Unifying Themes in Complex Systems IX PDF
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Springer Proceedings in Complexity Alfredo J. Morales · Carlos Gershenson Dan Braha · Ali A. Minai · Yaneer Bar-Yam Editors Unifying Themes in Complex Systems IX Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Complex Systems Springer Proceedings in Complexity Springer Complexity Springer Complexity is an interdisciplinary program publishing the best research and academic-level teaching on both fundamental and applied aspects of complex systems—cutting across all traditional disciplines of the natural and life sciences, engineering, economics, medicine, neuroscience, social, and computer science. Complex Systems are systems that comprise many interacting parts with the ability to generate a new quality of macroscopic collective behavior the manifestations of which are the spontaneous formation of distinctive temporal, spatial, or functional structures. Models of such systems can be successfully mapped onto quite diverse “real-life” situations like the climate, the coherent emission of light from lasers, chemical reaction–diffusion systems, biological cellular networks, the dynamics of stock markets and of the Internet, earthquake statistics and prediction, freeway traffic, the human brain, or the formation of opinions in social systems, to name just some of the popular applications. Although their scope and methodologies overlap somewhat, one can distinguish the following main concepts and tools: self-organization, nonlinear dynamics, synergetics, turbulence, dynamical systems, catastrophes, instabilities, stochastic processes,chaos,graphsandnetworks,cellularautomata,adaptivesystems,genetic algorithms, and computational intelligence. ThethreemajorbookpublicationplatformsoftheSpringerComplexityprogram are the monograph series “Understanding Complex Systems” focusing on the various applications of complexity, the “Springer Series in Synergetics”, which is devoted to the quantitative theoretical and methodological foundations, and the “SpringerBriefs in Complexity” which are concise and topical working reports, case-studies,surveys,essays,andlecturenotesofrelevancetothefield.Inaddition tothebooksinthesetwocoreseries,theprogramalsoincorporatesindividualtitles ranging from textbooks to major reference works. More information about this series at http://www.springer.com/series/11637 Alfredo J. Morales Carlos Gershenson (cid:129) Dan Braha Ali A. Minai (cid:129) Yaneer Bar-Yam Editors Unifying Themes in Complex Systems IX Proceedings of the Ninth International Conference on Complex Systems 123 Editors Alfredo J.Morales Ali A.Minai NewEngland ComplexSystems Institute Department ofElectrical Engineering Cambridge, MA, USA andComputer Science University of Cincinnati Carlos Gershenson Cincinnati, OH,USA Instituto deInvestigaciones enMatemáticas Aplicadasy enSistemas Yaneer Bar-Yam UniversidadNacionalAutónomadeMéxico NewEngland ComplexSystems Institute Mexico, DistritoFederal, Mexico Cambridge, MA, USA Dan Braha NewEngland ComplexSystems Institute andUniversity of Massachusetts Cambridge, MA, USA ISSN 2213-8684 ISSN 2213-8692 (electronic) SpringerProceedings in Complexity ISBN978-3-319-96660-1 ISBN978-3-319-96661-8 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-96661-8 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2018950772 ©SpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG2018 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsarereservedbythePublisher,whetherthewholeorpart of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission orinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computersoftware,orbysimilarordissimilar methodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publicationdoesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfrom therelevantprotectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. The publisher, the authors, and the editorsare safeto assume that the adviceand informationin this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authorsortheeditorsgiveawarranty,expressorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinor for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictionalclaimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland New England Complex Systems Institute President Yaneer Bar-Yam New England Complex Systems Institute 277 Broadway Cambridge, MA 02143, USA New England Complex Systems Institute (NECSI) is an independent academic researchandeducationalinstitutionwithstudents,postdoctoralfellows,andfaculty. In addition to the in-house research team, NECSI has co-faculty, students, and affiliates from MIT, Harvard, Brandeis, and other universities nationally and internationally. NECSI has been instrumental in the development of complex systems science and its applications. We study how interactions within a system lead to its behavioral patterns, and how the system interacts with its environment. Our new toolsovercomethelimitationsofclassicalapproximationsforthescientificstudyof complexsystems,suchassocialorganizations,biologicalorganisms,andecological communities. NECSI’s unified mathematically based approach transcends the boundaries of physical, biological, and social sciences, as well as engineering, management, and medicine. NECSIresearchadvancesfundamentalscienceanditsapplicationstoreal-world problems, including social policy matters. NECSI researchers study networks, agent-based modeling, multiscale analysis and complexity, data analytics, artificial intelligence, chaos and predictability, evolution, ecology, biodiversity, altruism, systems biology, cellular response, health care, systems engineering, negotiation, military conflict, ethnic violence, and international development. v vi NewEnglandComplexSystemsInstitute NECSI conducts classes, seminars, and conferences to assist students, faculty, and professionals in their understanding of complex systems. NECSI sponsors postdoctoralfellows,providesresearchresourcesonline,andhoststheInternational Conference on Complex Systems. Through its education, NECSI strives to con- tribute to science and the betterment of society. New England Complex Systems Institute Series Editor Dan Braha, Alfredo J. Morales, Carlos Gershenson, and Ali A. Minai New England Complex Systems Institute 277 Broadway Cambridge, MA 20143, USA Theworldaroundusisfullofthewonderfulinterplayofrelationshipsandemergent behaviors.Thebeautifulandmysteriouswaythatatomsformbiologicalandsocial systems inspires us to new efforts in science. As our society becomes more con- cerned with how people are connected to each other than how they work inde- pendently, science has become interested in the nature of relationships and relatedness. Through relationships, elements act together to become systems, and systems achieve function and purpose. The elements act together to become sys- tems, and systems achieve function and purpose. The study of complex systems is remarkable in the closeness of basic ideas and practical implications. Advances in ourunderstandingofcomplexsystemsgivenewopportunitiesforinsightinscience andimprovementofsociety.Thisismanifestinrelevancetoengineering,medicine, management, and education. We devote this book series to the communication of recentadvancesandreviewsofrevolutionaryideasandtheirapplicationtopractical concerns. vii Introduction Themysteriesofhighlycomplexsystemsthathavepuzzledscientistsforyearshave finally been unraveling thanks to new analytical and simulation methods. A better understanding of concepts like complexity, emergence, evolution, adaptation, and self-organization has shown that seemingly unrelated disciplines have more in common than we thought. These fundamental insights require interdisciplinary collaboration thatusuallydoesnotoccur between academicdepartments.Thiswas the vision behind the first International Conference on Complex Systems in 1997: not just to present research, but to introduce new perspectives and foster collabo- rations that would yield research in the future. As more and more scientists began to realize the importance of exploring the unifying principles that govern all complex systems, the 2018 ICCS attracted a diverse group of participants representing a wide variety of disciplines. Topics rangedfromeconomicstoecology,fromphysicstopsychology,andfrombusiness to biology. Through pedagogical, breakout, workshop, and poster sessions, con- ference attendees shared discoveries that were significant both to their particular field of interest and to the general study of complex systems. These volumes contain the proceedings from that conference. Even with the ninth ICCS, the science of complex systems is still in develop- ment. In order for complex systems science to fulfill its potential to provide a unifying framework for various disciplines, it is essential to provide a standard set ofconventionstofacilitatecommunication.Thisisanothervaluablefunctionofthe conference: It allowed an opportunity to develop a common foundation and lan- guage for the study of complex systems. Theseeffortshaveproducedavarietyofnewanalyticandsimulationtechniques that have proven invaluable in the study of physical, biological, and socioeco- nomicalsystems.Newmethodsofstatisticalanalysisledtobetterunderstandingof polymer formation and complex fluid dynamics; further development of these methodshasdeepenedourunderstandingofpatternsandnetworks.Theapplication ofsimulationtechniquessuchasagent-basedmodels,cellularautomata,andMonte Carlo calculations to complex systems has increased our ability to understand and even predict behavior of systems which once seemed completely unpredictable. ix x Introduction The disruption of big data and machine intelligence enabled the observation of patterns of human behavior at unprecedented scales and a deeper understanding of the structure and dynamics of social and economical systems. Theconceptsandtoolsofcomplexsystemsareofinterestnotonlytoscientists, butalsotocorporatemanagers,doctors,politicalscientists,andpolicymakers.The same rules that govern neural networks apply to social or corporate networks, and professionals have started to realize how valuable these concepts are to their individual fields. The International Conferences on Complex Systems have pro- vided the opportunity for professionals to learn the basics of complex systems and share their real-world experience in applying these concepts.
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