Table Of Content

(cid:129) The Dark Age when the big bang had Imagine the history of the universe cooled and before as a time line down the middle of an stars began to shine American football field. The story begins on one goal line as the big Formation of the bang fills the universe with energy first galaxies and a fantastically hot gas of well under way hydrogen and helium. Follow the The Age of Quasars: Galaxies, history from the first inch of the including our home galaxy, actively time line as the expansion of forming, colliding, and merging the universe cools the gas and it begins to form galaxies and stars. The expansion of the universe stops slowing and begins accelerating. e n al li o G e n h li c n e-i n O Recombination: A few hundred thousand years after the big bang, the gas becomes transparent to light. Anglo-Australian Observatory/David Malin Images The First In c h A typical galaxy contains 100 billion stars. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 2255667711__0000aa__IIFFCC..iinndddd 22 1111//1199//1100 44::0066 PPMM The sun is just a star. T h e Last In c h Nuclear reactions First hominids make energy. e n Ea(cid:129)rth Mo(cid:129)on h li c n e-i n O e n al li o G Ten thousand years ago, on the 0.0026 inch line, humans begin building cities and modern civilization begins. Formation of the sun and planets from a cloud of interstellar gas and dust Life begins in Earth’s oceans. Cambrian explosion 540 million years ago: Life in Earth’s oceans becomes complex. Life first emerges onto the land. Over billions of years, generation Age of Dinosaurs after generation of stars have lived and died, cooking the hydrogen and helium of the big bang into the atoms of which you are made. Study the last inch of the time line to see the rise of human ancestors and the origin of civilization. Only in the last flicker of a moment on the time line have humans begun to understand the story. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 2255667711__0000bb__IInnsseerrtt--11..iinndddd 11 1111//1199//1100 44::0077 PPMM OO BB AA FF GG KK MM 106 100R 1000R 10R Alnilam Rigel A Betelgeuse Adara Deneb Antares Spica A Polaris 104 –5 1R Spica B Supergiants Canopus Arcturus Rigel B Capella A Mai Mira 102 nseq VegaCapella B Aldebaran A 0 0.1R uence Sirius A Gia nts Pollux Altair L Procyon A M L/ v Sun 1 5 0.01R α Centauri B Aldebaran B 10–2 Sirius B 40 Eridani B 10 Wolf 1346 0.001R White Barnard’s Star dwarfs Procyon VBan Maanen’s Star Rdwedarfs 10–4 Wolf 486 Note: Star sizes are not to scale. 3300,,000000 2200,,000000 1100,,000000 55000000 33000000 22000000 Temperature (K) The H–R diagram is the key to understanding stars, their birth, their long lives, and their eventual deaths. Luminosity (L/L ) refers to the total amount of energy that a star emits ( in terms of the sun’s luminosity, and the temperature refers to the temperature of its surface. Together, the temperature and luminosity of a star locate it on the H–R diagram and tell astronomers its radius, its family relationships with other stars, and a great deal about its history and fate. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 2255667711__0000cc__IInnsseerrtt--22..iinndddd 11 1111//1199//1100 44::0077 PPMM The terrestrial or Earthlike planets lie very close The outer worlds of our solar system orbit This book is designed to use arrows to alert to the sun, and their orbits are hardly visible in a far from the sun. Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, and you to important concepts in diagrams and diagram that includes the outer planets. Neptune are Jovian or Jupiter-like planets graphs. Some arrows point things out, but much bigger than Earth. They contain large others represent motion, force, or even the Mercury, Venus, Earth and its moon, and Mars are amounts of low-density gases. flow of light. Look at arrows in the book small worlds made of rock and metal with little carefully and use this Flash Reference card or no atmospheric gases. Pluto is one of a number of small, icy worlds to catch all of the arrow clues. orbiting beyond Neptune. Astronomers have concluded that Pluto is not really a planet and now refer to it as a dwarf planet. Point at things: Force: Planet Earth, the basis for the comparative planetology of the terrestrial planets, is a water world. It is widely covered You are here Mdiearmceutreyr i so fa E bairtt ho,v ehra sa nthoird the batym lioqsupidh ewrea treicr,h h ians w paotlearr vcaapposr oafn sdo lwida twear-tderro, panledt chlaosu dasn. atmosphere, and is heavily cratered. (cid:129) s d l r Earth’s moon is only o one-fourth Earth’s W daniadm heetearv. ilIyt icsr aaitreleresds. Process flow: Measurement: l Volcanoes a i r t s e r r e T Vdeianmues,t e9r5 o pf eEracrethn,t hthaes a thick cloudy atmosphere e that hides its surface from h view. Seen through an Earth-based telescope, it is T a featureless white ball. Mars, a bit over Direction: Radio waves, Radio-wavelength radiation can hhaalsf Ea athrtihn’s diameter, Polar cap of solid infrared, photons: pmreeavnepeastl r oaimft etph taehc est uccrlrfoaautceders so,, fav Vnoedlcn rauansdoaers, armotamcrkokyes, pdch rbaeytree vr eoadlnc dac nrauosets carbon dioxide and solidified lava flows. and old lava flows. s t Venus Sun i b r Motion: O ary 1 AU Area of Figure 1-6 Mars Rotation 2-D Rotation 3-D Linear Mercury t Jupiter e Saturn n Enlarged to show a relative size Uranus l P Earth Neptune Earth Sun Jupiter, more than 11 times Earth’s diameter, is the largest planet in our solar system. The cloud belts and zones on Light flow: Saturn are less distinct than s those on Jupiter. Uranus and Neptune Updated arrow style d are both both about four l times Earth's diameter. r o W r e t u Shadow of one Focal length O of Jupiter’s many moons e h Earth is the largest of T the Terrestrial worlds, Uranus and Neptune are green- but it is small compared and blue-colored because of with the Jovian planets. small amounts of methane in their hydrogen-rich atmospheres. • See pages 3 and 4 for the two orbital diagrams. Horizons readers: See page 361 for the Terrestrial planets and page 404 for the Jovian planets. Universe readers: See page 167 for the Terrestrial planets and page 210 for the Jovian planets. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 2255667711__0000cc__IInnsseerrtt--22..iinndddd 22 1111//1199//1100 44::0088 PPMM This page intentionally left blank 7 S E V E N T H E D I T I O N Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 2255667711__0000dd__FFMM__ii--xxiivv..iinndddd ii 1111//2233//1100 11::2277 PPMM About the Authors Mike Seeds has been a Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Franklin and Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, since 1970. In 1989 he received F&M College’s Lindback Award for Distinguished Teaching. Mike’s love for the history of astronomy led him to create upper-level courses on archaeoastronomy and changing concepts of the universe. His research interests focus on variable stars and the automation of astronomical telescopes. Mike is coauthor with Dana Backman of Foundations of Astronomy, Eleventh Edition (2010); Stars and Galaxies, Seventh Edition (2010); The Solar System, Seventh Edition (2010); and ASTRO (2010), all published by Cengage Learning. He was Senior Consultant for creation of the 20-episode telecourse accompanying the book Horizons: Exploring the Universe. Dana Backman taught in the physics and astronomy department at Franklin and Marshall College in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, from 1991 until 2003. He invented and taught a course titled “Life in the Universe” in F&M’s interdisciplinary Foundations program. Dana now teaches introductory astronomy, astrobiology, and cosmology courses in Stanford University’s Continuing Studies Program. His research interests focus on infrared observations of planet formation, models of debris disks around nearby stars, and the evolution of the solar system’s Kuiper belt. Dana is employed by the SETI Institute in Mountain View, California, as the manager of Outreach (education, public outreach, and media relations) for NASA’s Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy (SOFIA) at NASA’s Ames Research Center. Dana is coauthor with Mike Seeds of Foundations of Astronomy, Eleventh Edition (2010); Stars and Galaxies, Seventh Edition (2010); The Solar System, Seventh Edition (2010); and ASTRO (2010), all published by Cengage Learning. Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 2255667711__0000dd__FFMM__ii--xxiivv..iinndddd iiii 1111//2233//1100 11::2277 PPMM 7 S E V E N T H E D I T I O N Michael Seeds Joseph R. Grundy Observatory Franklin and Marshall College Dana Backman SOFIA (Stratospheric Observatory for Infrared Astronomy) SETI Institute & NASA Ames Research Center Australia • Brazil • Japan • Korea • Mexico • Singapore • Spain • United Kingdom • United States Copyright 2010 Cengage Learning. All Rights Reserved. May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part. Due to electronic rights, some third party content may be suppressed from the eBook and/or eChapter(s). Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 2255667711__0000dd__FFMM__ii--xxiivv..iinndddd iiiiii 1111//2233//1100 11::2277 PPMM Universe: Solar Systems, Stars, and Galaxies, © 2012, 2010, 2008 Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning Seventh Edition ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. No part of this work covered by the copyright herein Michael Seeds and Dana Backman may be reproduced, transmitted, stored, or used in any form or by any means, Publisher, Physical Sciences: Mary Finch graphic, electronic, or mechanical, including but not limited to photocopying, recording, scanning, digitizing, taping, Web distribution, information networks, Publisher, Physics and Astronomy: or information storage and retrieval systems, except as permitted under Charlie Hartford Section 107 or 108 of the 1976 United States Copyright Act, without the prior Development Editor: Margaret Pinette written permission of the publisher. 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Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. Cengage Learning reserves the right to remove additional content at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. 2255667711__0000dd__FFMM__ii--xxiivv..iinndddd iivv 1111//2233//1100 11::2277 PPMM