underwater archaeology proceedings from the society for historical archaeology conference

161 Pages·2006·9.33 MB·English

UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGY PROCEEDINGS
FROM THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL
ARCHAEOLOGY CONFERENCE
ALAN B. ALBRIGHT, Editor
Savannah, Georgia 1987
Published by .
THE SOCIETY FOR HISTORICAL ARCHAEOLOGY
RONALD L. MICHAEL, Editor
PrintProduction by
Braun-Brumfield, Inc.
AnnArbor, Michigan
© 1987byTheSociety forHistorical Archaeology
PrintedinUnited StatesofAmerica
Contents
FORWARD
ALANB. ALBRIGHf, EDITOR
SYMPOSIA
HIsToRYANDRESEARCH
ROBERTMARX,CHAIR 1
The Manilla Galleon
ROBERTMARX 1
The USS Constitution Museum: Telling the Story of a National Symbol
WILLIAMA.BAYRElITHER 2
CREATIVEFINANCINGANDPROJECTMANAGEMENT
ANNEGIESECKE, CHAIR 4
Save Ontario Shipwrecks: Project Organization and Financing
FREDGREGORY 4
Guns of Punta Salis
PETERZWICK 5
Underwater Research on Lake Champlain
ARTIIURB.COHN
7
Creative Financing and Project Management
ANNEGIESECKE 12
UNDERWATERSURVEY
J.BARTOARNOlDIII,CHAIR 14
The Padre Island Archaeological Survey
J.BARTOARNOLDIII 14
The Barks La Grange andNinus: Two Recent Additions to the Growing Number of
Gold Rush Era Shipwreck Sites
STEPHENR.JAMESJR. 21
1986 Survey of the Schooner Fleetwing; Garrett Bay, Wisconsin: A Preliminary Report
DAVIDCOOPER 27
TIlEARCHAEOLOGICALTEsTINGPROGRAMFORTIlEPIRATESIllPWHYDAH:
THEHowANDTIlEWHAT
MICHAELROBERTS,CHAIR 33
The Site Testing Program for the Pirate Ship Whydah
MICHAELROBERT 33
The Historical Research of the British Archives for the Whydah Ship Project, Massachusetts
K. ANNETuRNER 37
Conservation of a Complex Composite in a Dense Matrix of Concretion
BETTYL.SEIFERT 39
Field Procedures Developed onWLF-HA-I the Whydah Site off Wellfleet, Cape Cod
JAMES R.REEDY 41
Techniques for Documenting Artifact Distribution
LoUISEDECESARE 44
Supporting Archaeological research in the Real World
ROBERTMCCLUNG
CONSERVATION
CURTISSPETERSON,CHAIR 47
Preservation through Cooperation
DANIELW.BROWN 47
Preliminary Analysis and Conservation of the Widgeon 1864-1867
DAVIDA.MUNCHER 48
Conservation of Historic Artifacts from Marine and Coastal Environments
HERBERTD.BUMPANDDAVIDA.MUNCHER 52
Current Research in Wood and Leather Treatments at the Canadian Conservation Institute
JUDITHA.LoGANANDGREGORYS.YOUNG 54
Recent Preservation Efforts on USS Arizona, Pearl Harbor
LARRYMURPHY 57
COMMUNICATINGARCHAEOLOGY
SHEUSMITH,CHAIR 60
New Potential for Nautical Archaeology
CAROLOLSEN 60
Communicating Archaeology: Visual Communication of Archaeology With the Pen
SHEUSMITIf 62
SITESURVEYS
GORDONWATTS,CHAIR 65
Location and Identification of the Steamboat Spray
RICHARDW.LAWRENCE 65
Preliminary Investigation of a Revolutionary War Era Vessel in Crosswicks Creek,
Bordontown, New Jersey
LEECOXJR. 67
On a Possible 17th Century Small Craft Wreck, Lyons Creek, Calvert County, Maryland
RALPHESHELMANANDDONSHOMEITE 71
The Yorktown Shipwreck
JOHND.BROADWATER 77
Environmental Process in the Vicinity of Roanoke Island, North Carolina
RICHARDA.STEPHENSON 80
Noquebay: The Study of a Late 19th Century Barge
TONICARRELL 82
GENERALTOPICSINUNDERWATERARCHAEOLOGY
ROBERTGRENIER,CHAIR 87
Search for the Keys to the Boat
MARKWILD-RAMSING 87
Candied Canoes of North Carolina
LESLIE E.BRIGlIT 89
Analysis of the Artifacts of the Garigliano River, Italy Daily Life and Work
S.DoMINICRUEGGE 91
A Feasibility Study of a Diver Operated Computer and Data Acquisition System
Designed for Underwater Archaeology
JOHNCARTER,JAMESCOVILL,WILLISSTEVENS,ROBERT GRENIER 94
HMS Kronan: Underwater Archaeological Investigations of a 17th Century Man of War
LARsEINARSSON 99
Technical Aspects of the Excavation of HMS Kronan
BENGTGRISELL 103
MARITIMEARCIDTECfURE
MARKNEWELL,CHAIR 105
Economic Effects on Design of Chesapeake Bay Sailing Craft
FREDHOPKINS 105
Harts Cove 1986 Field Report
SHEUSMITHANDDAVIDSWITZER 107
The Small Boat finds at the "Musee de la civilisation" in Quebec City
DANIELLAROCHE 108
MANAGEMENTANDEDUCATION
GEORGEFISCHER,CHAIR 114
The PitcherWreck: An Exercise in Crisis
DON SHOMETIE 114
The Widgeon: A New View of the Saint Marys River During Reconstruction
HOWARD B.TOWERANDJAMESJ. MILLER 116
Nautical Archaeology Training Program for Sports Divers
BILLEDDY 119
The Managementof Research Programs in Marine Protected Areas
CALVINR. CUMMINGS 124
The USS Monitor National Marine Sanctuary
CALVINR.CUMMINGS,CHAIR 128
A Decade of Research: Investigation of the USS Monitor
GORDONP.WATIS,JR. 128
Conserving the Monitor
CURTISS E.PETERSON 139
Discussant Remarks
BRUCER.RIpPETEAu 141
AnnmONALPAPERS
The Sea Walls of Saint Eustatia
JOHNloUISANTONIODEPASSAlACQUA 142
Hellenistic to Early Byzantine Artifacts found off the Southwestern Turkish Coast
MARGAREfCOWIN 144
THE SOCIETYFORHISTORICALARCHAEOLOOY
EXTENDS ITS APPRECIATIONTO
MR. ROLAND YOUNG,
PRESIDENTOFTHE SOUTHCAROLINA
UNDERWATER ARCHAEOLOGICALRESEARCH COUNCIL
FOR HIS FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE IN PUBLISHING THESE PROCEEDINGS
ALAN B.ALBRIGHT
FOREWORD
The Society for Historical Archaeology Conference on This publication represents the first incursion by the
Historical andUnderwater Archaeology washeldinSavan Society for Historical Archaeology into the realms of
nah, Georgia, duringJanuary 7-11,1987. Thisisthe 18th "electronic publishing". The articlesreceivedfrom the
annual meeting in which both terrestrial and underwater authors were transcribed into Microsoft® Word and
archaeologicalpaperswerepresentedjointly. Over80under formatted using AldusPageMaker®. This publication
waterpapersweregivenand47arepresentedinthisvolume. wasputintoanApple®MacintoshTMownedbytheSouth
Asinpreceding conferences, topicsspanned overtwothou CarolinaInstituteofArchaeology andAnthropologyand
sandyears ofhistoryandfrommanypartsoftheglobe. was printed on an Apple LaserWriter™ owned by the
TheconferencewashostedbytheCenterforLowCountry KershawCountyPublicLibrary, ofwhichmywifeisthe
Studies,ArmstrongCollege,theU.S.CorpsofEngineers,and Director. ComputerSource/ConnectingPointofColum
theCoastalGeorgiaArchaeologicalSociety,Inc. Thelistof bia,SC letususetheirequipmentduringoffhoursandon
co-sponsorsappearsonpageiioftheprogramandtheefforts weekendsandSpencerWhetstone,oftheirstaff,putintoo
ofthoseorganizations andtheirstaffaregreatly appreciated. manyhours tocount informatting theProceedings.This
Asinthepast,theSavannahConferencewastheproductof wasmyfirstattemptatelectronicpublishing,oranyother
manygovernmental andeducational entities andmany indi publishingforthatmatter,andIhavecomeawayfromthe
viduals. Theyaretoonumerousforalltobementionherebut experience with two conclusions. First that electronic
specialthanksareduetoKathyLevittofArmstrongCollege, publishingisthewaytogo. Second,thatthesameperson
Georgia,throughwhomLarryBabits,ConferenceChair,Nick shouldcontracttodoitforanumberofyears. Theprocess
Honerkamp, SHAChair,andI,CUAProgram Chair,coordi oflearninghow touse electronichardware andsoftware
nated our efforts and turned to for help too many times to systems,shouldnothave tobeundertakencoldbyanew
mention. JudyWoodof/andtheSavannahDistrict,U.S.Corps editoreach year. Alsostaying withtheone system will
ofEngineerswereresponsibleforprintingtheprogram. Carol assurecontinuityofformandstyle.
Ruppe, as always, organized and splendidly managed the Back issues of the9thCUA Proceedings may bepur
Book Room. J.Barto ArnoldIII,ChairmanoftheAdvisory chasedfrom theTexas Antiquities Committee,P.O.Box
Council on Underwater Archaeology and other council 12276,CapitolStationAustin,TX,78711. Backissuesof
members were always very helpful when called upon for the10ththrough the14th CUA Proceedings maybepur
advice. The enjoyable annual banquet was hosted and chasedfromFathomEight,P.O.Box80505,SanMarino,
partially sponsored by the Coastal Heritage Society of Old CA,91108.Thesebackcopiesrepresentabroadspectrum
FortJackson. databaseforreference andresearch andshouldbeinthe
Iappreciate theeffortsofKennPinsonHeadofthePubli librariesofbothterrestrialandunderwaterarchaeologists.
cationsDivisionoftheSouthCarolinaInstituteofArchaeol
ogy andAnthropologyfortheeditingadvicehegaveme,and
to Ann Salters and Mary Custodio of his staff for their
Alan B. Albright
contributionsinpreparing artworkandphotography. Also
mythanksgoestoDianeMosesandDebBarshafskyfortyping South CarolinaInstituteof
thepapersintothecomputer,toAshleyChapmanandmywife Archaeologyand Anthropology,
Penny for helping me proofread thematerial, and toMark UniversityofSouth Carolina,
Newell forhisadviceandassistance. Onamorepersonal ColumbiaSC, 29208
level I appreciate the free timeI wasgiven by theInstitute
director, Dr. Bruce Rippeteau, to work on the Proceedings
duringregularworkinghours. RonaldL.Michaels,Editorfor
The Society for Historical Archaeology was always ready
with advice whenIneeded it,andshowed greatpatience in
explaining theprocess ofputtingthispublicationtogether.
SYMPOSIUM well worth the hardships. The cargoes carried from Acapulco to
Manilawerebasicallythesameasthosecarriedontheflotasbetween
ROBERT F.MARX SpainandtheIndiesports,exceptthatsilverspecieandbullionwere
alsocarried onthese galleons, comingfrom themines ofPeruand
Mexicotopayforthecargoes senttoManila. TheCrownrestricted
The Manila Galleons theamounttobesenttoManilaat500,000pesosayear,butlikemany
otherlaws,thiswasalmostalwaysdisregardedsothatanaverage of
ThefirstofthefabledManilagalleonscrossedthePacificin1565. 3 to 5 million pesos were sent to Manila annually. In 1597 the
Thelastoneputintoport in1815. When thelinebegan,Philipthe fantastic amount of 12millionpesos reached theAsian port.
Second wasking ofalltheSpains andhisenemy, ElizabethTudor, Thecargoesplying theroutefrom Manila toAcapulcowereofa
wasqueen of England. HemanCortes, conquerorofMexico, had more exotic and diversifiednature. Themain item was silk from
beendead buteighteen years. The same year Pedro Menendezde ChinaandJapanofvariedtypes. Therewerecrepes,velvets,gauzes,
AvileslaidthefoundationsofSt.AugustineinFlorida. Whenthelast taffetas, damasks, and grosgrains. Packed in chests were silks in
Manilagalleon saileditwasalreadyfiveyearssinceMiguelHidalgo every stage of manufacture from lengths of raw silk to finished
hadbegun therevoltagainstSpain whichwastocreatetheRepublic apparel -robes,kimonos, skirtsandstockings. Finelyembroidered
ofMexico. TheUnitedStates hadbeenanation forfortyyearsand Chinese religious vestments, silken tapestries and bedcoverings
AndrewJacksonhadjustwon thebattleofNewOrleans. were also shipped. Fine cottons from the Mogul Empire ofIndia
Yearly, for the two and a half centuries that lay between, the comprisedagoodpartofthecargoesduringthelatterpartofthetrade
galleons made the long and lonely voyage betweenManila inthe aswere Persian carpets, imported intothePhilippinesviaIndia.
PhilippinesandAcapulco inMexico. Nootherlineofshipshasever InadditiontheManilaGalleons carriedexquisitejewelryinclud
endured solong. Nootherregularnavigationhasbeensotryingand ingpendants, earrings,bracelets andrings. Thereweregemstudded
dangerous as this, for in its two hundred and fifty years the sea swordhilts,rugs,fans,combsandawiderangeofpreciousspicesand
claimeddozens ofshipsandthousandsofmenandmanymillions in drugs (including rhubarb which wasmuch sought after inEurope).
treasure. Astherichest ships inalltheoceans, they werethemost The shipscarried agreatdeal ofbeautifulChineseporcelainware,
covetedprizeofpirateandprivateer. TheEnglishtookfourofthem, objectscarvedofivoryandsandalwood,goldbells,coppercuspidors
-theSantaAnain1587,theEncarnacionin1709,theCovadongain and exquisite and unusual devotional pieces such as crucifixes,
1743,andtheSantisimaTrinidad, largestshipofhertime,in1762. reliquaries,rosariesandreligioussculpturesinwood,ivoryandgold,
TothepeoplesofSpanishAmerica,theyweretheChinaShipsor crafted intheOrient forRoman Catholics.
Manila Galleons thatbroughtthemcargoes ofsilksandspices and Considerablegoldintheformofbullionormanufacturedarticles
otherpreciousmerchandiseoftheEast. TothoseoftheOrient,they was exported to Mexico. Though there was a legal ban on the
weresilverargosies,ladenwiththeMexicanandPeruvianpesosthat importation of jewelry from the Orient, in a large consignment
weretobecomethestandardofvaluealongitscoasts. ToCalifornia, confiscatedatAcapulcoin1767there areenumeratedhundreds of
theyfurnishedthefirstoccasionand motivefortheexplorationofits rings,manyofwhich weresetwithdiamonds andrubies, bracelets,
coast. ToSpain,theywerethelinkthatboundthePhilippines -and, pendants, earrings and necklaces and a number of gold religious
foratime,theMoluccas -toher,anditwastheircomingsandgoings articles including a cross set with eight diamonds. On the same
thatgave somesubstanceofreality totheSpanishdreamofempire occasion officials also seized "a golden bird from China", some
overthePacific. jewel-studded sword hilts, and several alligatorteeth capped with
TheManila galleons werethelargestshipstheSpanish used. In gold. manyunset oruncutgemswerealsocarriedtoMexicobythe
the sixteenthcentury they averaged about 700 tons; inthe seven ManilaGalleon. HenryHawks,anEnglishmerchantwhospentfive
teenth century the average was 1,500 tons; and in the eighteenth yearsinMexicointhesixteenthcenturywrote:"Therewasamariner
century they werebetween 1,700and2,000tons. Three orfour of thatbrought apearleasbigasadoves eggfromthence, andastone
theseships sailedannuallyineachdirectionuntil 1593,whenalaw forwhich theViceroy wouldhave given 3000duckets."
waspassedkeepingthenumberofsailingsdowntotwoayearineach Whentherichly laden Manila Galleonsreached Acapulco,mer
direction. chantsarrivedfromasfarawayasPeruandafairwasheldatwhich
The voyage from Acapulco to Manila was usually pleasant thebulkofthegoodswassold. Peruvianmerchantswouldcarrytheir
enough, withonlyanoccasionalstorrnunsettlingtheroutinesailing newly acquired merchandisedown to Panama City and sail home
offrom eight to ten weeks. On the other hand, the voyage from later in the year on the ships of the Annada of the South Seas.
Manilato Acapulco wasknown asthemosttreacherousnavigation Mexican merchantshadtheirgoods carried overthe mountainsby
intheworld. Becausethewinds inthePhilippinelatitudesarefrom mules. Theagents whorepresentedthemerchantsinfaroffSeville
theeast,the Manila Galleons hadtobeat their wayasfarnorth as alsousedmules andtravelledallthe wayto Veracruztoboard the
Japanbeforereaching thebeltofwesterly windswhichwouldcarry NewSpain Flotaback toSpain.
them across the Pacific until they made landfall on the coast of More than 90 per cent ofall the Manila Galleons lost over the
Californiaandthen worked their waydowntoAcapulco. centuries wentdown inPhilippinewaters. Ships sailingforMexico
Thisvoyagetookfromfourtoeightmonths, depending onluck. foundered ontreacherousreefsorfellvictimtotyphoons beforethey
Counting thecrews,from300to600personssailedoneachgalleon werefarfrom Manila andeven though the Acapulco-Manilaroute
withanaverage offrom 100to150ofthemperishingenroutefrom waslesshazardousoverallthantherouteeasttotheNewWorld,once
epidemics, scurvy, thirst, starvation,or the cold. On one of two theheavilyladengalleons enteredthewatersaround thePhilippines
Manila Galleons sailing jointly in 1657, all 450 persons aboard they entered dangerous territory.
succumbedtoasmallpox epidemic. About halfthe400aboardthe Dozens of Manila Galleons lie beneath the seas around the
othergalleon alsodied. Philippines. UnlikesomanyofthetreasuregalleonslostintheNew
Notwithstanding the great risks to life, ships, and property in World, none has ever beenfound orsalvaged. They sank indeep
volved in this navigation, the financial gain accruing to those water,beyondthereachofSpanishColonialsalvorsbutwellwithin
involvedintheManilaGalleontradeandtotheRoyalCrownseemed thereachofmodemsalvage efforts.