Unequal Development by Samir Amin

400 Pages·2011·24.05 MB·English

by  R. Jamil Jonna

Unequal
Development
An Essaoyn t he
·
Social Formoaftions
PeripheCraapli talism
by SamAmiinr
TranslbaytB erdi aPne arce
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THEH ARVESTEPRR ESS
1375564
UnequaDle velopment
TheH arvestPerre sLsi mited
Publisher:S piJeorhsn
2 StanfoTredr racHea,s socks
SusseExn,g land
Copyrig©h t1 976b yM onthlRye viePwr ess
ISBN0 9017594 65
Originaplulbyl ishaesLd e D eveloppemiennetg al
byL esE ditiodnesM inuiPta,r iFsr,a nce,
copyrigh©t 197b3y L esE ditiodnesM inuit
Allr ighrtess erved
Contents
Introduction 9
1.T heP recapitFaolrimsatt ions 13
2.T heF undamentLaalw so ft he
CapitaMloidseto fP roduction 59
3. FrSopme cializtaoDt eipoenn dence 133
4.T heO rigiann dD evelopment
ofU nderedvelopment 198
:5.
TbeC ontemporSaorcyi Faolr mations
ofthPee riphery 293
Bibliography 387
Index 419
Introduction
Onlya tt hee.n do ft hen ineeetntche nturdyi da worldwide
civilizabteigointn o t akes hapeD.u rintgh ef irst sevenotfy years
thet wentiectehn turhyo,w evewrh,i c.hh aveb eenm arkedb ya
speedingo fut ph eh istoriprcoacle stsh,ed ivisioofnt hew orld
int"od evelopaendd"t cunderdevelcoopuendt"rh iaessn otb ecome
lessp ronouncoendt ;h ec ontratrhyeg, a pb etweetnh emc ontinues
tog rowl arger anbdr ohuagsha tb outth efi rsctr isoefsa capital­
issty stetmh ahta do nljyu sbte gunt ob ea worlsdy stem.
TheR ussiaRne volut·ioo1fn9 17t,h e Chinese Retvhoaltu tion
1930 1950,
toopkf acbee tween and ther evolutiino. nVsi etnaanmd
Cubaa rea lslo m anys tageisna proceosfsd evelopmbeenyto nd
in
capitalistmh,e n ameo fs ocialisTmh.e f eartsh atM arxe x­
pressiendt hem iddloef t hel ascte nturyt,o t hee ffectth ata
socialEiusrto pe mifgihntid t seulpf a gainas tc apjtalsitsimol nl
theu pgradien A siah,a ven otp rovejdu stifiTehde. opposite,
indeehda,s o ccurreAdt. t hev ercye nteorft hes ystehmo,w ever,
in
thea dvancecda pitacloiusntt riaens a,U -rouncdh allengoifn g
thissy stehma sb egunt,h rougah t housanidn direacntd unex­
pected channels.
.9
10 UnequaDle velopment
Thisc hall'teontg heef oundatoifot nh es ysteomf v alueusp on
\\'htihcehw orlcda pitaslyisstte imsb asebdr ingisn tqou estiionn
turnt hec onventisooncailsa cli enocfet he" establishmaenndt "
theu niversiCtoinevse.n tiosnoacli olowghye,t hefru nctionoarl ist
structurahlaivsitnd.ge velopaesda repltyo h istorirncaatle rial-
l
ismh,a st hes amei deo1ogfiocuanld atainodns eektso j ustitfhye
j
establiosrhdeedbr y d emonstra"tuinnigv erhsaarlm oniePso.l"i t­
.i caslc ienwcaev ersb etweejno urnaliasnmd formalismA.s for
social psychtohliocsgo yn.t intuoee sv adiet rse aplr oble-mh ow
tob uiltdh eb ridglei nkitnhge i ndividtuoat lh es oci-alw ·ith
Wilhelm Reciocnhs titutthieen xgc eptiao np.i oneewrh om few
havef ollowTehde.w eakneosfst hes o-cal"lfeudn damendtiasl­
ciplinecso:n·c eiivnem du tuails olatrieosnu,l itnts h ew eakneosfs
theimru ltidiscipcloimnbairnya tiaosn g,e ograpahnyd history.
Geographers aret �cj ounxtteanptof saec ts, twhheib·la es iqcu es�
tioonf t heidri sciplihnoew-n aturcaoln ditiaocntus p ons ocial
torrnaliornesm-ainasl mosutn answerHeids.t orcyo ntinuteos
be anecdotiancl h aractiefir .t:c annobte everythiintig s,n oth­
.
ing. And ifa,m idt higse nearli nsolvecnocnyv,e ntio�ncaoln om· -
icss eemst hel easpto orleyq uippeodft hes ocidails cipliinte s,
owest hiasd vantatgoe t wom ainr easonisn:t hefi rstp lace,
becausteh ed ominanocfet hee conomiinc stanicnte h e capitalist
modeo fp roductmiao�ne s".e conomistrnh'ed' o minanitd'e ology,
and itnh es econpdl aceb,e causteh em anagemenotft hes ocial
systeomf capitaliissp mr incipallyf,o rt ahnidsv eryr eason,
econotmnainca gement.
Itw as critoifcd iesvme lopmeecnotn omitchsa lte dm e top ut
t'orwt,hnedf ollowing atchceosridsit,no wg h ichw,h ena systeims
outgrown saunpde 1sedtehdip.sr ocetsask epsl acneQ ti,n t hefi rst
places.t a•·tfirnogmi tsc entebru,t f romi tspe riphery.e xT­wo
ampleasr eg ivetno i llusttrhaittseh es-ist heb irtohf c apitalism
int hep eriphoefrt yh eg reaptr ecapitsaylsitsetma sn,dt hep resent
crisoifsc apitalism.
Theti rscth apter dweiatlths h eg enesoifsc apitaJiasnmdt, h e
1·emainfionugrw itht hato fs ocialiCshma.p te2r s etsf ortthh e
Jawso ft hec entrcaalp italsiysstt em and Ch3a tphtoesroe f
periphecraapli talAirsmme.d w itthh itsw ofoalnda lysIis sh,o wi n
Introduction 11
Chapte4r t hem echanisomfs d ependenacned illumintahtee
proceosfst he" developmoefnu tn derdevelop.m.be enfto,rd er aw·
ingu p.i nC hapte5r,t heb alancseh eeotf t hep eriphesroacli al
formatioofnt sh ec apitawloirsltd .
·
1
TheP recapitalist
Formations
1.M ODES OF PRODUCTION
Thec onceopft" modeo fp roductiiosan n"a bstroanceti, m plying
noh istoricalo fso erqdueern wciet h restpote hcete ntipreer ioodf
theh istoorfcy i vilizatthiasottn rse tcfhreosmt hefi rsdti fferentiated
I
formatiroingshd to wnt oc apitalispmr.o posteod istingbuei�s h
(1)
tweenfiv em odeso fp roduction:t he" primitoimvmeu-nca.l.
(2)
mode,w hicihs a nteritooar l tlh eo thers;t he. t.r ibute-paying"
mode·w.h icha ddst oa still-exviisJtliancggoe m munitay s ocial
andp olitiacpapla ratfuosrt hee xploitaotfit ohni cso mmunity
througthh ee xactioofnt ributthei;ts r ibute·pmaoydieno gf p ro­
I
ductiiosnt hem ostw idesprfeoadr mo fp recapitcallaissstae nsd,
distingbueitswhe e(na i)t esa rlayn d( b)i tdse velopfeodr mss,u ch
ast he" feudamlo"d eo f producitniw ohni,c thh ev i11acgoem mu­
dominiuemm inens
nitlyo seist s ovetrh es oitlo t hef eudalJo rds.
(3)
andt hicso mmunity conatsia n cuoemsm uniotfyf amiliest;h e
"slaveownimnogd"eo fp roductiwohni,c hc onstitau tleessf sr e­
qu�ntelnyc ountefroerdmt ,h ougihti sf ounidn a numbeorf p laces;
(4)
the" simplpee ttym-mcooditym"o de of production, which
the
thougah t i·equefnotulnyfd o rmp racticnaelvleycr o nstitutes
13
14 llnequall?eveloptnent
,
dominanmto deo fa nys ocifaolr matiaonnd;( 5t)h e" capita.l ist
modeo fp roduction.
Thec ommunamlo deso fp roductcioonns tittuhtefie r smto des
ofp roductionp rtohvaitad bea sifso ra ne mbryoncilca sdsi stinc­
tionT.h eyi nsurteh et ransitfiroonmp rimiticvoem munistmo
full-flecdlgaessdso cietTiheissp. r imitciovmem unisims m arked
by" primitnievgea tioans,G "u yD hoquopiust si t·,o tfh ed ivision
ofJ aboarn d otfhe s urplpurso ducBte.c austeh itsr ansitfiroonm
negati(vaeb senocfe clastsope oss)i t(icvlea ssosc ieist ys)l oawn d
graduatlh,ec ommunamlo deso fp roductairoemn a nya ndv arious,
beindge termibnyen da turcaoln ditiBountst .h em odes ofp roduc­
tioonf t hep rimitciovmem unitayr ea llc haracterbiyz:(e 1do )r ­
!ganizatoiflo anb opra rtloyn an·i ndividbuaasli_ �( thoaftt he
.n.u clefaarm ilya"n)dp art'loyan collecbtaisvies (that of the "ex-
.
tendefda miltyh ec lano,rt hevi llawgiet)th,h ep rincimpeaaln so f
,u
labotrh,e l andb,e ing collectivbeylt yh eco lwannae ndd iutsse
freeglrya nttedoa 11t hec lanm'esm bersb,u ti na ccordawnicteh
preciruslee s( utiliz·aothfio olnd indgiss tribtuotf eadm ilieetsc,. );
(2a)b senocfec ommodietxyc hangaen;d c,o rrelat(iv3de)il syt,r ibu­
tioonf t hep roduwcitt htinh ec ollectiinva ictcyo rdawnictehr ules
.
thaatr ec losebloyu ndu pw itkhi nshoirpg anization.
·
Accestsot hel anids n otn ecessaornia lnye qual-bfaosrei vse ry­
one tihnes ec ommunitiIetis ss. o i nt hem osptr imitoiftv hee mb,u t
int heo thetrhsi asc ceisssh ierarchwiictashlo ,m ef amiloirec s-lans
havintgh er ighttob ettheorl dingsm-orec onveniesnittluya ted,
fore xamploer,l argeIrfi. s a tt hastt agteh aatn e mbryondiics ­
tinctbieotnw eecnl assiesos b served. pSruicvhi liesga,es a rule,
closely conneca theide rawrioctfhhp y o litia�nadrl e ligiaouutsh or­
ityB.l acAkf rica oaf wfied�sesp ectroufmm odeso fp roductoifo n
thiksi n-d somee,s peciianlt lhyeB antpua rth,a vinogn lay s light
elemeonfth ierarcwhhyi,lo et hearrsee xtremely unegaiitarian, such
ast hosfeo unadm ongt heT oucouleiunrt sh eS enegal ·vtahlel ey,
AshantiinG hanat,h eR ausai nn ortheNring erieat,cI .n a ll of
themh,o wevetrh,ep easaenntj oaycsc ets.s ot hel andb:y t hem ere
facotf b elongitnoag clahne i se ntittloea d p arto ft hicsl an's
terr�tCoornys.e quenptrloyl,e tarianitzhaatitis to,hn e�s eparation
oft hep roducferro mt hem eanso fp roducticoan1;1,n otta kpel ace.
}.
Thet ribute-pmaoydieno gfp roductiisom na rkebdy t he sepa�
PrecapitFaolrimsatt ions 15
ratioonfs ocieitnyt tow om ainc lasstehse:p easantry, orlg anized
inc ommunitiaensdt, h er ulicnlga swsh,i cmho nopolitzheefs un c-\
tionosft heg ivesno cieptoyli'itcsa lo rganizaatnidoe nx acttsr iab u1t e
I
(noitn c ommodiftoyr m')f rotmh er uraclo mm�nitiTehsi.sm ode
ofp roductiwohne,ni ta ssumeasn advancfeodr ma,l mosatl ways
tendtso b ecomfee ud-alt haits t,h er ulicnlga sosu sttsh ec om·
munitfyr omd ominiuemm ineonfst hes oil.
Thef eudamlo deo fp roductiimopnl ie(sI:o )r ganizatoifo n
socieitnytt ow oc lasstehsa,ot f t hel ordosf t he la(nwdh osper op­
ertiys i nalienaabnldte h)a otf t hes erf�ten(an2at)psp ;r opriation
oft hes urplbuyst helo rdso ft hel anda,sa matteorfr ighct· dues")
andn.o tt hruogh commodirteyla tiosn; (3a)b sencoefc ommodity
exchanignesdi ethe" domai.n.w, h iccho nstittuhteep sr imarceyl l
·
oft hiksi ndo fs ocieTthyi.s m ode· ofp roductiiostn h reatened
withd isintegriaftf ioroa nn yr easotnh ef eudal lord should rid
himseolfsf o meo fh itse nant"sf,r eeihnigss.e r,s f -ino thewro rds,
proletariatnhiezmiT.nh ge f undamenrtiaglh otf a ccestosu seo f
thel andt hati sp ossessbeyd e verpye asanwth o belongtost he
communituyn detrh et ribute·pmaoydieno gf p roductrieonnd ers
thidsi sintegriamtpioosns ible.
Thes laveownmiodneg ofp roudctiont urntsh ew orkera.s a
slavien,t toh ee ssentmieaaln so fp roductiTohne.p roducotft his
slavlea bomra ye nteirn to ctihrec uoiftn oncommodittrya nsfers
.s pecitfoit ch ec ommunity (patsrliaavrecorhryai )ln tcoo mmodity
circuits (Grecsol-aRvoemrayn) .
Thes implceo mmoditmyo de· oprr oductiomna rkieds ini ts
, ..
pures tatbey, e quality bfertewpeee etnt pyr oducearnsd t heo r-l
ganizatoifoc no mmodietxyc hanbgeet weethne m. No sociehtaysl
evebre en baosnet dh ep redominaonfct eh imso deo fp roctdioun. j
�
Frequenthloyw.e vetrhe,re hasb eena sphergeo vernebdy s impel
I
commoditrye lationisn- particultahres. p heroef handicraft
prodcutoin. whenth is habse ens ufficideinstsloyc ifartoemda gri-
cultuprraold uction. ·
Thet ribute-pmaoydieno gf p roductiisot nh ef ormt hatm ost
normalsluyc ceedsc otmhmeu namlo de;i ti st her uleC.h aracter­
istoifct himso dei st hec ontradibcettiwoene n ctohneti neuxeids tence
oft hec ommuntyia ndt hen egatiooftn h ec ommunibtyyt hest ate;
anda lsoa,sa resuolftt hist.h ec onfusiooftn h eh ighedra sst hat