Universe: Solar Systems, Stars and Galaxies

535 Pages·2014·304.752 MB·English

by  Michael Seeds, Dana Backman

The Dark Age when
the big bang had
Imagine the history of the universe cooled and before
as a time line down the middle of a stars began to shine
football field. The story begins on
one goal line as the big bang fills
Formation of the
the universe with energy and a
first galaxies
fantastically hot gas of hydrogen well under way
and helium. Follow the history
The Age of Quasars: Galaxies,
from the first inch of the time including our home galaxy, actively
line as the expansion of the forming, colliding, and merging
universe cools the gas and it
begins to form galaxies and
stars.
The expansion of the
universe stops slowing
and begins accelerating.
e
n
al li
o
G
e
n
h li
c
n
e-i
n
O
Recombination: A few hundred
thousand years after the big
bang, the gas becomes
transparent to light.
The First In c h
A typical galaxy contains 100 billion stars.
© Cengage Learning 2014; images: Anglo-Austrialian Observatory/David Malin images
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
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The sun is just a star. T h e Last In
c
h

Nuclear reactions First hominids
make energy.
e
n
Ea(cid:129)rth Mo(cid:129)on h li
c
(not to scale) e-in
n
O
e
n
al li
o
G
Ten thousand years ago, on
the 0.0026 inch line, humans
begin building cities and
modern civilization begins.
Formation of the sun and
planets from a cloud of
interstellar gas and dust
Life begins in
Earth’s oceans.
Cambrian explosion 540 million
years ago: Life in Earth’s oceans
becomes complex.
Life first emerges
onto the land.
Over billions of years, generation
Age of Dinosaurs
after generation of stars have lived
and died, cooking the hydrogen
and helium of the big bang into the
atoms of which you are made. Study
the last inch of the time line to see
the rise of human ancestors and the
origin of civilization. Only in the last
flicker of a moment on the time line
have astronomers begun to
understand the story.
© Cengage Learning 2014; images: Anglo-Austrialian Observatory/David Malin images
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
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OO BB AA FF GG KK MM
106 100R 1000R
10R Alnilam Rigel A Betelgeuse
Adara Deneb Antares
Spica A Polaris
104 –5
1R Spica B Supergiants
Canopus
Arcturus
Rigel B Capella A
Mai Mira
102 nseq VegaCapella B Aldebaran A 0
0.1R uence Sirius A Gia nts
Pollux
Altair
L Procyon A M
L/ v
Sun
1 5
0.01R α Centauri B
Aldebaran B
10–2 Sirius B 40 Eridani B 10
Wolf 1346
0.001R
White Barnard’s Star
dwarfs Procyon VBan Maanen’s Star Rdwedarfs
10–4
Wolf 486
Note: Star sizes are not to scale.
3300,,000000 2200,,000000 11T00e,,00m0000perature (K) 55000000 33000000 22000000 Cengage Learning 2014
©
The H–R diagram is the key to understanding stars, their birth, their long lives, and their
eventual deaths. Luminosity (L/L ) refers to the total amount of energy that a star emits
(cid:2)
in terms of the sun’s luminosity, and the temperature refers to the temperature of its
surface. Together, the temperature and luminosity of a star locate it on the H–R diagram
and tell astronomers its radius, its family relationships with other stars, and a great
deal about its history and fate.
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
The terrestrial or Earthlike planets lie very close The outer worlds of our solar system orbit This book is designed to use arrows to alert
to the sun, and their orbits are hardly visible in a far from the sun. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and you to important concepts in diagrams and
diagram that includes the outer planets. Neptune are Jovian or Jupiter-like planets graphs. Some arrows point things out, but
much bigger than Earth. They contain large others represent motion, force, or even the
Mercury, Venus, Earth and its moon, and Mars are amounts of low-density gases. flow of light. Look at arrows in the book
small worlds made of rock and metal with little carefully and use this Flash Reference card
or no atmospheric gases. Pluto is one of a number of small, icy worlds or- to catch all of the arrow clues.
biting beyond Neptune. Astronomers have con-
cluded that Pluto is not really a planet and now
refer to it as a dwarf planet.
Point at things: Force:
Planet Earth, the basis for the comparative planetology of
the Terrestrial planets, is a water world. It is widely covered
Mtheer dcuiarmy eist esrl igofh Etlya rmtho, rhea tsh anno a third batym lioqsupidh ewrea treicr,h h ians w paotlearr vcaapposr oafn sdo lwida twear-tderro, panledt chlaosu dasn. You are here
atmosphere, and is heavily cratered.
s •
d
l
r
o Earth’s moon is only
W odniaem-feotuerrt.h I tE ias rathir’sless
and heavily cratered.
Process flow: Measurement:
al Volcanoes
i
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t
s
e
r
r
e
T
Venus, 95 percent the
diameter of Earth, has a
e thick cloudy atmosphere
h that hides its surface from
view. Seen through an
T Earth-based telescope, it is
a featureless white ball.

Rpeandeiotr-awtaev tehlee ncglothu drasd, aiantido nra cdaanr Mhhaaatamlsfr osEa,s aptshrlhtiihgne’hsret ld yai anomdve earter, Panodla cr acrabpo no fd firooxziedne water Direction: infrRaareddio, pwhaovteosn,s :
maps of the surface of Venus rocky, cratered crust
reveal impact craters, volcanoes, marked by volcanoes
and solidified lava flows. and old lava flows.

s
t Venus Sun
i
b
r Motion:
O

ary 1 AU Area of Figure 1-6 Mars Rotation 2-D Rotation 3-D Linear
Mercury
t Jupiter
e
Saturn
n Enlarged to show
a relative size Uranus
l
P Earth Neptune
Earth
Sun
Jupiter, more than 11 times Earth’s diameter,
is the largest planet in our solar system.
Light flow:
The cloud belts and zones on
s Saturn are less distinct than Updated arrow style
d those on Jupiter. Uranus and Neptune
are both both about four
rl times Earth's diameter.
o
W

r
e
t
u Shadow of one Focal length
O of Jupiter’s
many moons
e
h
Earth is the largest of
T the Terrestrial worlds, Uranus and Neptune are green-
but it is small compared and blue-colored because of
with the Jovian planets. small amounts of methane in
their hydrogen-rich atmospheres.
•Horizonsreaders: see page 341 for the terrestrial planets. See pages 3 and 4 for the two orbital diagrams. See page 404 for
the outer worlds. Universereaders: See page 167 for the terrestrial planets. See pages 3 and 4 for the two orbital diagrams.
See page 210 for the outer worlds. Line art on this page © Cengage Learning 2014
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deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
8
E I G H T H E D I T I O N
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deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
About the Authors
Mike Seeds has been a Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Franklin and
Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, since 1970. In 1989 he received
F&M College’s Lindback Award for Distinguished Teaching. Mike’s love for the
history of astronomy led him to create upper-level courses on archaeoastronomy
and changing concepts of the universe. His research interests focus on variable
stars and the automation of astronomical telescopes. Mike is coauthor with
Dana Backman of Foundations of Astronomy, Twelfth Edition (2013); Stars
and Galaxies, Eighth Edition (2013); The Solar System, Eighth Edition (2013);
and ASTRO (2010), all published by Cengage Learning. He was Senior Consultant
for creation of the 20-episode telecourse accompanying the book
Horizons: Exploring the Universe.
Dana Backman taught in the physics and astronomy department at Franklin and
Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, from 1991 until 2003. He invented
and taught a course titled “Life in the Universe” in F&M’s interdisciplinary
Foundations program. Dana now teaches introductory astronomy at Santa Clara
University, a course on global climate change, and a course on cosmology in
Stanford University’s Continuing Studies Program. Dana is employed by the SETI
Institute in Mountain View, California, as the manager of Outreach (education,
public outreach, and media relations) for NASA’s Stratospheric Observatory for
Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) at NASA’s Ames Research Center. Dana is coauthor
with Mike Seeds of Foundations of Astronomy, Twelfth Edition (2013); Stars and
Galaxies, Eighth Edition (2013); The Solar System, Eighth Edition (2013); and
ASTRO (2010), all published by Cengage Learning.
Copyright 2012 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has
deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it.
8
E I G H T H E D I T I O N
Michael Seeds
Joseph R. Grundy Observatory
Franklin and Marshall College
Dana Backman
SOFIA (Stratospheric Observatory
for Infrared Astronomy)
SETI Institute & NASA Ames
Research Center
Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States
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