Unfinished Revolutions YY66884433..iinnddbb ii 11//55//1166 1122::4455::5599 PPMM This page intentionally left blank Unfinished Revolutions Yemen, Libya, and Tunisia after the Arab Spring I B R A H I M F R A I H A T NEW HAVEN AND LONDON YY66884433..iinnddbb iiiiii 11//55//1166 1122::4455::5599 PPMM Published with assistance from the Louis Stern Memorial Fund. Copyright © 2016 by Ibrahim Fraihat. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections 107 and 108 of the U.S. Copyright Law and except by reviewers for the public press), without written permission from the publishers. Yale University Press books may be purchased in quantity for educational, business, or promotional use. For information, please e-mail [email protected] (U.S. offi ce) or [email protected] (U.K. offi ce). Set in Electra LH type by Newgen North America. Printed in the United States of America. ISBN: 978-0-300-21563-2 (hardback : alk. paper) Library of Congress Control Number: 2015946973 A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. This paper meets the requirements of ANSI/NISO Z39.48–1992 (Permanence of Paper). 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 YY66884433..iinnddbb iivv 11//55//1166 1122::4455::5599 PPMM For those who spoke out against oppression but died before they saw justice prevail YY66884433..iinnddbb vv 11//55//1166 1122::4466::0000 PPMM This page intentionally left blank Contents Acknowledgments ix List of Abbreviations xv Introduction 1 Part I. Issues of Reconciliation one Libya 21 two Yemen 39 three Tunisia 58 four Issues of Reconciliation: A Comparative Perspective 65 vii YY66884433..iinnddbb vviiii 11//55//1166 1122::4466::0000 PPMM Contents Part II. Approaches of Reconciliation five National Dialogue 75 six Truth Seeking and Grappling with the Past 103 seven Reparations 127 eight Dealing with the Former Regime: Accountability and Lustration 141 nine Institutional Reform 171 Part III. Agents of Reconciliation ten Civil Society Organizations 189 eleven Women 201 twelve Tribes 210 Conclusion 221 Appendixes 233 Notes 249 Bibliography 263 Index 279 viii YY66884433..iinnddbb vviiiiii 11//55//1166 1122::4466::0000 PPMM Acknowledgments When I told my wife I was going to Sanaa after the fall of former presi- dent Ali Abdullah Saleh, she became very concerned, even though it was certainly not my fi rst visit to the country. Months later, her concerns only intensifi ed when she learned that I was also going to Libya after Muam- mar Qaddafi ’s removal from power. “Why do you go to confl ict zones in the middle of all this instability? It’s not safe.” I wasn’t choosing to do this now, I replied—it was a choice I made fi fteen years ago when I began my Ph.D. program in confl ict resolution at George Mason University. It was a conscious decision to dedicate the rest of my career to understanding the phenomenon of confl ict and how societies can work to bring these confl icts to an end. Given my academic background, I immediately realized that the real challenge for Arab Spring societies would begin the day they toppled their autocratic rulers. They faced the massive task of rebuilding Arab societies that have been wracked by colonialism and dictatorships for the past cen- tury. Changing leaders can take days but changing institutions and rebuild- ing states can take years, if not decades. There is no better testament to this than the American invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan, which toppled re- gimes in a few days but failed to rebuild states over the next fourteen years. Whether they follow civil wars, dictatorships, or foreign occupation, tran- sitions to a new state of civil peace are often chaotic, cumbersome, lengthy, and even violent. Arab societies are no exception. The idea of this book ix YY66884433..iinnddbb iixx 11//55//1166 1122::4466::0000 PPMM
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