University of Stirling The first Muslim conquest of Jerusalem in Muharram 1 7 AH/February 638 CE ...

43 Pages·2015·1.29 MB·English

Jouronfalls lJaemriucs Satluedm(i Seusm m2e0r0 03):,42 7,- 89
Univeorfs iStyt irling
Thefi rsMtu slim coofJn eqruuessiatnMl u ehma r1r a7m
AH/Februar6y3 C8E w asa ne vebnottr he maraknaldbo lneg ­
lastiinni gte sff ectIstm. a yb ev iewaesad fu ndamental
landmnaormtke ,r eilnty h hei stoofr yC itnyo,re veinn
Islahmiisct bouratyl ,sa osa ne vent rwehsihcarhpe elda tions
betwetehpnee opolfde i vefaristewh hsoi nhabtihrteee gdi on.
Moreovietcrso, n sequencess igcnoinfitwcriaattnshhtt ele yd
destrukcitlilaoinnnd,dg i,s platchehamatecd nh ta racttheer ised
Cityh'isst uonrtyti hle Tnh.ae r roifvUamlaI rb anl -Khiant tab
thCei tmya rktehbdee ginonfin neagaw n ddi stinpghuaisseh ed
int hree latbieotnwsefo elnl owoefJr usd aCihsrmi,s tainadn ity,
IslaImn.d etehdfoe,u ndatfoirfuo tnusrr eel abteitownteshe en
thrfeaei wtehrlsea diodw dnu rtihnhagit s tovriiiscnita thfole r m
ofw haitks n owinnh istaosAr ly- Uahld-aU maorrUi myaysra '
AssuroafSn acfeett oty h pee opolfAe e lia.
Int hfeew a cadesmtiucdo inte hsfe i Mrusstl ciomn quest
ofJ erusUamlaesrmA ',s suriasnr ceeg aradsbe edi anm ga jor
turnpionigin ntb othhi staonrjdiu cr istiNce vteerrtmhse.l ess,
histobroitaphna ssa,tn dp resheanvtde,e baittaesud t henticity
andi nterprwehtiasltoeim ooefin t,vs e rshiaovbnees e uns etdo
سﺪﻘﻤﻟا ﺖﻴﺒﻟ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟا عوﺮﺸﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤﻟا
www.isravakfi.org
Umars'A ssuraonfcS ea eftty ot heP eoploefA elia
current
case
f"'A.11'V'l n<:iclr• 11'"1•rr claoifmt sh e
interest
firIsstl acmoincq uest
beians gt uodfty h e
conquoefs t iasc ritaincaally,t ical
stuodfyt haes surtahnaUctme a Irb anl -Khagtatvtaeotb h e
peopleo ft hCei tIyat.i mtsoe xamainncdeo mpmaorseot ft he'
availvaebrlseio ofUn msa srA 's surawnhcifoelc,eu soinnt gh e
longaensmdto sfatm ouosn ensa,m etlhtyee gxitv beyan l -Tabari
andt haputb lisbhyte hOder thoPdaotxr iairnJc ehrautsea lem
195.3 hiesff orttoas s cetrhtaeau itnh enotfti hcetiswteoy
texttshr,ee seahraceshmp elro ytehdhe i stomreitchaoldo ofl ogy
examihniisntgos roiucracle s.
researdcohenesor it n tetnodd i scwuhsasat r e
knowans orU masrC 'ondibtyi oInbsn
al-Qayyim awlh-iJacarhrwe ez jieybcyysta oe,md re e searchers1
spuportbeydo theNresv2e.r thheew liealstlst pt,et mofi nd
someepx lanatiionnpt reertaotfti hoqenu estainoddno su bts
aricsoennc ernivnegr soifUo mnassr A 's surance
expcteiorness,t roircc toinodnist piaorntsi,c ular
...,'U' ......... •,,•
exclusioJne wfrso mr esiidnAi enlgMi oar.e over,
discusrse asboenhsi nadp epranocfve a rious
versioofUn msa srA 's surancweh.os lteu wdiyrl elpos ntdo
48
سﺪﻘﻤﻟا ﺖﻴﺒﻟ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟا عوﺮﺸﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤﻟا
www.isravakfi.org
{J marsA' s suraonfcS ea fettyo t heP eoplofeA elia
DaniJe.Sl a hsa s't htahtfe i rst conquetsott h e
"emergoefna cnoe po prtufonrit thCyeh risotfJi earnusst aol em
conttahiJene wwsi,tt hhh eep lo ft hMeu slim tAhrraobtushg,eh
concessiotnots h egmrU amnastrA e'sd s urance"3.
Thee aralcyc ouonfUt msa rA'sss urancew,e re
relatcilvoetsloety h pee riodt hfei rMsuts lciomn quoefs t
Jerusaarlgeee mn,e irn·an la tuwrhee,rs euabss eaqcuceonutn ts
thahta vceo mdeo wtno u sc ontaacitntu eaxlet ist,h eorr long
short. Ameoanrglh iietsshtteo t roir apeonrstt h ceo ntoefn t
UmasrA 's surwaintcheao nutyte axrtMe u hammIabUdnm aarl ­
Waqidain 4a,t ivMea doifnw ahhoj ointehAdeb bacsoiudr t,
becaam jeu dugned tehrCe a plhiM a'muann,dd ieidn2 07
AH/822C E,a nda l-Bal(addih2eu7dr9AH/ i 8 92C E)5, who
rpeortiefrtdo mA buH asfa l-Dimashqi.
Amontgh ee arhliys towrhioag nasv aeb breviated
versioofnU sm asr 'A ssurabnuctwe i,t hoault- Tasb ari'
expcteionasr,e a l-qYuab'ti h,e e pxlorehri,s toarnida n,
geopghrearw,h od ieidn2 8AH/48 97C .Ea.n,td h Pea trioafr ch
AlexanEdurtiyac,(h Iibuansl -Bawthrodi iqei)dn3, 82 AH/ 940
C.EAl.- Yqau'b wia s ftihtreos tg itveexw tht,ihr ceeh a "dYso u
argei vesna feotfyy o uperr soprnpose,r tainecdsh r uchwehsi ch
wilnlo tb ei nhab(ittaeokvdee nor rd) e struonyleyedos cusa use
sompeu blhiacr m"A6 s.i mitleaxwrta sg ivbeyEn u tychins,
whicrhe ad"sT:hi issad ocumfreonmUt m aIrb anl -Khtaot tab
thpee opleo fA eliTah.ea yrg ei vseanfe otfpye rsocnhsi,l dren
(soannsdd aughtaenrcdsh )u,r wchhiewcsih nl olbt ed estroyed
49
سﺪﻘﻤﻟا ﺖﻴﺒﻟ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟا عوﺮﺸﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤﻟا
www.isravakfi.org
Omar'Ass suraonfcS ea fettoyt heP eopolef/\ elia
or over)"7. give
abbreviated fovceurossng i roannst ipnego polfe
safety relirgiigothuhtses y, styleex pression.
part al-qYuabs'vi e'r siiso n
thes econd isu sed
Eutycsh ius'T her eseaarrcghueers i afl -Tasb ari'
exceptwieornes we discbueslso w,
particulcaornlcye rnemxgc luosfJi eowfrnso mr esiding
CitEyu,t yc·whoiuulshd a vmee ntioned wtaahs e m.
Christidaonc trinal dwiisttahhg erP eaetmreionaftr ch
JerusaSloepmh,r onwihuosfo ,l lowtehdeC halcedonian
theoloEguyt.y cbheiluisie vnte hdue n iotfyC hriwshte,r eas
Sophrobneiluisie ntv heCedh alcedoniraenl apttrotii hnnegc iple
duanla t(uGroead n mda no)fC hrist8.
Whiltehb ee st-kMnuoswlnhi ims toarli-aTna(,bd aireid
301 AH/922C E.)9p,r oviad veesr sqiuoont freodm S ayflbn
Umaarl -Kaulfi- Asaald-iT a(mdiim1ei7d AH/0 7 86C E..l)b,n
al-J(adwiz5ei9d 7 AH/210C0. )E1.w°h,os eetmogs i vthese a me
account pbrySo adylufbc Unemd a rv iaal -Tapbraorviai, d es
texwth icahp petaorb ses ummarfriosmae ld- Tasb avreir's ion,
buwti thtohuleta tste exrp'anasniedox nc ep-tipoanrst icular
theex cluosfti hJoeen w frso ml iviinAn egl iImata. yb en oted
al-Jsan wazrir'at thhiaeots n u bstAiltIiub tAneb Tdia laisab
witnteosU sm asrA 'ssurfoarnA cmer Iub na l-Awahsow, a s
ina l-Trasibv 'aersiTohnim.sa yb ea ttribtuoat able
mistaiknet,e notriu onnianlt enctoimomniatbltyt,e h pdee rson
whoc opitehdme a nuscwrehi apvtoe f al-Jsab wozoik'11.
50
سﺪﻘﻤﻟا ﺖﻴﺒﻟ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟا عوﺮﺸﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤﻟا
www.isravakfi.org
Umar'Ass suranocfSe a fettoyt heP eoploefA elia
Neverthelheissst,oa rciccoauln ts
Talwiabsn optr esaetn t conquoefs t
v ..................
buwta dse putfoirsU imnagr Madinah12.
Thefa meo fa l-Tavbearrsioi'fUosmn a rA'sss uraasn ce
quotfreodm S ayIfb Unm adro enso t outth e to
investicghaatoieftn r ansmitteirtssi.ens lo pf r oooff
authenetsipceicwtihyae,aln cl qyu ail roendg aftetrhe ev ent.
Thuisti sn opto sstiobr leele yn tiornefa lmyew hetnr acing
narratBieofonrsset. a rttodi insgc tuhnseas r raotfSi aoyInfb n
Umarw,h icahl -Taqbuaortiiet is is,m porttoka nnottw h aalt­
.
Tabawraisb orantt heen do f22AH/48 39C E..a nhde b egan
writhiinhsgi stor2y9 AH/0a9 ft0e2Cr . Ea.nfi dn isihte3 d30
AH/9 15C .EM.o reovtehfirer, s etd itoifao ln- Tahbiasrtio'rys
wasp ublibsehtewd1e 8e13na n1d8 53I1wt3o .u slede tmh at
Tabawraiso neo fa h andofuflh istowrhioma ennst itohnee d
versoifoU nm asr A's suratnocgee twhietirht csh aoifn
transmiNtetveerrst.h heelg easvs"e,a b rokcehna oifn
transmwihtitciehswr ist hboausti tsh set uodfyn arration
lines"H
Ins hohrits,t osroiucrarclee fsl aecccto,r tdoi ng
narraatnodra su thtohrgese ,n ecriarlc umsatnadsn occeiso ­
polidteivceallo ppmreenvtasai tl itnigm e werwer itten.
Thes ouracreecs o lobuyrt ehpdee rsoonfat lhietiyr the
recordinga'nsdb yt hel ocpaoll,i taincdra ell,i gious
interests.
Earlaycc ouwnhtiscr,he latecdo ntoefnU tm ar's
Assurwaintcheao nusytp ecviefircs foirio ctno mfreo m
51
سﺪﻘﻤﻟا ﺖﻴﺒﻟ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟا عوﺮﺸﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤﻟا
www.isravakfi.org
Umars'A ssuranocfS ea fettoyt heP eoplofeA elia
sucahsa l-Wasqa icdcio'unti,cs h aracbtyem roidseerda te
Shi'oirSs ymr,ai cacno unts ofA bu al-Dimashqi
ina l-BalaTdhhaeuc rcio.u ntpsr ovviedres iwohnest,h er
thebyes hoorrtl onagr,e origsiunca,hst he
narraotfai lo-nqY uab'i , obviSohuist' eintdee onrc ies,
thaotfS ayIfb n' Umawrh,ow ask nowfonr h isst rboinags
towahridtssr iobfBe a ni Imta bye t hhaett riteogd i ve
thesmo mper ominienhn icasec couonfMt uss lciomn quests.
Thimsa bye w haptr ompWteeldl hatuoas cecnuS saey flbn Umar
somewhhaastot fit liylm tainnhygi stoerviecinanfatl vs o urh iosf
schoooftl h ouagnhdht i tsh eoorfih eiss torSyh1l5oD.m. o
Goitse hians'at cyc usoaftS iaoyanfs h avinga ultihtetnltei city,
andi rrespotnoswiabPriadll ietsyti isnsiuaaennisdg noroafn ce
thebma,s oendt hlea tst aecrc'oouftn htMe u slciomn quoefs t
Ramlai1su6 n,d oubatt erudmlpye dd-iuspt odritsipolnaa ying
shamebfuila Iswt.o uslede tmot hriess eatrhcsahutec brhi iass
nobta soenad n rya tiaocnaadlea mniaclo yros bijse cctriivtei cism
oft hhei storicbaulrt a stohauettrr hcv,eee srl,ye aosnrt e,l igious
andp olitriecaasllo innskt eotd h set rugogflt eh peo litical
instictuurtrieorunnlt ilinyngI srtaoeg la iconn torfto hlCe i ty.
Thea tteomfps to mIes raaeclaid eamniodcr si enttopa lliasyt s
downt hiem portoafnI csel amicr esloauttrotic hnpeeges r oifo d
thefi rsMtu slciomn quoefts htCe i tayn di np artitcou lar
undermtihnese i gnifiocfJa enrcues taolI esml asme,et kos
elimiontahtveeir e wpoainndtt ors e wrtihItese l amico fh istory
Jerusfraolmea ms ingle bioafvs ieedOw n.eep x oaimnptl e of
sucbhi aissG oitse aisns'e rtthiatothnA e r acbo nquiess t
52
سﺪﻘﻤﻟا ﺖﻴﺒﻟ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟا عوﺮﺸﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤﻟا
www.isravakfi.org
Umars' AssuroafnS cae�ft yt ot heP eoploefA elia
embellishiemda gimnyatrhys legends,
consequtehnertrelemy ao innlav y e rfeywa utheanctciocou fn ts
thset agoefMs u slciomn quaensdt earcleyn tuorfti hees
Ciyts'l iufen dIesrl armuilce 17.
Ther eseairsci hnecrlt iona ecdc epatc cooufn t
Hafsa l-Dimaassq huqoitb eyad l -Balbaedchauiuritsims e,o st
accuraactceoo ufnU tm asrA 's suraCnocmep.a wrietdth h e
accouenmtasn afrtoimHn igj aanzKd u fat,h Sey raicacno ounft s
thMeu slciomn quien.sG trse aStyerarir age e,n ersaplelayk ing,
outstannadrirnagfrt oimot nhsme o srte lisaobulrecA epsa.r t
fromc ontarianarinendd ge taiinlfoerdm atthieaoyrnc e,l otsoe r
thep lawcheestr heee v eonctcsu rsrote hdae,u thhoarpdsr ecise
knowleodftg heeM uslciomn quaenstdth ses ierc rHeutsss.a in
Atwaanr gutehsat th Sey riaacnc oaurnuetn su sulaolnalgny d
detaainldte hda "tt hdeiyff freormt hHei jaanzIdir aaqcic ounts

ins omaes peocftt si maen dp lacNee"v.e rtthheSely ersisa,n
accou"nctosn ac ur witthh eH ijaanzIdir aaqcic oiunn ts
thehiirs tofrraimceawlao nridkn tecronnatlbe undtti ,ffw eird ely
witthh eomn o thpeori nts"1S8y.r ainaHdni jaaczcio unts
ofU marA'sss uraarnec e angde netrhaKelu ,fia cc counts
arleo nagnemdro rdee tafoirlr eeda,sw oesn hsa dlils cbueslso w.
Int hen ameo fG od,t hmeo sMte rcitfuhlme,o st
CompassioTnhaiitstse h .ae s suroafns cafeAe tmyan w hich
thes ervaonftG od( thsee coCnadl iph) (UImbaanlr ­
Khat)t,at bhC eo mmanodfet rhF ea ithhfualgs,r anttoe dt he
peopolfeA eli(aC apinta)o.Hl eih asg ranttehde m an
53
سﺪﻘﻤﻟا ﺖﻴﺒﻟ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟا عوﺮﺸﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤﻟا
www.isravakfi.org
Umars'A ssuranocfSe a fettyo t heP eoploefA elia
assuraonfsc aef efotryt heir alnidpv oesss esstihoenisr,
churcahnedcsr ostshesesi :ca kn tdh hee alotfth hyCe i yt( to
everoyn ew ithoeuxtc eptiaonndfos r)t ;h er esotfi ts
religious coTmhemciuhrnu irtcywh.ie lnslo b te i nhabited
(takeonv ern)o dre str(obyMyeu ds limNse)i.tt hheerny o,r
thel anodn w hicthh esyt anndo,rt hecirro snso,rt heir
posseswsiilbolene ncroached paurptsolenyi zoTerhd e.
peopwlieln lo t betc oo mpelYluekdr ahinur neal ignioorn ,
anyo neo ft hetmo b em altreYaudtaerdr unNao. J ews
shoulrde sidwei tht hemi nA eiia.
Thep eopolfeA elmiuas pta tyh eJ ziitaa lxi ke the
peopolfet he( othecri)t iaensdt, h emyu setx petlh e
Byzantainntdeh sre o bbeArsfos r.t howsheow ill leave (the
City), thaenipdro slsievsseshsia bolensl sa e fguarudnetdi l
therye atchhe pilra ocfse a featnyad,s fo rt howsheor emain,

thewyi lble s afe.T hewyi lhla vet op aty htea lxi kteh e
peoplAee loiTfah .o se of peowphlowe o uollfdi Akteeol ia
leavwei tht heB yzanttianketesh ,e piors sessainodn s,
abandtohne cihru rcahnedsc roswsielsbl es afuen ttihle y
reacthh epilra ocefs afeatyn:wd h osoewvaesir nA eloifa
locpaelo pAlhel a lA-rd( villraegfuegrfesors m t hvei llages
whos ought irnte hfuCegi et bye)fo rtehm eu rdoefruf lasno ­
and-msaoy r emaiinnt he iCfti hteywy i sbhu,tt h emyu st
payt he ltiaktxeh p ee opolfAe e liTah.o sweh ow ismha yg o
witthh Bey zantainnde st,wh hoows ies h rmeatyut rotn h eir
familieNso.t hiwniglb let akefrno mt heumn ttihle ir
harvheasbste erne aped.
54
سﺪﻘﻤﻟا ﺖﻴﺒﻟ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟا عوﺮﺸﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤﻟا
www.isravakfi.org
Umar'sA ssuranocfS ea fettyo t heP eoploefA elia
Thec onteonftt hsi s asosfsu arfaeantrcuyeen der
thceo venoafGn otd a,r teh ree sponyso ifHb iiPslr iotphet, of
theC alipahnsdo, f Ftahei tihful(ft hpee opolfAe e lipaa)y
·
thet axa ccordtiotn hge oibrl igatTihoepn esr.s wohnos
attetsoit ta rKeh:a lida lI-bWnaA lmirduIb, n al-AAbads ,
al-RahImbannA wfa,n Mdu 'awiIybaAnhb iS ufyanT.h is
assuraonfsc afee tyw aswr itatnepdnr epairnte hde y1e5a r
(AH).
Thev ersgiiovnbe yna l-Tadbaat1re5iAd ,H ,w ausn til
195r3e garadste hdle o ngaensmdto setx pltiecxcitot,n taining
thger eadteegsrotefd e e taanirdle striTchtreie osnesa.r cher will
discauls-sT asb vaerris'ion acnrdia tniacltayhlsnelee y w
restriwchtiicaohrna est v, a riawnicttehh ceo nquaensdit t s
genetrraelna dnsdp; r omtphtre e seatroch haevaertt, h vee ry

leadsotu,b atbso tuhte mT.h ev erspiroencse adli-nTgas b ari'
neitmheenrt nioosrnu pptohretrs ees ervaTthiemo ajnosr.
restrmiecnttiioonansle -dT asvb earrsiai'rdo een s crbiebleodw .
I
Thec ondiptliaoconen Ud m ar al-Khbayt tab
inhabiotfAa enltisap ,a rtitchPueal tarriS aorpchhr ownaisu s,
tha"tN,oJ eswh ourleds ide
m
ore xcepitsni oostnu ppoortree vde n any
accoupnrtesc eadli-nTgas b.Ma orrie'o vietwr o,u lsde etmo
conflwiicttthh hei stoerviecnkatnlso wanb otuhtMe u slim
conquoefsJ te rusaTlheerm e.s eahracfoshu enrnd oA rab
55
سﺪﻘﻤﻟا ﺖﻴﺒﻟ ﻲﻓﺮﻌﻤﻟا عوﺮﺸﻤﻠﻟ ﺔﻴﻧوﺮﺘﻜﻟﻹا ﺔﺒﺘﻜﻤﻟا
www.isravakfi.org
Umar'Ass suranofcS ea fettoyt heP eoploefA elia
histosroiucrtachleca sot n fitrhmast Umar forbade
thJee wtsor esiJdeer usamlaedme. durionfgU mar
Ibanl -Khsautctacha o bn,d iwtoiuohlnad v bee einm plemented.
KareAnr mstrionhn egar,n onymroeufesrr eeep'oosnr t
artiacrlgeut,eh sa t "tihtpe r waacsto iftc hee
whenc onquear ciintsgyi ,m ptloey n doarlsree eaxdiys ting
arrangeamnednn otttso i ntromdaujccohera ngIehtsa b.se en
suggesttehdse u ppoesxecdl uosfti hoJene wmsa ysi mply
havbee eann i nitsitaetlphB :ey zanhtaibdna ensnj eedwfr so m
thcei t.y.U .m acro uld sicmopnlfiyr tmhhesaedtv aeqt uuos
andl,a tdeerc,it dheiadwtt a nso rta tioorjn uatsloet x clJuedwes ­
fromt hCei tyO"n.t hoet hhearn Dda,n iJeS.la haarsg tuhesa t
perhtahpIess lasmoiucr "cceosn fuHseerda"c elxipuuslo'sf i on
Jewfrso mt hCei tiyn6 2C9E. ,.w hehnec onqutehrPeee dr sians,
witthh vee rsoifUo mna srA 'ssuranHcoew1e9v.te hre,ir se

anotphoesrs ibnialmiettlyhyt,,ah tMe u slhiamndso thtiodn og
witthh iesx cluasnidto hnai ttw asa ni nvenotfCi horni stian
authoorrps r obaadbdlbeyyda C hrissiotuiracsneu 2ca0hsa, ,n
anonymSoyursi cahcr onMiicclhearte hleS yriaanndt, h e
Chriscthiraonn Aigcalpe(irMu ash boufbM )a nbiwji2t1th,hi en
contoefxt tht er adictoinoflnbiaecltt w Jeeewnas n Cdh ristians.
latseo uracle-,H imayla-rRia awla-itdM'a srt,a ttheadt "the
Chrismtaidaienat sc onditiJoenw sn oattrob e ea llotwoe d
.
witthh em"G2r2eesko uricnedsi tchaatteC htrhies tians
wantJeedr ustaorl eemmaa Ci hnr isCtiitaayntn dh ciusl minated
ac lesairtg one xclJuedwfreso mt hCei ty23.
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