properties Evaluation from Centrifugal 54 Earthquake Design and Performance of
Models Solid Waste Landfills
18 Geosynthetics for Soil Improvement 55 Earthquake-Induced Movements and
19 Mine Induced Subsidence: Effects on Seismic Remediation of Existing
Engineered Structures Foundations and Abutments
21 Hydraulic Fill Structures 56 Static and Dynamic Properties of Gravelly
22 Foundation Engineering Soils
23 Predicted and Observed Axial Behavior of 57 Verification of Geotechnicai Grouting
Piles 58 Uncertainty in the Geologic Environment
24 Resilient Moduli of Soils: Laboratory 59 Engineered Contaminated Soils and
Conditions Interaction of Soil Geomembranes
25 Design and Performance of Earth Retaining 60 Analysis and Design of Retaining
Structures Structures Against Earthquakes
27 Geotechnicai Engineering Congress 61 Measuring and Modeling Time Dependent
28 Detection of and Construction at the Soil Behavior
Soil/Rock Interface 62 Case Histories of Geophysics Applied to
29 Recent Advances in Instrumentation, Data Civil Engineering and Public Policy
Acquisition and Testing in Soil Dynamics 63 Design with Residual Materials:
32 Embankment of Dams-James L. Sherard Geotechnicai and Construction
Contributions Considerations
33 Excavation and Support for the Urban 64 Observation and Modeling in Numerical
Infrastructure Analysis and Model Tests in Dynamic Soil-
34 Piles Under Dynamic Loads Structure Interaction Problems
35 Geotechnicai Practice in Dam Rehabilitation 65 Dredging and Management of Dredged
37 Advances in Site Characterization: Data Material
Acquisition, Data Management and Data 66 Grouting: Compaction, Remediation and
Interpretation Testing
39 Unsaturated Soils 67 Spatial Analysis in Soil Dynamics and
40 Vertical and Horizontal Deformations of Earthquake Engineering
Foundations and Embankments 68 Unsaturated Soil Engineering Practice
41 Predicted and Measured Behavior of Five 69 Ground Improvement, Ground
Spread Footings on Sand Reinforcement, Ground Treatment:
42 Serviceability of Earth Retaining Structures Developments 1987-1997
43 Fracture Mechanics Applied to Geotechnicai 70 Seismic Analysis and Design for Soil-Pile-
Engineering Structure Interactions
44 Ground Failures Under Seismic Conditions 71 In Situ Remediation of the Geoenvironment
45 In Situ Deep Soil Improvement 72 Degradation of Natural Building Stone
46 Geoenvironment 2000 73 Innovative Design and Construction for
47 Geo-Environmental Issues Facing the Foundations and Substructures Subject to
Americas Freezing and Frost
iii
74 Guidelines of Engineering Practice for 107 Soil Dynamics and Liquefaction 2000
Braced and Tied-Back Excavations 108 Use of Geophysical Methods in
75 Geotechnical Earthquake Engineering and Construction
Soil Dynamics III 109 Educational Issues in Geotechnical
76 Geosynthetics in Foundation Reinforcement Engineering
and Erosion Control Systems 110 Computer Simulation of Earthquake
77 Stability of Natural Slopes in the Coastal Effects
Plain 111 Judgment and Innovation: The Heritage
78 Filtration and Drainage in and Future of the Geotechnical
Geotechnical/Geoenvironmental Engineering Profession
Engineering 112 Soft Ground Technology
79 Recycled Materials in Geotechnical 114 Soils Magic
Applications 115 Expansive Clay Soils and Vegetative
80 Grouts and Grouting: A Potpourri of Influence on Shallow Foundations
Projects 116 Deep Foundations 2002: An International
81 Soil Improvement for Big Digs Perspective on Theory, Design,
82 Risk-Based Corrective Action and Construction, and Performance
Brownflelds Restorations 117 Discrete Element Methods: Numerical
83 Design and Construction of Earth Modeling of Discontinua
Retaining Systems 118 A History of Progress: Selected U.S. Papers
84 Effects of Construction on Structures in Geotechnical Engineering
85 Application of Geotechnical Principles in 119 Soil Behavior and Soft Ground
Pavement Engineering Construction
86 Big Digs Around the World 120 Grouting and Ground Treatment
87 Jacked Tunnel Design and Construction 121 Probabilistic Site Characterization at the
88 Analysis, Design, Construction, and Testing National Geotechnical Experimentation
of Deep Foundations Sites
89 Recent Advances in the Characterization of 122 Sinkholes and the Engineering and
Transportation Geo-Materials Environmental Impacts of Karst
90 Geo-Engineering for Underground 123 Recent Advances in Materials
Facilities Characterization and Modeling of
91 Special Geotechnical Testing: Central Pavement Systems
Artery/Tunnel Project in Boston, 124 GeoSupport 2004: Drilled Shafts,
Massachusetts Micropiling, Deep Mixing, Remedial and
94 Performance Confirmation of Constructed Specialty Foundation Systems
Geotechnical Facilities 125 Current Practices and Future Trends in
95 Soil-Cement and Other Construction Deep Foundations
Practices in Geotechnical Engineering 126 Geotechnical Engineering for
96 Numerical Methods in Geotechnical Transportation Projects
Engineering: Recent Developments 127 Recycled Materials in Geotechnics
91 Innovations and Applications in 128 Soil Constitutive Models: Evaluation,
Geotechnical Site Characterization Selection, and Calibration
98 Pavement Subgrade, Unbound Materials, 129 Advances in Designing and Testing Deep
and Nondestructive Testing Foundations
99 Advances in Unsaturated Geotechnics 130 Advances in Pavement Engineering
100 New Technological and Design 131 Contemporary Issues in Foundation
Developments in Deep Foundations Engineering
101 Slope Stability 2000 132 Advances in Deep Foundations: In
102 Trends in Rock Mechanics Memory of Michael W. O'Neill
103 Advances in Transportation and 133 Earthquake Engineering and Soil
Geoenvironmental Systems Using Dynamics
Geosynthetics 134 Soil Dynamics Symposium in Honor of
104 Advances in Grouting and Ground Professor Richard D. Woods
Modification 135 Erosion of Soils and Scour of Foundations
105 Environmental Geotechnics 136 Innovations in Grouting and Soil
106 Geotechnical Measurements: Lab & Field Improvement
iv
137 Legal and Liability Issues in Geotechnical
Engineering
138 Site Characterization and Modeling
139 Calibration of Constitutive Models
140 Slopes and Retaining Structures Under
Seismic and Static Conditions
141 International Perspectives on Soil
Reinforcement Applications
142 Waste Containment and Remediation
143 Geomechanics: Testing, Modeling, and
Simulation
144 Sinkholes and the Engineering and
Environmental Impacts of Karst
145 Seismic Performance and Simulation of
Pile Foundations in Liquefied and
Laterally Spreading Ground
146 Asphalt Concrete: Simulation, Modeling
and Experimental Characterization
147 Unsaturated Soils 2006
v
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Preface
Classical soil mechanics emerged in 1943 with the publishing of Karl Terzaghi's book
entitled, "Theoretical Soil Mechanics". In 1948, the book titled "Fundamentals of Soil
Mechanics" was written by Donald Taylor. These two books defined the context for classical
saturated soil mechanics. These books focused on providing geotechnical engineers with the
fundamental theories and formulations for three areas of application; namely, saturated flow
through porous media, shear strength and its application to earth pressures, bearing capacity
and slope stability, and volume change or settlement experienced when loading soft clay
soils.
The scope of the application of soil mechanics was largely limited to saturated soils. In
addition, moisture flux boundary conditions were not taken into consideration. In most cases
an attempt was made to derive closed form solutions for either one-dimensional or two-
dimensional characterization of the real world. Volume change problems were considered as
a one-dimensional analysis with soil properties obtained from a one-dimensional
consolidation test.
The original framework for soil mechanics served well for several decades but it gradually it
became obvious that there were important "missing links" that remained outside the scope of
soil mechanics. For example, the boundary conditions for a seepage analysis were limited to
either a head boundary (i.e., such as water in a reservoir), or a zero flux boundary condition
(i.e., such as an impervious soil). These boundary conditions have dominated the theory
taught in soil mechanics at universities for many decades. There is a problem with such a
limited scope of boundary conditions because we live in a "real world" with a moisture flux
boundary condition at the ground surface. The moisture flux is controlled by climatic
conditions at the site. Moisture flux boundary conditions become the primary forcing factor
for many serious hazard related soil mechanics problems. Consequently, it is necessary to
characterize the water balance conditions at the ground surface as well as modeling the
infiltration of water into the soil.
Problems associated with expansive soils were the first class of unsaturated soil mechanics
problems to be given serious research attention by geotechnical engineers. A series of
international conferences were commenced to exchange ideas on how best to deal with
expansive soils problems in 1965 at Texas A&M University. A series of conferences
followed at approximately 4 year intervals. In the early 1990s it was realized that there would
be merit in expanding the scope of problems addressed to include all types of unsaturated
soils problems. Environmental engineering problems involving contaminant transport were
also of paramount interest and concern. The first International Conference on Unsaturated
Soils was held in Paris, France in 1995. This was followed by the Second International
Conference on Unsaturated Soils in Beijing, China in 1998 and the Third International
Conference on Unsaturated Soils in Recife, Brazil in 2002.
Historically, it is possible to look back and note that several major hindrances lay in the way
of an early understanding of how best to formulate a science for unsaturated soil behavior.
Most of these hindrances have now been thoroughly researched with the result that practical
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engineering solutions have been proposed. It would now appear that it is time to force ahead
with a full scale implementation of unsaturated soil mechanics into routine geotechnical
engineering practice. The original hindrances that appear to have been sufficiently resolved
can be stated as follows:
1.) the theories and formulations associated with unsaturated soil behavior for the
classical subject areas have been proposed and verified,
2.) techniques and procedures have been developed for the estimation of nonlinear
unsaturated soil property functions,
3.) the central role and importance of the soil-water characteristic curve (SWCC), or
the water retention curve, has been realized,
4.) devices for the measurement of soil suction have been developed,
5.) new procedures for the solution of highly nonlinear partial differential equations
have been discovered, and
6.) the teaching of unsaturated soil mechanics concepts, principles and solutions is
increasingly becoming a part of the undergraduate and graduate teaching curriculum.
The Fourth International Conference on Unsaturated Soils held in Carefree, Arizona, provides
yet one more opportunity to bring together researchers and practitioners in unsaturated soil
mechanics from around the world. Significant strides have been made in the research of
unsaturated soils problems and it is imperative that researchers be provided with a forum for
the interchange of research findings and ideas. This is the primary purpose of the Fourth
International Conference on Unsaturated Soils.
Each of the papers included in the proceedings received at least one positive peer review. All
of the papers are eligible for discussion in the ASCE/G-I Journal of Geotechnical and
Geoenvironmental Engineering, and all of the papers are eligible for ASCE Awards. Nearly
eighty reviewers from around the world participated in the peer review process for abstracts
and papers; the editors are sincerely appreciative for the efforts of all the anonymous
reviewers. Special thanks go to the following persons for organizing and coordinating paper
reviews for the following tracks:
• Evapotranspiration Cover Systems - Craig Benson, Charles Shackelford and Beth Gross
(on behalf of the G-I Geoenvironmental Engineering Committee)
« Dynamic Soil Properties and Liquefaction Strength of Unsaturated Soils- Mishac Yegian
(on behalf of the G-I Earthquake Engineering and Soil Dynamics Committee)
« Geophysical Methods for Unsaturated Soils - Soheil Nazarian and Michael Rucker (G-I
Geophysical Engineering Committee)
• Determination/Estimation of Unsaturated Soil Properties - Claudia Zapata and Sandra
Houston (on behalf of the G-I Soil Properties and Modeling Committee).
Delwyn G. Fredlund
Sandra L. Houston
Gerald A. Miller
Claudia E. Zapata
viii
Contents
Volume One
Keynotes and Special Lectures
Unsaturated Soil Mechanics Applied to Geotechnical Problems 1
E. E. Alonso and S. Olivella
Geo-environmental and Management Aspects of the Behaviour of Mining and
Municipal Solid Wastes in Water-Deficient Climates 36
Geoffrey E. Blight
Suction Measurements 81
H. Rahardjo and E. C. Leong
A Volume-Mass Constitutive Model for Unsaturated Soils in Terms of Two
Independent Stress State Variables 105
Delwyn G. Fredlund and Hung Q. Pham
Field Investigations of Unsaturated Soil Systems and Equipment
Field Studies of Water Movement in Unsaturated Soil
Parameter Estimation from Stepped-Irrigation Tests on Instrumented Lysimeter
Test Plots 135
G. Gjerapic and M. Wickham
Field Determination of Saturated and Unsatnrated Hydraulic Conductivities
Using the IP Method 147
J. L. Peace, P. Bandini, and Z. A. Samani
Predicting the Hydraulic Conductivity of Unsaturated Soils from a Soil
Moisture Profile 157
T. Sugii
Infiltration Measurements in Model Embankments Composed of Volcanic
Sandy Sous 167
Y. Kiyohara, T. Unno, and M. Kazama
Study of Infiltration Characteristics in the Field 179
I. G. B. Indrawan, H. Rahardjo, and E. C. Leong
Monitoring Field Experiment in an Unsaturated Sandy Soil Slope in Switzerland 191
A. Thielen and S. M. Springman
Evaluation of Changes to Soil Suction Resulting from Residential Development 203
K. D. Walsh, C. A. Colby, W. N. Houston, and S. L. Houston
ix