Unexploded Ordnance Detection and Mitigation PDF
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Unexploded Ordnance Detection and Mitigation NATO Science for Peace and Security Series This Series presents the results of scientific meetings supported under the NATO Programme: Science for Peace and Security (SPS). The NATO SPS Programme supports meetings in the following Key Priority areas: (1) Defence Against Terrorism; (2) Countering other Threats to Security and (3)NATO, Partner and Mediterranean Dialogue Country Priorities. The types of meeting supported are generally "Advanced Study Institutes" and "Advanced Research Workshops". The NATO SPS Series collects together the results of these meetings.The meetings are co- organized by scientists from NATO countries and scientists from NATO's "Partner" or "Mediterranean Dialogue" countries.The observations and recommendations made at the meetings, as well as the contents of the volumes in the Series, reflect those of parti- cipants and contributors only;they should not necessarily be regarded as reflecting NATO views or policy. Advanced Study Institutes (ASI) are high-level tutorial courses intended to convey the latest developments in a subject to an advanced-level audience Advanced Research Workshops (ARW) are expert meetings where an intense but informal exchange of views at the frontiers of a subject aims at identifying directions for future action Following a transformation of the programme in 2006 the Series has been re-named and re-organised. Recent volumes on topics not related to security, which result from meetings supported under the programme earlier, may be found in the NATO Science Series. The Series is published by IOS Press, Amsterdam, and Springer, Dordrecht, in conjunction with the NATO Public Diplomacy Division. Sub-Series A. Chemistry and Biology Springer B. Physics and Biophysics Springer C. Environmental Security Springer D. Information and Communication Security IOS Press E. Human and Societal Dynamics IOS Press http://www.nato.int/science http://www.springer.com http://www.iospress.nl Series B:Physics and Biophysics Unexploded Ordnance Detection and Mitigation Edited by Jim Byrnes Prometheus Inc., Newport, RI, USA ABC Published in cooperation with NATO Public Diplomacy Division Preface The chapters in this volume were presented at the July–August 2008 NATO Advanced Study Institute on Unexploded Ordnance Detection and Mitigation. TheconferencewasheldatthebeautifulIlCioccoresortnearLucca,intheglorious TuscanyregionofnorthernItaly.Fortheninthtimewegatheredatthisidyllicspot to explore and extend the reciprocity between mathematics and engineering. The dynamicinteractionbetweenworld-renownedscientistsfromtheusuallydisparate communities of pure mathematicians and applied scientists which occurred at our eightpreviousASI’scontinuedatthismeeting. The detection and neutralization of unexploded ordnance (UXO) has been of major concern for very many decades; at least since the First World war. UXO continues to be the subject of intensive research in many fields of science, includ- ingmathematics,signalprocessing(mainlyradarandsonar)andchemistry.While today’s headlines emphasize the mayhem resulting from the placement of impro- visedexplosivedevices(IEDs),humanitarianlandmineclearingcontinuestodraw significant global attention as well. In many countries of the world, landmines threaten the population and hinder reconstruction and fast, efficient utilization of largeareasoftheminedlandintheaftermathofmilitaryconflicts. Currentestimatestatethatthereareabout110millionunexplodedminesinmore than 60 countries, and that roughly 30,000 people per year, a large percentage of whom are innocent civilians, are killed or maimed globally. Moreover, the injury rate among those searching for and attempting to disarm mines, even outside war zones,isashighasonecasualtyper100mines. Thecombinationofbasicideasinmathematics,radar,sonar,andchemistrywith ongoingimprovementsinhardwareandcomputation,aswellasverynewadvances in multisensor data fusion, offers the promise of more sophisticated and accurate UXOdetectionandidentificationcapabilitiesthancurrentlyexist.Coupledwiththe dramaticriseintheneedforsurveillanceininnumerableaspectsofourdailylives, brought about by hostile acts deemed unimaginable only a few short years ago, the time was ripe for scientists in these usually diverse fields to join together in a concertedefforttocombatboththenewbrandsofterrorismandthelong-standing v vi Preface existence of UXOs throughout the world. We envisage this ASI as one important step. Toencompassthediversenatureofthesubjectandthevariedbackgroundsofthe participants,theASIinvolvedtwobroadlydefinedbutinterrelatedareas: • Mathematical, computer science, chemical and signal processing technologies forautomaticdetectionandidentification • RoboticandothermethodsforsafeneutralizationandremovalofUXOs A deep understanding of these topics and of their interdependency, is clearly crucialtomeetthechallengesresultingfromboththewidespreadexistenceofUXOs and the increasing sophistication of those who wish to do us harm. The authors whoseworksappearinthisvolumeincludemanyoftheworld’sleadingexpertsin theseareas. TheASIbroughttogetherworldleadersfromacademia,Governmentandindus- try, with extensive multidisciplinary backgrounds evidenced by their research and participationinnumerousworkshopsandconferences.Thiscreatedandinteractive forum for initiating new and intensifying existing efforts aimed at furthering the requiredinterdisciplinaryapproachtotheautomaticidentificationandmitigationof UXOs.Theforumprovidedopportunitiesforyoungscientistsandengineerstolearn moreabouttheseproblemareas,andthevitalroleplayedbynewmathematicaland scientificinsights,fromrecognizedexpertsinthiscrucialandgrowingareaofboth pureandappliedscience. Thetalksandfollowingchaptersweredesignedtoaddressanaudienceconsisting ofabroadspectrumofscientists,engineers,andmathematiciansinvolvedinthese fields.Participantshadtheopportunitytointeractwiththoseindividualswhohave beenontheforefrontoftheongoingintenseworkinUXOdetectionandmitigation, tolearnfirsthandthedetailsandsubtletiesofthisimportantandexistingarea,andto heartheseexpertsdiscussinaccessibletermstheircontributionandideasforfuture research.Thisvolumeofferstheseinsightstothoseunabletoattend. The cooperation of many individuals and organizations was required in order to make the conference the success that it was. First and foremost I wish to thank NATO, and especially Dr. F. Pedrazzini and his most able assistant, Ms. Alison Trapp,fortheinitialgrantandsubsequenthelp. Verygenerousfinancialsupportwasalsoreceivedfrom: • OfficeoftheU.S.DeputyAssistantSecretaryoftheArmy(Environment,Safety and Occupational Health), Mr. Tad Davis, Mr. Hermann Spitzer and Mr. Bob Lavelle • U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, Drs. Tony Tether and Bob Leheny • U.S.ArmyResearchoffice,Dr.RussHarmon • U.S.OfficeofNavalResearch,Dr.TomSweanandMr.BrianAlmquist • U.S.OfficeofNavalResearchGlobal,Mr.DaveMarquis • U.S. Army Space and Missile Defense Technical Center Office, Drs. Rodney Roberston,BobMcMillanandPeteKirkland • PrometheusInc. Preface vii Thisadditionalsupportisgratefullyacknowledged. For their assistance in obtaining very substantial U.S. Department of Defense funding.IsincerelythanktheRhodeIslandCongressionalDelegation: • CongressmanPatrickKennedy • CongressmanJimLangevin • SenatorJackReed • SenatorSheldonWhitehouse In this regard I especially thank Mr. Dan Murphy of Congressman Kennedy’s office,whoarrangedforthisinvaluableCongressionalsupport. I note that United States Government support does not necessarily reflect the positionorthepolicyoftheUnitedStatesGovernmentandnoofficialendorsement shouldbeinferred. I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my assistants Marcia Byrnes and SedaVuralfortheirinvaluableaid. Finally,myheartfulthankstotheIlCioccostaff,especiallyBrunoGiannasi,for offering an ideal setting, not to mention the magnificent meals, that promoted the productiveinteractionbetweentheparticipantsoftheconferences.Alloftheabove, thespeakers,andtheremainingconferees,madeitpossibleforourAdvancedStudy Institute, and this volume, to fulfill the stated NATO objectives of disseminating advancedknowledgeandfosteringinternationalscientificcontacts. IlCiocco,Italy JimByrnes August4,2008 Contents Wavelet Decomposition of Measures: Application to Multifractal AnalysisofImages .............................................. 1 Patrice Abry, Ste´phane Jaffard, Ste´phane Roux, Be´atrice Vedel andHerwigWendt VolatileCompoundsDetectionbyIRAcousto-OpticDetectors.......... 21 ArnaldoD’Amico,CorradoDiNatale,FabioLoCastro,SergioIarossi, AlexandroCatiniandEugenioMartinelli KnowledgeBasedDiversityProcessing ............................. 61 ChristopherJohnBakerandHughDuncanGriffiths GroundPenetratingRadarforBuriedLandmineandIEDDetection .... 89 DavidJ.Daniels OverviewofStatisticalTestsforUnexplodedOrdnanceDetection ....... 113 HakanDelic¸ LowFrequencyRadarforBuriedTargetDetection ................... 125 HughGriffithsandAlastairMcAslan UXOSignalMultiSensorDetectionandEstimation .................. 141 Chr. Kabakchiev, V. Behar, B. Vassileva, D. Angelova, K. Aleksiev, V. Kyovtorov,I.Garvanov,L.DoukovskaandP.Daskalov AdvancedMultifunctionalSensorSystems .......................... 165 LenaKlase´n Applications of Luminescence to Fingerprints and Trace ExplosivesDetection ............................................. 189 IsmailMekkaouiAlaoui ElectromagneticMethodsforUXODiscrimination ................... 197 KevinO’NeillandJuanPabloFerna´ndez ix x Contents SomeAdvancesinUWBGPR ..................................... 223 GennadiyPochanin OperationalResearchApproachtoDecisionMaking.................. 235 OlegPokrovsky RecentAdvancesinSpace-VariantDeblurringandImageStabilization .. 259 MichalSˇorel,FilipSˇroubekandJanFlusser UXODetectionTechniquesUsingSonarandRadar................... 273 EdmundJ.Sullivan SubjectIndex ......................................................283 Wavelet Decomposition of Measures: Application to Multifractal Analysis of Images PatriceAbry1,Ste´phaneJaffard2,Ste´phaneRoux1,Be´atriceVedel1 andHerwigWendt1 Abstract We show the relevance of multifractal analysis for some problems in imageprocessing.Werelateittothestandardquestionofthedeterminationofcor- rect function space settings. We show why a scale-invariant analysis, such as the one provided by wavelets, is pertinent for this purpose. Since a good setting for imagesisprovidedbyspacesofmeasures,wegivesomeinsightintotheproblemof multifractalanalysisofmeasuresusingwavelettechniques. Keywords: Fourier transform, function spaces, fractals, fractional integration, Ho¨lder regularity, image classification, image processing, measures, multifractal analysis, scaling function, scale invariance, spectrum of singularities, wavelets, waveletleaders 1 Introduction The detection of UXO (Unexploded Ordnance) uses sensor technologies, such as: GPR (Ground Penetrating Radar), where electromagnetic waves penetrate the ground and are reflected by layers with electrically different natures; IR (Infrared sensors),basedonthedifferentthermalpropertiesofdifferentlayersoftheground; andUltrasoundsensors,whichuseultrasoundwavesasaprobe.Ineachcase,one facesdifficultsignalorimageprocessingproblems.Indeed,ill-posedinverseprob- lemshavetobesolvedinthepresenceofnoise.Notehoweverthattheseproblems arerelatedtosimilartechnologicalchallengeswhichhavebeenextensivelystudied inthepast.Forinstance,oildetectioncanbeperformedbystudyingthereflections of vibrations emitted at the surface of the earth. Similarly, the deep structure of 1CNRSUMR5672LaboratoiredePhysique,ENSdeLyon,46,alle´ed’Italie,F-69364Lyoncedex, France,e-mail:{patrice.abry,sroux,herwig.wendt}@ens-lyon.fr,[email protected] 2Laboratoired’AnalyseetdeMathe´matiquesApplique´es,CNRSUMR8050,Universite´ParisEst, 61AvenueduGe´ne´raldeGaulle,94010Cre´teilCedex,France,e-mail:[email protected] J.Byrnes(ed.),UnexplodedOrdnanceDetectionandMitigation, 1 (cid:2)c SpringerScience+BusinessMediaB.V.2009
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