Underwood's pathology : a clinical approach PDF
Preview Underwood's pathology : a clinical approach
Underwood’s Pathology SIXTH EDITION Senior Content Strategist: Jeremy Bowes Content Development Specialist: Sheila Black Project Manager: Julie Taylor Designer Direction: Miles Hitchen Illustration Manager: Jennifer Rose Underwood’s Pathology a clinical approach SIXTH EDITION Edited by Simon S. Cross MD FRCPath Professor of Diagnostic Histopathology and Honorary Consultant Histopathologist, Academic Unit of Pathology, Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Dentistry & Health, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK Illustrations and chapter icons by Robert Britton and Antbits Ltd Edinburgh London New York Oxford Philadelphia St Louis Sydney Toronto 2013 © 2013 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the Publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). First edition 1992 Second edition 1996 Third edition 2000 Fourth edition 2004 Fifth edition 2009 Sixth edition 2013 ISBN 978-0-7020-4672-8 International ISBN 978-0-7020-4673-5 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Notices Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. The publisher’s policy is to use Working together to grow paper manufactured from sustainable forests libraries in developing countries www.elsevier.com | www.bookaid.org | www.sabre.org Printed in China CONTENTS Preface vi PART 3 SYSTEMATIC PATHOLOGY Acknowledgements vii 13 Cardiovascular system 246 International Advisers viii Patrick J. Gallagher, Allard C. van der Wal Contributors ix Index of patient symptoms x 14 Respiratory tract 288 William A. H. Wallace PART 1 BASIC PATHOLOGY 15 Alimentary system 322 1 What is pathology? 3 Heike I. Grabsch James C. E. Underwood 16 Liver, biliary system and pancreas 360 2 What is disease? 11 Judith I. Wyatt, Beate Haugk James C. E. Underwood 17 Endocrine system 392 3 What causes disease? 27 Timothy J. Stephenson James C. E. Underwood, Simon S. Cross 18 Breast 420 Louise J. Jones PART 2 DISEASE MECHANISMS 19 Female genital tract 442 4 Disorders of growth, differentiation Michael Wells and morphogenesis 57 Jonathan P. Bury 20 Urinary and male genital tracts 470 John R. Goepel 5 Responses to cellular injury 79 John R. Goepel, Jonathan P. Bury 21 Kidney diseases 500 Ian S. D. Roberts 6 Disorders of metabolism and homeostasis 99 22 Lymph nodes and extranodal Stephen R. Morley lymphoid tissue, spleen and thymus 530 Bridget S. Wilkins 7 Ischaemia, infarction and shock 121 Simon S. Cross 23 Blood and bone marrow 556 Dominic Culligan, Henry G. Watson 8 Immunology and immunopathology 133 W. A. Carrock Sewell 24 Skin 612 Colin Moyes, Karen Blessing 9 Inflammation 165 Timothy J. Stephenson 25 Osteoarticular and connective tissues 640 10 Carcinogenesis and neoplasia 183 David E. Hughes Mark J. Arends 26 Central and peripheral nervous 11 Ageing and death 221 systems 674 Emyr W. Benbow James W. Ironside 12 How do pathologists help patient care? 233 Glossary 721 Patricia V. Vergani Index 731 v PREFACE Underwood’s Pathology has been written, designed and pro (Systematic Pathology) deals in detail with specific diseases, duced primarily for students of medicine and for those study with emphasis on the clinically important aspects. ing related health science subjects, such as biomedical To assist students in finding the relevant sections of the scientists. The causes and mechanisms of disease and the book when following a problembased course we have added pathology of specific conditions are presented in the contexts a problembased index at the front of the book and body of modern cellular and molecular biology and of contempo diagrams at the beginning of each systematic pathology rary clinical practice. chapter which link clinical signs and symptoms to patholo Emphasis on problembased and selfdirected learning gies described in that chapter. We must emphasise that the in medicine continues to grow, often with a concomitant body diagrams and problembased index are for educational reduction in didactic teaching and practical pathology purposes rather than for use as a diagnostic aid. Supplemen experience. Therefore, the student’s need for a well tary material is available on the companion website. illustrated comprehensive source of reliable knowledge Underwood’s Pathology has been praised for its relevance, about dis ease has never been greater. Underwood’s Pathology content and clarity. Maintaining this high standard in fulfils that need. volves much activity between editions, often in response Part 1 (Basic Pathology) introduces the student to key to feedback from students and their teachers. We con general principles of pathology, both as a medical science tinue to welcome comments and suggestions for further and as a clinical activity with a vital role in patient care. Part improvements. 2 (Disease Mechanisms) provides fundamental knowledge about the cellular and molecular processes involved in dis SSC Sheffield eases, providing the rationale for their treatment. Part 3 2012 vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This textbook (first titled General and Systematic Pathology) previous editions. I welcome several new contributors to was conceived by Professor Sir James Underwood when he the book and they have brought great enthusiasm to their was Professor of Pathology at the University of Sheffield, and revised chapters. the first edition was published in 1992. It received a warm I have also greatly valued the many comments and sug- welcome from students and teachers and in the subsequent gestions received from students and their teachers world- four editions James has refined and improved the textbook. wide. I thank Friyana Dastur-Mackenzie for her assistance James has now retired to beautiful Cumbria and I am very in compiling the problem-based index for the book. I thank privileged that he has passed the editorship to me. I hope I the publishing team at Elsevier for continuing the highly can maintain his very high standards. I am pleased that professional standard of this book’s production. Finally, and James has still contributed the first three chapters of the most importantly, I would like to thank my wife, Frances, book, which give an important overview of the scope of for all her support. pathology. Along with James, a number of other contributors SSC Sheffield have retired and I thank them for all their hard work on the 2012 vii INTERNATIONAL ADVISERS It is hoped that this textbook will prove a valuable learning resource internationally. The contribution of the following international advisors is gratefully recognised. Professor Y. Collan Professor S. Mori Department of Pathology Institute of Medical Sciences University of Turku University of Tokyo Turku Tokyo Finland Japan Dr J. P. Cruse Professor H. K. Muller King Fahad National Guard Hospital Department of Pathology Riyadh University of Tasmania Saudi Arabia Hobart Australia Dr I. Damjanov Department of Pathology Professor I. O. L. Ng University of Kansas Department of Pathology Kansas City University of Hong Kong United States of America Hong Kong Dr H. Goldman Professor S. Pervez Harvard Medical School Department of Pathology and Microbiology Boston Aga Khan University Hospital United States of America Karachi Pakistan Professor Lai-Meng Looi Department of Pathology Professor K. Ramnarayan University of Malaya Department of Pathology Kuala Lumpur Melaka Manipal Medical College Malaysia Manipal India Professor T. L. Miko Department of Histopathology Dr K. Ramesh Rao Szent-Györgyi University Medical School Department of Pathology Szeged Sri Ramachandran Medical College Hungary Chennai India Professor W. J. Mooi Department of Pathology Professor R. H. Riddell VU University Medical Centre Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine Amsterdam University of Toronto The Netherlands Toronto Canada viii CONTRIBUTORS Mark J. Arends BSc(Hons) MA MBChB(Hons) PhD FRCPath Stephen R. Morley DM LLM MRCP FRCPath MFFLM Reader and Honorary Consultant, Department of Pathology, Clinical Lead for Clinical Chemistry, Sheffield Teaching University of Cambridge and Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Hospitals; Consultant Chemical Pathologist and Toxicologist, Cambridge, UK Northern General Hospital, Sheffield, UK Emyr W. Benbow BSc MBChB FRCPath Colin Moyes BSc(Hons) MBChB FRCPath Senior Lecturer in Pathology, Department of Histopathology, Consultant Pathologist, Departments of Pathology, Manchester Royal Infirmary, Manchester, UK Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK Karen Blessing MD FRCPath Ian S. D. Roberts MBChB FRCPath Consultant Dermatopathologist, Department of Pathology, Professor of Cellular Pathology, University of Oxford, and Southern General Hospital, Glasgow, UK Consultant Pathologist, Department of Cellular Pathology, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK Jonathan P. Bury BMedSci MBChB MPhil FRCPath Consultant Histopathologist and Honorary Senior Lecturer, W. A. Carrock Sewell MBBS PhD FRCP FRCPath Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK Consultant Immunologist and Visiting Professor of Immunology, Path Links Immunology, Scunthorpe General Simon S. Cross MD FRCPath Hospital, Scunthorpe, UK Professor of Diagnostic Histopathology and Honorary Consultant Histopathologist, Academic Unit of Pathology, Timothy J. Stephenson MD MA MBA FRCPath Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Clinical Director and Honorary Professor, Department of Dentistry & Health, The University of Sheffield, Sheffield, UK Histopathology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK Dominic Culligan BSc MBBS MD FRCP FRCPath James C. E. Underwood MD FRCPath FRCP FMedSci The Aberdeen and North Centre for Haematology, Oncology Emeritus Professor of Pathology, University of Sheffield, and Radiotherapy (ANCHOR), Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Sheffield, UK Aberdeen, UK Allard C. van der Wal MD PhD Patrick J. Gallagher MD PhD FRCPath Clinical Pathologist and Professor, Department of Pathology, Honorary Clinical Senior Lecturer, Centre for Medical Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Education, University of Bristol, Bristol, UK Amsterdam, NL John R. Goepel MBChB FRCPath Patricia V. Vergani MD Consultant Histopathologist and Honorary Senior Lecturer, Consultant and Honorary Senior Lecturer, Department of Department of Histopathology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Histopathology, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Sheffield, UK Trust, Sheffield, UK Heike I. Grabsch MD PhD PGCertHealthRes FRCPath William A. H. Wallace BSc(Hon) MBChB(Hon) Associate Professor in Pathology and Honorary Consultant PhD FRCPE FRCPath Histopathologist, Section of Pathology and Tumour Biology, Consultant and Honorary Reader in Pathology, Department of Leeds Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Leeds, Pathology, Royal Infirmary of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK Leeds, UK Henry G. Watson MBChB MD FRCP FRCPath Beate Haugk MD FRCPath Consultant Haematologist, Department of Haematology, Consultant Histopathologist, Department of Cellular Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK Pathology, Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK Michael Wells BSc(Hons) MBChB MD FRCPath FRCOG David E. Hughes BMedSci PhD MBChB Professor of Gynaecological Pathology and Honorary Consultant Histopathologist, Department of Histopathology, Consultant Histopathologist, Department of Oncology, Royal Hallamshire Hospital, Sheffield, UK University of Sheffield Medical School, Sheffield, UK James W. Ironside CBE BMSc MBChB FRCPath Bridget S. Wilkins BSc MBBChir DM PhD FRCPath FRCP(Edin), FMedSci FRSE Consultant Histopathologist, Cellular Pathology Department, Professor of Clinical Neuropathology and Honorary Consultant St Thomas’ Hospital, London, UK and Honorary Senior Neuropathologist, National CJD Research and Surveillance Lecturer, King’s College London, UK Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, UK Judith I. Wyatt MBChB FRCPath Louise J. Jones BSc MBChB PhD FRCPath Consultant Histopathologist, Department of Histopathology, Professor of Breast Pathology; Clinical Senior Lecturer and St James’s University Hospital, Leeds Teaching Hospitals NHS Honorary Consultant in Pathology, Centre for Tumour Biology, Trust, Leeds, UK ix Institute of Cancer, Barts and The London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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