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UNEASYNEIGHBORS:WILDLIFEANDFARMERS AROUNDKIBALENATIONALPARK,UGANDA By LISA NAUGHTON-TREVES ADISSERTATIONPRESENTEDTOTHEGRADUATESCHOOL OFTHEUNIVERSITYOFFLORIDAINPARTIALFULFILLMENT OFTHEREQUIREMENTSFORTHEDEGREEOF DOCTOROFPHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITYOFFLORIDA 1996 Copyright1996 LisaNaughtonTreves T'.r Tomyparents ACKNOWLEDGMENTS IamgratefultotheUgandanNationalResearchCouncil,theofficeof thePresidency,theDistrictAdministratorofKabarole,theUgandanForest DepartmentandtheUgandanNationalParkServiceforallowingme permissiontocarryoutresearchatKibale. Foursourcesoffundingmade fieldresearchpossible;theywereafieldresearchgrantfromtheWildlife ConservationSociety,aresearchgrantfromtheMakerereUniversity BiologicalFieldStation,aDickinsonGrantforStudiesinTropicalAgriculture andaFulbright-HaysDissertationFellowship. Afellowshipfromthe AmericanAssociationofUniversityWomensupportedmuchoftheanalysis andwriteupofthisstudy. Agreatnumberofindividualsofferedmetheirinvaluablesupport, assistance,andrecommendationsduringthecourseofthisproject. InUganda,Iamindebtedfirstandforemosttothefarmerswho extendedtheirgoodwillandpatiencetomethroughouttwoyearsoffield work. TheirRCleadersUkewisecontributedactivelytowardthesuccessof thisproject,inparticular1honorthememoryofMr.SanyuSylvano,former RClofNyabubale. IamdeeplythankfultoPascalBagumaAraali,Francis MugurusiAtwookiandPatrickKagoroAraalifortheirexcellentfield assistance,andforthepatienceandhumortheybroughttoteachingmeabout localculture,languageandfarmingstrategies. Gabriel,LawrenceNdangizi, GodfreyandAdulfuofferedtheirassistanceduringworkinthesouthern reachesofKibale. iv Iwasfortunatetoreceiveadviceandsupportfromseveralmembersof theresearchcommunityatKibale. Drs.GilbertIsabirye-Basuta,John Kasenene,ThomasStruhsakerandRichardWranghamgenerously contributedtheirexpertknowledgeonforestandwildlifeecology. 1am especiallygratefultoDrs.ColinandLaurenChapmanfortheuntiring, rigorousthoughttheyappliedtomyquestionsonresearchdesign,natural history,andforestecology. Theyareexemplaryteachersandexcellentfriends. Theparticipatoryruralappraisalexercisesinthisstudybenefitedgreatlyfrom thetalentsofMonicaKaipiririandSylvanoBalebereho. MarijkeSteenbeek helpedmecontactcommunityleadersaroundKibaleandshowedgreat enthusiasmandenduranceduringelephantvigils. Mr.E.Rwabwisokindly assistedwithtranslationwork. Mr.SamMugisha,oftheMakerereInstitute oftheEnvironmentandNaturalResources,providedexpertworkinair photoandlanduseanalysis. IowespecialthankstotheprofessionalswithintheUgandaNational ParkServiceandUgandaGameDepartment. Inparticular,Mr.Joseph SserugoandMr.AggreyRwetsibamadeinvaluablecontributionstoward translatingtheresultsofthisstudyintoimprovementsinpolicyand managementatKibaleNationalPark. Mr.MichaelEdigu(ChiefGame WardenforKabarole)helpedmeacquiregamedepartmentarchives. AttheUniversityofFlorida-Gainesville,Iamgratefulforthesupport andexcellentmentoringIreceivedfromDr.KentRedford. Dr.Cohn Chapmanpatientlyreviewedmywritingandhelpedmetosharpenmy analyticalfocus. Theothermembersofmycommittee,Drs.SusanJacobson, CrawfordHollingandMelvinSunquist,allmadevaluablecontributionsand suggestionsatvariousstagesinmywork. Inacknowledgingthecontributionsofalltheindividualsabove,I remindreadersthatanyerrorsorinadequaciesinthisstudyareentirelymy own. Iamevergratefultomyfriendsandfamilyfortheirsupport. In Uganda,theMarquardt/BreyerandReidfamilyprovidedmefriendshipand refugeintheirhomes. ElizabethRoss,JoannaLambertAtwooki,Grace KagoroAkiikiandAgnesR.Atenyiweresteadfast,wonderfulfriends throughoutmyresearch. Ithankmyparentsfortheirlovingsupportand theiradventuresomespirit. Tomyhusband,AdrianTreves,Ioffermy deepestgratitudeforhisrigorousthoughtandboundlesssupportand encouragement. TABLEOFCONTENTS page ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS iv LISTOFTABLES x LISTOFFIGURES xi ABSTRACT xiii CHAPTERS 1. AHISTORICALOVERVIEWOFHUMAN-WILDLIFE RELATIONSINWESTERNUGANDA 1 Introduction 1 CaseStudyofKibaleNationalPark,Uganda 6 2. CONTROLLINGANDCONFININGWILDANIMALS:A HISTORYOFUGANDANWILDLIFEMANAGEMENT 12 Pre-ColonialPeriod 12 DeforestationduringtheColonialand PostcolonialEra 15 ColonialGovernmentAssumesControlofForestand Wildlife Resources 16 DevelopmentandConservationaroundKibaleafter1950. 20 WildlifeControlandEradicationduringtheColonialand PostcolonialEra 24 RegionalRecordsofWildUfeControlPrograms 27 Conclusions 29 vii 3. PREDICTINGPATTERNSOFCROPDAMAGEBY WILDLIFEAROUNDKIBALENATIONALPARK, UGANDA 31 Introduction 31 Background 33 StudyArea 35 Methods 38 Results 49 Discussion 64 Conclusion 72 4."WHYSHOULDWESTARVESOTHATBABOONSMAY EAT?"PERCEPTIONSANDREALITIESOFCROPLOSSTO WILDLIFEATKIBALENATIONALPARK,UGANDA 76 Introduction 76 ResearchApproachandMethods 81 Results 85 Discussion 94 5. TEMPORALPATTERNSOFWILDLIFEFORAGINGON CROPSINAFOREST-AGRICULTUREMOSAIC 105 Introduction 105 StudySite 108 Methods 114 Results 117 Discussion 131 6. RECOMMENDATIONSFORMANAGEMENTAND RESEARCH 137 Historicalandregionalperspectivesonwildlifecrop raiding 137 Raisingpublictoleranceforwildlife 141 Deterrenceofwildlife 145 ResearchSuggestions 150 Conclusions I53 viii APPENDIX SURVEYQUESTIONNAIRE 156 REFERENCES 159 BIOGRAPHICALSKETCH 176 ix LISTOFTABLES Table page 3-1 Listofanimalsresponsibleforobserveddamageat6 villagesaroundKibaleNationalPark 50 3-2 Frequencyandamotmtofdamagetocropsby animalsaroundKNP 52 3-3 Croppreferencesofthefivespeciesresponsible forthemostdamagearoundKNP 57 S4 Predictingdamagetofields 62 3-5 ProblemwildlifespeciesaroundAfricanparks andreserves 65 4-1 Acomparisonofperceptionsofcropvulnerability withactualcroplosses 88 4-2 Acomparisonoffarmers'perceptionsofworstanimals withsystematicallymeasuredcroplossaroundKNP 90 4-3 PerceptionoflocalbenefitsofKNPasinfluencedby wildlifeconflict 93 5-1 Monthsinwhichcropswereeatenbywildlifearound KNPbetweenJuly1992andMay1994 118 5-2 Preferredcropsof5wildlifespeciesatKNP 120 5-3 DamagetoMusaspp. 121 5-4 Intermonthlyvariationincropforagingeventsat5 villages(Sebitoli,Nyabubale,Kanyasohera,Kabucikire, Rurama)aroundKNPfromJuly1992toMay1994 124 5-5 Correlationsbetweencropforagingfrequencyand rainfallorforestfruitavailability 126 X