Unequal Political Participation Worldwide PDF
Preview Unequal Political Participation Worldwide
UnequalPoliticalParticipationWorldwide Highly educated citizens vote at much lower rates than less educatedcitizensinsomecountries.Bycontrast,electoralpar- ticipation exhibits no such bias in other countries as diverse asSpain,Denmark,andSouthKorea.Thisbookdescribesthe levels of unequal participation in thirty-six countries world- wide,examinespossiblecausesofthisphenomenon,anddis- cusses its consequences. Aina Gallego illustrates how elec- toralprocedures,partyandmediasystems,unionization,and income inequality impact unequal participation through an originalcombinationofcross-nationalsurveydataandsurvey experiments. AinaGallegoisaRamonyCajalFellow(AssistantProfessor) at the Barcelona Institute of International Studies. She com- pletedherdoctoraldissertationattheAutonomousUniversity of Barcelona in 2008, and she was a postdoctoral scholar at Stanford University and the Spanish High Research Council. Her research focuses on several aspects of democratic repre- sentation,includinginequalitiesinvoterturnoutandpolitical participation, the formation of political preferences, and the effectsofelectoralsystemsandincomeinequalityonpolitical behavior. The Centro de Investigaciones Sociolo´gicas (CIS) is an indepen- dent entity assigned to the Ministry of the Presidency. Its main remitistocontributescientificknowledgetoSpanishsociety. TheCISgathersthenecessarydataforresearchindisparatefields, from trends in public opinion to applied research. Hence, the CISis responsible for carrying out studies that provide accurate diagnoses to guide the work of the public authorities in charge ofthedifferentadministrations. The CIS is known mainly for carrying out surveys that allow advances to be made in the knowledge of Spanish society and its evolution over time. However, it also performs other tasks insupportingtrainingandresearchwithinthesphereofthesocial sciences. CIS publications (the Revista Espan˜ola de Investigaciones Sociolo´gicas, REIS) and various collections of books are abasic channel for research dissemination that contributes to scientific knowledgeonsociety. Unequal Political Participation Worldwide AINA GALLEGO BarcelonaInstituteofInternationalStudies 32AvenueoftheAmericas,NewYork,ny10013-2473,usa CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781107023536 CIS Montalban´,8 28014,Madrid,Spain (cid:2)C AinaGallego2015 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2015 PrintedintheUnitedStatesofAmerica AcatalogrecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. LibraryofCongressCataloginginPublicationData Gallego,Aina,1981– Unequalpoliticalparticipationworldwide/AinaGallego. pagescm Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. isbn978-1-107-02353-6(hardback) 1.Politicalparticipation–Cross-culturalstudies. 2.Democracy– Cross-culturalstudies. I.Title. jf799.g35 2014 323(cid:3).042–dc23 2014022606 isbn978-1-107-02353-6Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracy ofurlsforexternalorthird-partyInternetWebsitesreferredtointhis publicationanddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchWebsitesis,or willremain,accurateorappropriate. Contents ListofTables pagexi ListofFigures xiii Acknowledgments xv Introduction 1 1 UnequalParticipationAroundtheWorld 13 PreviousResearchonEducationandVoting 14 EducationModelsandMeasurementofUnequal Participation 18 VoterTurnoutbyEducationAroundtheWorld 23 ImplicationsofVariabilityinUnequalParticipation 31 2 HeterogeneousConsequencesofContextson Participation 35 WhyCitizensVote 37 BaselineUnequalParticipation 40 HomogeneousandHeterogeneousConsequences ofContexts 42 HeterogeneousEffectsbyEducationLevel: Registration 47 CeilingEffects:VoterTurnoutandCompulsory Voting 50 AssessingtheLinkBetweenContextualFeaturesand TurnoutInequality 55 vii viii Contents 3 TheDifficultyoftheVotingProcedure 57 BallotStructure,CognitiveCosts,andPreference Expression 59 ConsequencesofBallotStructureforParticipation 62 ExperimentalEvidenceontheConsequencesof ChangesintheBallotStructure 65 TheNumberofVotesExperiment 66 TheOpen–ClosedBallotExperiment 70 Cross-NationalEvidenceontheAssociationof BallotStructureandParticipation 74 4 GovernmentFragmentationandMediaSystems 87 GovernmentFragmentationandtheCognitive DifficultyofVoting 89 TheCoalitionsExperiment 93 Cross-NationalBivariateAssociation 101 MediaSystemsandEaseofAccesstoPolitical Information 103 MultivariateAnalysisonCoalitionsandMedia Systems 108 TheCognitiveCostsofVotingAffectPoorly EducatedPeopleDisproportionately 112 5 TradeUnionsintheHighlyEducatedMembership Era 114 TheClassicalMobilizationAccount 116 DoTradeUnionsEnhanceTurnoutEquality? 119 TradeUnionsandTheirComposition 126 TradeUnionsandTurnoutInequality 131 MobilizationbyPoliticalParties 141 6 IncomeInequalityandtheParticipationof Lower-StatusGroups 144 TheoriesofIncomeInequalityandParticipation 146 ReviewofPreviousEmpiricalStudies 149 AGraphicalBivariateDescription 151 MultivariateAnalysesandPoliticalAttitudesasa Mechanism 154 IncomeInequalityandPoliticalBehavior 163 7 ConsequencesofUnequalParticipationfor Representation 168 HeterogeneousPreferencesAmongPopulations 171
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