UNESCO Science Report 2010: The Current Status of Science around the World

542 Pages·2010·20.672 MB·Spanish

by  Lidia Brito (editor), Susan Schneegans (editor)

USR cover [temp]:Layout 1 20/10/10 19:08 Page 5
UNESCO
SCIENCE
REPORT
2010
The Current Status of Science
around the World
UNESCO
Publishing
United Nations
Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization
5
USR cover [temp]:Layout 1 20/10/10 19:07 Page 2
USR Prelims [5] [P3]:Layout 1 18/10/10 17:35 Page 1
UNESCO
SCIENCE
REPORT
2010
USR Prelims [5] [P3]:Layout 1 18/10/10 17:35 Page ii
Published in 2010 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific
and Cultural Organization, Paris, France
© UNESCO 2010
All rights reserved
ISBN: 978-92-3-104132-7
The designations employed and the presentation of material
throughout this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion
whatsoever on the part of UNESCO concerning the legal status of any
country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or the delimitation of
its frontiers or boundaries.
The opinions expressed by the authors are not necessarily those of
UNESCO and do not commit the Organization.
UNESCO Publishing: www.unesco.org/publishing;
[email protected]
Printed by DB Print in Belgium
Design and pre-press production
Baseline Arts Ltd, Oxford, United Kingdom
Cover photos: top image: microscopic image of a corn grain tissue;
bottom image: microscopic image of the cross section of the root of a
buttercup (crowfoot) plant, Ranunculus repens. The propeller shaped
pattern in the centre is the vascular tissue for transporting water and
nutrients up and down the plant. The circles are the individual cells.
© UNESCO
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UNESCO
SCIENCE
REPORT
2010
The Current Status of Science
around the World
UNESCO
Publishing
United Nations
Educational, Scientific and
Cultural Organization
USR Prelims [5] [P3]:Layout 1 18/10/10 17:35 Page iv
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
The UNESCO Science Report 2010has been produced by
the following team within the Division for Science Policy
and Sustainable Development at UNESCO:
Director of Publication: Lidia Brito, Director
Editor: Susan Schneegans
Administrative Assistant: Sarah Colautti
Every five years, the UNESCO Science Reportseries updates
the status of science worldwide. Each edition is heavily
reliant on the expertise of the authors invited to write
about the main trends and developments in scientific
research, innovation and higher education in the country
or region from which they hail. We would thus like to take
this opportunity to thank each of the 35 authors for their
commitment to making this an authoritative report.
The picture they have painted in the following pages is of
a world that it is changing at a quickening pace. A greater
number of chapters on individual countries have been
included in the present report than in its predecessor to
reflect the widening circle of countries emerging on the
world scene. No doubt the UNESCO Science Report 2015,
the next in the series, will have pursued its own mutation
by 2015 to reflect the world it seeks to depict.
We would like to thank the following staff from the
UNESCO Institute for Statistics for contributing a vast
amount of data to the report: Simon Ellis, Ernesto
Fernández Polcuch, Martin Schaaper, Rohan Pathirage,
Zahia Salmi, Sirina Kerim-Dikeni and the Education
Indicators team.
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CONTENTS PAGE
List of illustrations vii
Foreword xvii
Chapter 1 The growing role of knowledge in the global economy 1
Hugo Hollanders and Luc Soete
Chapter 2 United States of America 29
Thomas Ratchford and William A. Blanpied
Chapter 3 Canada 61
Paul Dufour
Chapter 4 Latin America 77
Mario Albornoz, Mariano Matos Macedo and Claudio Alfaraz
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Chapter 5 Brazil 103 ESCO
Carlos Henrique de Brito Cruz and Hernan Chaimovich Scien
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Chapter 6 Cuba 123 po
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Ismael Clark Arxer 01
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Chapter 7 The CARICOM countries 133
Harold Ramkissoon and Ishenkumba Kahwa
Chapter 8 European Union 147
Peter Tindemans
Chapter 9 Southeast Europe 183
Slavo Radosevic
Chapter10 Turkey 201
Sirin Elçi
Chapter 11 Russian Federation 215
Leonid Gokhberg and Tatiana Kuznetsova
Chapter 12 Central Asia 235
Ashiraf Mukhammadiev
Chapter 13 Arab States 251
Adnan Badran and Moneef R. Zou’bi
Chapter 14 Sub-Saharan Africa 279
Kevin Urama, Nicholas Ozor, Ousmane Kane and Mohamed Hassan
Chapter 15 South Asia 323
Tanveer Naim
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 2010
CONTENTS PAGE
Chapter 16 Iran 349
Kioomars Ashtarian
Chapter 17 India 363
Sunil Mani
Chapter 18 China 379
Mu Rongping
Chapter 19 Japan 401
Yasushi Sato
Chapter 20 Republic of Korea 415
Jang-Jae Lee
Chapter 21 Southeast Asia and Oceania 437
Tim Turpin, Richard Woolley, Patarapong Intarakumnerd
and Wasantha Amaradasa
Annexes 465
Annex I Composition of regions and sub-regions 466
Annex II Millennium Development Goals 471
Statistical Annex 473
Table 1 GERD as a percentage of GDP, 2000–2008 474
Table 2 GERD in purchasing power parity dollars, 2002 and 2007 478
Table 3 GERD by performing sector and source of funds, 2002 and 2007 (%) 482
Table 4 Total researchers and per million inhabitants, 2002 and 2007 490
Table 5 Scientific publications by country, 2000–2008 498
Table 6 Publications by major field of science, 2002 and 2008 502
Table 7 Scientific publications in international collaboration, 2002–2008 510
Table 8 International trade in high-tech products, 2002 and 2007 514
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 2010
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
Chapter 1 The growing role of knowledge in the global economy 1
Table 1: Key indicators on world GDP, population and GERD,2002 and 2007 2
Table 2: Key indicators on world researchers 2002 and 2007 8
Table 3: World shares of scientific publications, 2002 and 2008 10
Table 4: USPTO and Triadic patent families by inventor's region, 2002 and 2007 13
Table 5: Internet users per 100 population, 2002 and 2008 14
Figure 1: World share of GDP and GERD for the G20, 2002 and 2007 (%) 4
Figure 2: Global investment in R&D in absolute and relative terms, 2007 6
Figure 3: BERD/GDP ratio for selected countries, 2000–2007 (%) 7
Figure 4: Scientific specialization of the Triad, BRIC countries and Africa, 2008 9
Figure 5: The systemic matching between key S&T indicators 15
Figure 6: Industrial production in the BRIC countries, USA and Euro zone, 2006–2010 16
Chapter 2 United States of America 29
Table 1: Federal R&D in the USA by major socio-economic objective, 2007–2009 36 UN
Table 2: Basic research budget for the primary US federal agencies, 2003 and 2008 37 ESC
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Table 3: FundingofindustrialR&DintheUSAbymajorindustry,2003,2005and2007 40 Scie
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Table 4: Top R&D spending corporations, 2003 and 2004 42 ce R
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Figure 1: GERD in the USA by type of research and source of funds, 2007 (%) 33 rt 20
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Figure 2: GERD in the USA by source of funds, 1990–2007 34
Figure 3: Trends in GERD in the G8 countries, 1990–2006 35
Figure 4: Trade balance for high-tech goods in the USA, 1995–2008 40
Figure 5: Regional shares of R&D performed abroad by foreign affiliates
of US multinationals, 1994–2004 (%) 43
Figure 6: US trade receipts and payments for intellectual property, 1989–2005 44
Figure 7: Basic research in the USA by performingsector and source of funds, 2007 (%) 46
Figure 8: University R&D in the USA by type of research and source of funds, 2006 (%) 47
Figure 9: Share of doctorates awarded to female US citizens, 1985, 1995 and 2005 (%) 49
Figure 10: Doctorates awarded to US citizens in science and engineering,
by ethnic minority, 1985–2005 49
Figure 11: Bachelor’s degrees earned in selected S&T fields, 1985–2005 51
Figure 12: Doctoral degrees earned in the USAin selected S&T fields, 1985–2005 52
Box 1: Breakthroughs of the year 31
Box 2: Basic research: a cornerstone of US science policy for 65 years 46
Box 3: Growing concern about conflict of interest in scientific journals 48
Chapter 3 Canada 61
Table 1: Trends in GERD in Canada, 1999–2008 63
Table 2: Trends in scientific publications in international collaboration for
G8 countries, 2002 and 2008 63
Figure 1: Annual growth in GERD and GDP in Canada, 1967–2007 (%) 61
Figure 2: GERD/GDP ratio for the G8 countries, 2008 62
Figure 3: Publications in Canada by major field of science, 2002 and 2008 64
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UNESCO SCIENCE REPORT 2010
LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
Figure 4: Scientific publications in the G8 countries and China, 2000 and 2008 65
Figure 5: GERD in Canada by performing sector and source of funds, 2002 and 2007 (%) 66
Figure 6: GERD in Canada by source of funds, 2002 and 2007 67
Figure 7: Enrollment in scientific disciplines in Canada, 2002/2003 and 2006/2007 69
Figure 8: S&T labour force in Canada, 2006 70
Chapter 4 Latin America 77
Figure 1: Distribution of GDP in Latin America, 2007 78
Figure 2: Sectors benefiting from FONCYT’s Programme in Strategic Areas, 2008 80
Figure 3: GERD in Latin America, 1997–2007 82
Figure 4: GERD/GDP ratio in Latin America, 2007 (%) 82
Figure 5: Distributionof GERD among Latin American countries, 2007 83
Figure 6: Share of GERD funded by the business sector in Latin America, 2007 83
Figure 7: Researchers in Latin America, 2000–2007 84
Figure 8: Distribution of scientists and engineers in Latin America, 2000 and 2007 85
Figure 9: PhDs awarded in Latin America, 2007 86
Figure 10: Scientific publications in Latin America, 1996–2007 88
Figure 11: Latin America’s presence in various bibliographic databases, 1997 and 2007 89
Figure 12: Evolution in patent applications in Latin America, 1997–2007 89
Figure 13: Patent applications in Latin America by residents and non-residents, 2007 90
Figure 14: Patents held by Latin Americans in international databases, 2000–2007 91
Box 1: Promoting innovation in Argentina 80
Box 2: Public perception of science 81
Box 3: R&D technology business consortia in Chile 92
Box 4: Aeronautics in Brazil: the case of EMBRAER 94
Box 5: Argentina’s technological showcase: the case of INVAP 95
Box 6: ICTs in Costa Rica 96
Chapter 5 Brazil 103
Table 1: GERD in Brazil by source of funds, 2008 105
Table 2: Brazilian state industries targeted by sectoral funds, 1999–2002 107
Table 3: R&D tax laws and subsidies for business R&D in Brazil, 1991–2005 109
Table 4: Scientific articles published by Brazil’s main research universities, 2000–2009 114
Figure 1: Trends in GERD in Brazil, 2000–2008 104
Figure 2: Government expenditure on R&D by socio-economic objective, 2000 and 2008 (%) 105
Figure 3: GERD/GDP ratio in Brazil, 2008 (%) 106
Figure 4: Evolution in Brazilian National Fund for Scientific and
Technological Development (FNDCT), 1994–2009 107
Figure 5: The Brazilian State of São Paulo’s contribution to GERD, 2007 108
Figure 6: Researchers in Brazil, 2008 111
Figure 7: Researchers in Brazil by performing sector, 2008 (%) 111
Figure 8: Scientific articles written by authors affiliated to Brazilian institutions, 1992–2008 112
Figure 9: Scientific articles published in Brazilian journals, 2000 and 2008 114
Figure 10: USPTO patents awarded to Brazilian inventors, 2000–2009 115
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