United Nations Peacekeeping in Africa Since 1960 PDF
Preview United Nations Peacekeeping in Africa Since 1960
UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING IN AFRICA SINCE 1960 The Postwar World General Editors: A.J. Nicholis and Martin S. Alexander As distance puts events into perspective, and as evidence accumulates, it begins to be possible to form an objective historical view of our recent past. The Postwar World is an ambitious series providing a scholarly but readable account of the way our world has been shaped in the crowded years since the Second World War. Some volumes will deal with regions, or even single nations, others with important themes; all will be written by expert historians drawing on the latest scholarship as well as their own research and judgements. The series should be particularly welcome to students, but it is designed also for the general reader with an interest in contemporary history. Decolonization in Africa, Second Edition J.D. Hargreaves The Community of Europe: A History of European Integration since 1945, Second Edition Derek W. Urwin Northern Ireland since 1945, Second Edition Sabine Wickerl A History of Social Democracy in Postwar Europe Stephen Padgett and William E. Paterson ‘The Special Relationship’: A Political History of Anglo-American Relations since 1945 CJ. Bartlett Rebuilding Europe: Western Europe, America and Postwar Reconstruction D.W. EUwood Central Europe since 1945 Paul G. Lewis International Relations since 1945. A History in Two Volumes John Dunbabin The Cold War: The Great Powers and their Allies The Post-Imperial Age: The Great Powers and the Wider World Modem Indonesia: A History since 1945 Robert Cribb and Colin Brown Peace Movements: International Protest and World Politics since 1945 April Carter The Bonn Republic: West German Democracy, 1945-1990 AJ Nicholis Greece since 1945 David Close The Balkans since the Second World War RJ. Crampton U N I T E D N A T IO N S PEACEKEEPING IN AFRICA SINCE 1960 NORRIE MACQUEEN First published 2002 by Pearson Education Limited Published 2014 by Routledge 2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon 0X14 4RN 711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA , Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group an informa business Copyright © 2002, Taylor & Francis. The right of Nome MacQueen to be identified as Author of this Work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or re trieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, profession al practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowl edge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a pro fessional responsibility. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. ISBN 13: 978-0-582-38253-4 (pbk) British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book can be obtained from the British Library Library of Congress Catabging in Publication Data A CIP catalogue record for this book can be obtained from the Library of Congress Typeset in Baskerville MT 11/13pt by Graphicraft Limited, Hong Kong Produced by Pearson Education Asia Pte Ltd. EDITORIAL FOREWORD The aim of this series is to describe and analyse the history of the world since 1945. History, like time, does not stand still. What seemed to many of us only recently to be ‘current affairs5 or the stuff of political speculation, has now become material for historians. The editors feel that it is time for a series of books which will offer the public judicious and scholarly, but at the same time readable, accounts of the way in which our present-day world has been shaped since the Second World War. The period which began in 1945 has witnessed political events and socio-economic developments of enormous significance for the human race, as important as anything which happened before Hitler’s death or the bombing of Hiroshima. Ideologies have waxed and waned, the developed economies have boomed and bust, empires of various types have collapsed, new nations have emerged and sometimes themselves fallen into decline. While we can be thankful that no major armed conflict occurred between the so-called superpowers, there have been many other wars, and terrorism emerged as an international plague. Although the position of ethnic minorities improved in some coun tries, it worsened dramatically in others. As communist tyrannies relaxed their grip on many areas of the world, so half-forgotten national conflicts re-emerged. Nearly everywhere the status of women became an issue which politicians were unable to avoid. The same was true of the natural environ ment, apparent threats to which have been a recurrent source of inter national concern. These are only some of the developments we hope will be illuminated by this series as it unfolds. The books in the series will not follow any set pattern; they will vary in length according to the needs of the subject. Some will deal with regions, or even single nations, and others with themes. Not all of them will begin in 1945, and the terminal date may vary; as with the length, the time-span chosen will be appropriate to the question under discussion. All the books, however, will be written by expert historians drawing on the latest research, as well as their own expertise and judgement. The series should be particu larly welcome to students, but it is designed also for the general reader with an interest in contemporary history. We hope that the books will stimulate UNITED NATIONS PEACEKEEPING IN AFRICA SINCE 1960 scholarly discussion and encourage specialists to look beyond their own particular interests to engage in wider controversies. History, and especially the history of the recent past, is neither ‘bunk’ nor an intellectual form of stamp-collecting, but an indispensable part of an educated person’s approach to life. If it is not written by historians it will be written by others of a less discriminating and more polemical disposition. The editors are confident that this series will help to ensure the victory of the historical approach, with consequential benefits for its readers. A.J. Nicholls Martin S. Alexander vi CONTENTS Maps........................................................................................................................................viii Abbreviations and Acronyms....................................................................................................ix Acknowledgements.....................................................................................................................xii 1. The Setting: The History, Politics and Law of United Nations Engagement with Africa...........................................................1 The elusive concept of ‘peacekeeping’..............................................................................3 The external state: Africa and the international system................................................13 The internal state: post-colonial trajectories in Africa...................................................17 System and state in collision: order in African international relations.........................23 A typology of UN peacekeeping in Africa.....................................................................28 2. Patrolling the Ethnic Frontier: Central Africa................................................33 Beginnings: the Congo, 1960—64....................................................................................34 Spectators to genocide: Rwanda, 1993-96 ....................................................................60 Back to the Congo, 1999-...............................................................................................86 Taking over: the Central African Republic, 1998-2000 ..............................................96 3. Managing Delayed Decolonization: Southern Africa................................105 Linked withdrawal: Namibia and Angola, 1988-91 ....................................................106 Failure in Angola, 1991-99 ...........................................................................................122 Success in Mozambique, 1992-94.................................................................................146 4. Controlling the Warlords: West Africa.............................................................168 Supervision and legitimization: Liberia, 1993-97........................................................169 The slippery slope: Sierra Leone, 1998-......................................................................180 5. Reconstructing and Defining the Post-Cold War State: The Horn of Africa.........................................................................196 Making bad worse? Somalia, 1992—95.........................................................................197 Textbook peacekeeping? Ethiopia and Eritrea, 2000-................................................221 6. Making Borders: Trans-Saharan Africa..........................................................232 Supervising intransigence: Western Sahara, 1991-.....................................................233 A perfect miniature: Chad, 1994..................................................................................250 7. Conclusions: Tiring into a Continent5 — or Making a Difference?.............................................................................................257 Appendix I: Chronology.........................................................................................................265 Appendix II: UN Peacekeeping Operations in Africa......................................................276 Bibliography and Further Reading......................................................................................280 Index.....................................................................................................................................296 MAPS 1 Africa xiv 2 Congo - Democratic Republic of Congo 35 3 Rwanda 60 4 The Central African Republic 97 5 Namibia and Southern Angola 106 6 Angola 122 7 Mozambique 147 8 Liberia 169 9 Sierra Leone 180 10 Somalia 198 11 Ethiopia - Eritrea 222 12 Western Sahara 233 13 Chad 251 ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS AFDL Alliance of Democratic Forces for the Liberation of the Congo {Alliance des Forces Democratiques pour la Liberation du Congo) AFL Armed Forces of Liberia AFRC Armed Forces Revolutionary Council [Sierra Leone] ANC African National Congress [South Africa] (or) Congolese National Army (Armee Nationale Congolaise) APC All-People’s Congress [Sierra Leone] BBTG Broad-Based Transitional Government [Rwanda] CAR Central African Republic CIA Central Intelligence Agency [United States] CIO Central Intelligence Organization [Rhodesia] CNN Cable News Network CSC Supervision and Control Commission [Comissao de Supervisao e Controle) [Mozambique] DPKO Department of Peacekeeping Operations DRC Democratic Republic of Congo DTA Democratic Turnhalle Alliance [Namibia] ECOMOG Economic Community of West African States Military Observation Group ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ELF Eritrean Liberation Front EO Executive Outcomes [commercial military organization] EPLF Eritrean People’s Liberation Front EPRDF Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front FAA Angolan Armed Forces [Forgas Armadas Angolanas) FAC Forces Armees Congolaise [DRC] FAC A Central African Armed Forces [Forces Armees Centrafricaines) [CAR] FADM Defence Forces of Mozambique [Forgas Armadas de Defesa de Mogambique) FNLA National Front for the Liberation of Angola [Frente Nacional de Libertagao de Angola)
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