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[HJV.S.C. No. 108-9] Y 4.AR 5/2 A:2003-2004/9 | , United States Global Defense Po UNITED STATES GLOBAL DEFENSE POSTURE HEARINGS BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED EIGHTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION HEARINGS HELD FEBRUARY JUNE NOVEMBER 26, 18, 5, 19, 2003 DEPOSITORY BOSTON PUBLICLIBRARY GOVERNMENTDOCUMENTSDEPT [H.A.S.C. No. 108-9] UNITED STATES GLOBAL DEFENSE POSTURE HEARINGS BEFORE THE COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES ONE HUNDRED EIGHTH CONGRESS FIRST SESSION HEARINGS HELD FEBRUARY 26, JUNE 18, NOVEMBER 5, 19, 2003 U.S. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHINGTON 2005 : ForsalebytheSuperintendentofDocuments,U.S.GovernmentPrintingOffice Internet:bookstore.gpo.gov Phone:tollfree(8661512-1800;DCarea(202)512-1800 Fax:(202)512-2250 Mail:StopSSOP,Washington,DC20402-0001 HOUSE COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES One Hundred Eighth Congress DUNCAN HUNTER, California, Chairman CURT WELDON, Pennsylvania IKE SKELTON, Missouri JOEL HEFLEY, Colorado JOHN SPRATT, South Carolina JIM SAXTON, New Jersey SOLOMON P. ORTIZ, Texas JOHN M. McHUGH, New York LANE EVANS, Illinois TERRY EVERETT, Alabama GENE TAYLOR, Mississippi ROSCOE G. BARTLETT, Maryland NEIL ABERCROMBIE, Hawaii HOWARD P. "BUCK" McKEON, California MARTY MEEHAN, Massachusetts MAC THORNBERRY, Texas SILVESTRE REYES, Texas JOHN N. HOSTETTLER, Indiana VIC SNYDER, Arkansas WALTER B, JONES, North Carolina JIM TURNER, Texas JIM RYUN, Kansas ADAM SMITH, Washington JIM GIBBONS, Nevada LORETTA SANCHEZ, California ROBIN HAYES, North Carolina MIKE McINTYRE, North Carolina HEATHER WILSON, New Mexico CIRO D. RODRIGUEZ, Texas KEN CALVERT, California ELLEN O. TAUSCHER, California ROB SIMMONS, Connecticut ROBERT A. BRADY, Pennsylvania JO ANN DAVIS, Virginia BARON P. HILL, Indiana ED SCHROCK, Virginia JOHN B. LARSON, Connecticut W. TODD AKIN, Missouri SUSAN A. DAVIS, California J. RANDY FORBES, Virginia JAMES R. LANGEVIN, Rhode Island JEFF MILLER, Florida STEVE ISRAEL. New York JOE WILSON, South Carolina RICK LARSEN, Washington FRANK A. LoBIONDO, New Jersey JIM COOPER, Tennessee TOM COLE, Oklahoma JIM MARSHALL, Georgia JEB BRADLEY, New Hampshire KENDRICK B. MEEK, Florida ROB BISHOP, Utah MADELEINE Z. BORDALLO, Guam MICHAEL TURNER, Ohio RODNEY ALEXANDER. Louisiana JOHN KLINE, Minnesota TIM RYAN, Ohio CANDICE S. MILLER, Michigan PHIL GINGREY, Georgia MIKE ROGERS, Alabama TRENT FRANKS, Arizona Robert S. Rangel, StaffDirector James M. Lariviere, Professional StaffMember Justin Bernier, Research Assistant (II) CONTENTS CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF HEARINGS 2003 Page Hearings: Wednesday, February 26, 2003, U.S. Military Force Structure in U.S. Euro- pean Command 1 Wednesday, June 18, 2003, WorldwideU.S. Military Commitments 75 Wednesday, November 5, 2003, Sustaining Global Commitments: Implications forU.S. Forces 177 Wednesday, November 19, 2003, United States National Security Strategy 345 Appendixes: Wednesday, February 26, 2003 37 Wednesday, June 18, 2003 123 Wednesday, November 5, 2003 239 Wednesday, November 19, 2003 385 WEDNESDAY, FEBRUARY 26, 2003 U.S. MILITARY FORCE STRUCTURE IN U.S. EUROPEAN COMMAND STATEMENTS PRESENTED BY MEMBERS OF CONGRESS Hunter, Hon. Duncan, a Representative from California, Chairman, Commit- tee on Armed Services 1 Skelton, Hon. Ike, a Representative from Missouri, Ranking Member, Com- mittee on Armed Services 2 WITNESSES Donnelly, Thomas, Resident Fellow, American Enterprise Institute 9 Kagan, Frederick W., Ph.D., Associate Professor of Military History, United States MilitaryAcademy 6 Meigs, Gen. Montgomery C, USA, (Ret.), Former Commanding General, U.S. Army Europe and 7thArmy 4 APPENDIX Prepared Statements: Donnelly, Thomas 63 Forbes, Hon. J. Randy 49 Hunter, Hon. Duncan 41 Kagan, Frederick W., Ph.D 51 Meigs, Gen. Montgomery C 57 Miller, Hon. Jeff 50 Skelton, Hon. Ike 45 (III) IV Page Documents Submitted forthe Record: [There were no Documents submitted.] Questions and Answers Submitted forthe Record: Mr. Miller 73 WEDNESDAY, JUNE 18, 2003 WORLDWIDE U.S. MILITARY COMMITMENTS STATEMENTS PRESENTED BY MEMBERS OF CONGRESS Hunter, Hon. Duncan, a Representative from California, Chairman, Commit- tee onArmed Services 75 Skelton, Hon. Ike, a Representative from Missouri, Ranking Member, Com- mittee onArmed Services 76 WITNESSES Pace, Gen. Peter, USMC, Vice Chairman, Joint Chiefs ofStaff 86 Wolfowitz, Hon. Paul D., Deputy Secretary ofDefense 78 APPENDIX Prepared Statements: Hunter, Hon. Duncan 127 Pace, Gen. Peter 154 Skelton, Hon. Ike 133 Wolfowitz, Hon. Paul D 137 Documents Submitted forthe Record: Memo to the President of the United States from Hon. Ike Skelton dated September4, 2002 161 Memo to the President of the United States from Hon. Ike Skelton dated March 18, 2003 164 Questions andAnswers Submitted for the Record: Ms. Sanchez 175 Mr. Spratt 169 WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 5, 2003 SUSTAINING GLOBAL COMMITMENTS: IMPLICATIONS FOR U.S. FORCES STATEMENTS PRESENTED BY MEMBERS OF CONGRESS Hefley, Hon. Joel, a Representative from Colorado 177 Spratt, Hon. John, a Representative from South Carolina 178 WITNESSES Chu, Hon. David S.C., Under Secretary for Personnel and Readiness, U.S. Department ofDefense 180 Holtz-Eakin, Douglas, Director, Congressional Budget Office, Accompanied by Mike Gilmore, Assistant Director for National Security, Congressional Budget Office; and Lt. Gen. Theodore G. Stroup, Jr., U.S. Army Retired, Vice Presidentfor Education, Association ofthe United StatesArmy 220 Pace, Gen. Peter, USMC, Vice Chairman, JointChiefs ofStaff 183 APPENDIX Prepared Statements: Chu, Hon. David S.C 252 Holtz-Eakin, Douglas 274 Hunter, Hon. Duncan 243 Skelton, Hon. Ike 248 Stroup, Lt. Gen. Theodore 331 V Page Documents Submitted for the Record: [Therewere no Documents submitted.] QuestionsandAnswers Submitted forthe Record: Mr. Barlett 339 Mr. Calvert 339 Mr. Cooper 343 Mr. Langevin 343 WEDNESDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 2003 UNITED STATES NATIONAL SECURITY STRATEGY STATEMENTS PRESENTED BY MEMBERS OF CONGRESS Hunter, Hon. Duncan, a Representative from California, Chairman, Commit- tee on Armed Services 345 Skelton, Hon. Ike, a Representative from Missouri, Ranking Member, Com- mittee onArmed Services 346 WITNESSES Berger, SandyR., Chairman, Stonebridge International 346 Kirkpatrick, Dr. Jeane J., Senior Fellow and Director ofForeign and Defense Policy Studies, American Enterprise Institute 349 APPENDIX Prepared Statements: Berger, Sandy R 398 Hunter, Hon. Duncan 389 Kirkpatrick, Dr. Jeane J 394 Larson, Hon. John B 409 Skelton, Hon. Ike 392 Documents Submitted forthe Record: [There were no Documents submitted.] Questions and Answers Submitted for the Record: Mr. Thomberry 421 U.S. MILITARY FORCE STRUCTURE IN U.S. EUROPEAN COMMAND House of Representatives, Committee on Armed Services, Washington, DC, Wednesday, February 26, 2003. The committee met, pursuant to call, at 2:03 p.m., in room 2118, Rayburn House Office Building, Hon. Duncan Hunter (chairman of the committee) presiding. OPENING STATEMENT OF HON. DUNCAN HUNTER, A REP- RESENTATIVE FROM CALIFORNIA, CHAIRMAN, COMMITTEE ONARMED SERVICES The Chairman. The hearing will come to order. Today the committee meets to receive testimony on options for U.S. military force structure in Europe. It is a pleasure to welcome our witnesses today. General Montgomery Meigs. Is that the correct pronuncia- tion, General? General Meigs. No, sir, it is Meigs. The Chairman. Meigs. U.S. Army (Retired), former Commander General U.S. Army Europe and 7th Army. Dr. Frederick Kagan, Associate Professor of History at West Point, and Mr. Thomas Donnelly, Resident Fellow at the American Enterprise Institute. So, gentlemen, thank you for being with us and we look forward to your testimony. Today we begin the debate on the future of our military force structure in Europe. The idea of altering our force mix and basing arrangements in Europe to meet new strategic realities is not new. The 2002 Quadrennial Defense Review (QDR) outlined the general concept of developing a basing system that provides the United States with greater flexibility. It specifically stated that we should look beyond Western Europe and Northeast Asia and look to find bases that allow us to access areas where future conflicts are likely to occur. The QDR went on to discuss the idea of using overseas bases as hubs for power projection, and tasked the Army with sending an Interim Brigade Combat Team to Europe by fiscal year 2007 to provide a more responsive force in the event ofa crisis. More recently, the new Commander General of the U.S. Euro- pean Command, General James Jones, raised the issue reexamin- ing our military posture in Europe. At a briefing given to a visiting U.S. delegation to Europe, General Jones outlined his thoughts re- garding a change in the nature of our presence in Europe from a garrison force to a more expeditionary force. Under this concept U.S. troops would rotate overseas as a unit on a periodic basis rather than be permanently stationed in Europe. Our bases in Eu- (1) rope would become, in General Jones' words, lily pads, bases from which our forces would deploy to crisis areas around the world. Needless to say, this or any other similar concept would rep- resent a fundamental shift in the way we look at our security arrangements in Europe. Either way, for a variety of reasons I be- lieve the time has come to consider these issues. First, the threats to American interests today are radically different than they were when our forces were first stationed in Europe after World War II. At that time, our forces in Germany were there to prevent the So- viet Union from invading Western Europe through the Fulda Gap. Today, with Western Europe secure and at peace, our forces in Ger- many are no longer there to defend Germany but instead to forward deploy to the Balkans and the Middle East even in response to requirements in those areas ofoperation. Second, the nature of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) alliance has changed. Today the alliance has expanded, al- lowing former Warsaw Pact nations to join NATO and be part of the new security framework in Europe. With this expanded NATO, the United States may have the opportunity to base its forces in new locations, locations that are closer to potential crisis areas, and that could provide lower training and deployment costs. In the same way that basing our forces in Germany after World War II helped bring peace and security to Western Europe, so moving our forces east and south may allow Eastern Europe to share in the prosperity ofthe West. Finally, our military is in an era of change. Both at the Depart- ment of Defense and here on Capitol Hill we are looking at new ways to provide for the national defense. As we prepare for a pos- sible base closure round in 2005, in which every base in America will be scrutinized, it is only right that our overseas bases, includ- ing those in Germany, receive an examination based on mission and cost and thus get the same scrutiny as military bases within the U.S. I look forward to today's beginning of this debate and to hearing from our witnesses today. And before we go to our panel, let me recognize the gentleman from Missouri, the committee's ranking Democrat, my friend Ike Skelton, for any remarks he might wish to make. [The prepared statement of Mr. Hunter can be found in the Ap- pendix on page 41.1 STATEMENT OF HON. IKE SKELTON, A REPRESENTATIVE FROM MISSOURI, RANKING MEMBER, COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES Mr. Skelton. Thank you very much. Thank you. Dr. Kagan, Mr. Donnelly, this is old stuff to you. A special thanks for our friend General Meigs for coming back and being with us today. I hardly recognize him, Mr. Chairman, out of uniform. But it is the original General Meigs. Thank you so much for sharing with us. Now it has been more than a decade since the end of the Cold War and almost 18 months since the attacks on September the 11th. I think this is an appropriate time to think strategically about the missions of our country and what we must undertake